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《Endeavour》2022,46(3):100836
Energy (in all its conceptualizations and connotations) is a glitch, a bug, an error. Energy is presented here as a roadblock in efforts to articulate and formulate a coherent physical model of the universe, as well as an impediment to achieving just and equitable social relations. Energy broke physics and broke society. This article traces conundrums and uncertainties that prevail in physics today, from the irreconcilability of quantum dynamics and gravitational spacetime to the unsatisfactory postulation of dark energy, and the profusion of probabilistic reasoning. I offer a brief history of thermodynamics and its entanglement with industrial capitalism via the steam engine. I explore alternate histories of energy (hydrodynamic and metabolic) and speculate on the potential social implications of these counterfactual trajectories. Finally, building on the novel Constructor Theory paradigm, I entertain the possibility of replacing energy with informed noticing as the undergirding architecture of physics, replacing dynamics with discernment as the underbelly of the discipline. The operation within is not to argue that the current course of energy-based physics is “incorrect,” but rather that it is problematic both for reasons of cosmological compatibility and the social disharmony it has wrought. 相似文献
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量子纠缠是量子信息学中最重要也是最为奇特的一个课题.在量子信息学中,量子信息的处理离不开量子态及其操纵,而量子纠缠态毫无疑问是各种各样的量子态中最重要的一种. 利用光子纠缠态开展了以下实验研究:(1)利用连续波激光束泵浦非线性晶体的自发参量下转换过程,制备出了双光子偏振纠缠态,具有较高亮度和纠缠度,并具有纠缠度可调谐的特点. 利用这种纠缠源,制备了量子信息学中一种重要的混合态——Werner态,采用的方案使得Werner态中纠缠的成分是可控制的.(2)利用线性光学元件以及路径比特概念的引入,在实验上用单光子实现了Buek-Hillery普适克隆机,实验结果表明,对任意的输入纯态,此克隆机输出的2份拷贝与初始态均达到5/6的保真度,与理论计算一致.(3)在实验上利用自发参量下转换系统制备的双光子偏振最大纠缠态及非最大纠缠态进行了CHSH不等式的检验,验证了对于2比特纠缠纯态,"纠缠"等价于"Bell不等式违背"这一结论.(4)除了局域隐变量理论之外,还有一种主要的隐变量理论——环境无关的隐变量理论(NCHV),关于这种隐变量,类似于Bell不等式,有一个Kochen-Specker理论,其主要内容是证明NCHV和量子力学的矛盾. 完成了一个用单光子实现的检验Kochen-Spcker理论的实验,实验结果证明了NCHV是不存在的. 相似文献
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《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2004,18(3):129-130
By making good use of certain quantum physics properties such as entanglement,teleportation and superposition, a quantum computer has the potential to be much more powerful than a classical computer of the same size.Although quantum-mechanical entanglement of three or four particles has been achieved experimentally, and has been used to demonstrate the extreme contradiction between quantum mechanics and local realism, the realization of five-particle entanglement, until recently, remains an experimental challenge. As reported in the July 1 issue of Nature, Prof. Pan Jianwei (Jian-Wei Pan) and his colleagues at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) in Hefei have succeeded for the first time in the world in entangling five photons and demonstrating a process called "open-destination teleportation". This is another highlight of Prof. Pan' s work since the periodical published an article on experimental entanglement purification of arbitrary unknown states on May 22 in 2003. 相似文献
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关联成像理论和实验证明了光可以用特殊的方式传递经典信息文章中将介绍纠缠光和热光的关联成像实验．并从理论上分析经典热光源和双光子纠缠源在关联性质上的差异。 相似文献
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Stilgoe J 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2007,16(1):45-61
UK scientific advice on the possible health risks of mobile phones has embraced (or seems to be embracing) broader engagement with interested non-experts. This paper explains the context of lost credibility that made such a development necessary, and the implications of greater engagement for the construction (and expert control) of "public concern." I narrate how scientific advice matured from an approach based on compliance with guidelines to a style of "public science" in which issues such as trust and democracy were intertwined with scientific risk assessment. This paper develops existing conceptions of the "public understanding of science" with an explanation based around the co-production of scientific and social order. Using a narrative drawn from a series of in-depth interviews with scientists and policymakers, I explain how expert reformulation of the state of scientific uncertainty within a public controversy reveals constructions of "The Public," and the desired extent of their engagement. Constructions of the public changed at the same time as a construction of uncertainty as solely an expert concern was molded into a state of politically workable public uncertainty. This paper demonstrates how publics can be constructed as instruments of credible policymaking, and suggests the potential for public alienation if nonexperts feel they have not been fairly represented. 相似文献
