With the large energy consumption and low efficiency, thermal power enterprises inevitably become the focus of dealing with resources and environment pressure and carbon emission reduction at home and abroad. How to scientifically evaluate thermal power enterprise carbon performance has become one of the important problems the decision makers face. A great deal of research about the carbon performance existed focus on the theory level, which build the evaluation index system of financial indicators and non-financial indicators without the consideration of enterprises’ characteristics, and the subjectivity of the evaluation methods is strong. Thus, based on the analysis of the characteristics of the thermal power enterprise production, the author introduces the concept of resource value flow accounting of circular economy, constructs a carbon performance evaluation index system including carbon resource (energy) input, loop, output and carbon management, introduces the matter-element extension method, forming a complete carbon performance evaluation system of thermal power enterprise. In addition, the author takes a thermal power plant in Changsha as an example, puts forward improvement suggestions on the evaluation results. This study not only enriches the carbon performance management literature, but also provides another way to carry out the performance evaluation of carbon for other enterprises.