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Climate adaptation research increasingly focuses on the socio-cultural dimensions of change. In this context, narrative research is often seen as a qualitative social science method used to frame adaptation communication. However, this perspective neglects an important insight provided by narrative theory as applied in the cognitive sciences and other practical fields: human cognition is organized around specific narrative structures. In adaptation, this means that how we ‘story’ the environment determines how we understand and practice adaptation, how risks are defined, who is authorized as actors in the change debate, and the range of policy options considered. Furthermore, relating an experience through story-telling is already doing ‘knowledge work’, or learning. In taking narrative beyond its use as an extractive social research methodology, we argue that narrative research offers an innovative, holistic approach to a better understanding of socio-ecological systems and the improved, participatory design of local adaptation policies. Beyond producing data on local knowledge(s) and socio-cultural and affective-emotive factors influencing adaptive capacity, it can significantly inform public engagement, deliberation and learning strategies–features of systemic adaptive governance. We critically discuss narrative as both a self-reflective methodology and as a paradigmatic shift in future adaptation research and practice. We explore the narrative approach as a basis for participatory learning in the governance of socio-ecological systems. Finally, we assemble arguments for investing in alternative governance approaches consistent with a shift to a ‘narrative paradigm’. 相似文献
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David P. DiVincenzo 《Ethics and Information Technology》2017,19(4):247-251
I will discuss the history and prospects for new machines and instruments as anticipated in the newly announced EU Flagship for Quantum Technology. The program of Richard Feynman, as announced almost 60 years ago, to go to the “bottom” in the miniaturization of information-processing technology, has come to fruition, and a set of well-defined technologies, in the areas of quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum sensing and metrology, and quantum communication, have emerged. I give a perspective on the sometimes abstruse significance of these coming technologies. The scientists will continue beyond these technologies to new unfoldings of quantum knowledge, whose technological significance we can barely fathom today. 相似文献
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Peng Zhang Haoqi Tang Chuanchuan Gu Hong Wang Guangfu Luo Yalin Lu X-D Xiang 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(4):86-94
The quantum relaxation time of electrons in condensed matters is an important physical property, but its direct measurement has been elusive for a century. Here, we report a breakthrough that allows direct determination of quantum relaxation time at zero and non-zero frequencies using optical measurement. Through dielectric loss function, we connect bound electron effects to the physical parameters of plasma resonance and find an extra term of quantum relaxation time from inelastic scattering between bound electrons and conduction electrons at non-zero frequencies. We demonstrate here that the frequency-dependent inelastic polarization effect of bound electrons is the dominant contribution to quantum relaxation time of conduction electrons at optical frequencies, and the elastic polarization effect of bound electrons also dramatically changes the plasma resonance frequency through effective screening to charge carriers. 相似文献
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《国家科学评论(英文版)》2014,(1)
he behavior of individual microscopic particles,such as an atom(or a photon),predicted using quantum mechanics,is dramatically diferent from the behavior of classical particles,such as a planet,determined using classical mechanics.How can the counter-intuitive behavior of the microscopic particle be veriied and manipulated experimentally?David Wineland and Serge Haroche,who were awarded the Nobel Priz in physics in 2012,developed a set of methods to isolate the ions and photons from their environment to create a genuine quantum system.Furthermore,they also developed methods to measure and manipulate these quantum systems,which open a path not only to explore the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics,but also to develop a much faster computer:a quantum computer. 相似文献
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合成生物学隐喻的双重维度 《科学学研究》2022,40(11):1929-1936
在合成生物学的叙事中,隐喻扮演着重要的角色。一方面,隐喻以形象的语言和图式帮助公众理解合成生物学所涉及的复杂的学科内涵;另一方面,由于隐喻的特征,易于引起人们的误读、误解,进而影响公众对合成生物学的价值判断。文章借助对隐喻理论的解读,分析隐喻在合成生物学的公众认知和价值判断方面带来的积极和消极影响,指出在合成生物学隐喻的使用及其诠释之间存在的间距,是造成人的价值判断偏颇的主要原因。认识到隐喻在合成生物学叙事中发挥的双重作用,可以帮助人们在科技传播中谨慎地使用隐喻。 相似文献
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Quantum computing technologies have become a hot topic in academia and industry receiving much attention and financial support from all sides. Building a quantum computer that can be used practically is in itself an outstanding challenge that has become the ‘new race to the moon’. Next to researchers and vendors of future computing technologies, national authorities are showing strong interest in maturing this technology due to its known potential to break many of today’s encryption techniques, which would have significant and potentially disruptive impact on our society. It is, however, quite likely that quantum computing has beneficial impact on many computational disciplines. In this article we describe our vision of future developments in scientific computing that would be enabled by the advent of software-programmable quantum computers. We thereby assume that quantum computers will form part of a hybrid accelerated computing platform like GPUs and co-processor cards do today. In particular, we address the potential of quantum algorithms to bring major breakthroughs in applied mathematics and its applications. Finally, we give several examples that demonstrate the possible impact of quantum-accelerated scientific computing on society. 相似文献
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Semiconductors, a significant type of material in the information era, are becoming more and more powerful in the field of quantum information. In recent decades, semiconductor quantum computation was investigated thoroughly across the world and developed with a dramatically fast speed. The research varied from initialization, control and readout of qubits, to the architecture of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here, we first introduce the basic ideas for quantum computing, and then discuss the developments of single- and two-qubit gate control in semiconductors. Up to now, the qubit initialization, control and readout can be realized with relatively high fidelity and a programmable two-qubit quantum processor has even been demonstrated. However, to further improve the qubit quality and scale it up, there are still some challenges to resolve such as the improvement of the readout method, material development and scalable designs. We discuss these issues and introduce the forefronts of progress. Finally, considering the positive trend of the research on semiconductor quantum devices and recent theoretical work on the applications of quantum computation, we anticipate that semiconductor quantum computation may develop fast and will have a huge impact on our lives in the near future. 相似文献
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A Lyapunov-based rapid control scheme is proposed to drive a Markovian open quantum system to a decoherence-free subspace by constructing the control Hamiltonians of the system. Based on Lyapunov theory, we design a general form of control laws, which includes the standard Lyapunov control law. The convergence of the control system to the decoherence-free subspace is strictly proved. By analyzing the relationship between the LaSalle invariant set and the decoherence-free subspace, we propose a construction method for the control Hamiltonians to further speed up the control process. Simulation experiments on a three-level quantum system demonstrate that the rapid Lyapunov control scheme proposed in this paper has a good control performance. 相似文献
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北京时间2016年8月16日凌晨1时45分,"墨子号"量子科学实验卫星在酒泉卫星发射中心成功发射。该卫星是世界第一颗从事空间尺度量子科学实验的卫星。升空之后,它将配合多个地面站,在国际上率先实现星地高速量子密钥分发、星地双向量子纠缠分发及空间尺度量子非定域性检验、地星量子隐形传态,以及探索广域量子密钥组网等实验。"墨子号"量子科学实验卫星将扩大我国在量子通信领域的国际领先地位,为未来覆盖全球的天地一体化广域量子通信网络建立基础,并将加深人类对量子力学基本原理的理解。 相似文献
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尼耳斯·玻尔关于原子结构的量子理论在1913—1925年占据原子和分子物理学主流地位。这一理论不仅在理论上有创新之处,在经验上也十分成功,这一点成为人们在早期接受该理论的主要原因。玻尔本人十分热衷于实验预测和实验检验,从未忘记一个好的物理学理论必须与实验结果一致。本文将概述玻尔原始理论的一些不太为人所知的相关实验,继而介绍他在1921—1923年提出的修正模型。玻尔雄心勃勃地希望在此模型中能够用元素的电子组态来解释周期系。在本文结尾部分,笔者将简述玻尔轨道原子模型向基于海森伯量子力学的新原子理论的过渡。 相似文献
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Hua-Ying Liu Xiao-Hui Tian Changsheng Gu Pengfei Fan Xin Ni Ran Yang Ji-Ning Zhang Mingzhe Hu Jian Guo Xun Cao Xiaopeng Hu Gang Zhao Yan-Qing Lu Yan-Xiao Gong Zhenda Xie Shi-Ning Zhu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(5):921
Satellites have shown free-space quantum-communication ability; however, they are orbit-limited from full-time all-location coverage. Meanwhile, practical quantum networks require satellite constellations, which are complicated and expensive, whereas the airborne mobile quantum communication may be a practical alternative to offering full-time all-location multi-weather coverage in a cost-effective way. Here, we demonstrate the first mobile entanglement distribution based on drones, realizing multi-weather operation including daytime and rainy nights, with a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt S-parameter measured to be 2.41 ± 0.14 and 2.49 ± 0.06, respectively. Such a system shows unparalleled mobility, flexibility and reconfigurability compared to the existing satellite and fiber-based quantum communication, and reveals its potential to establish a multinode quantum network, with a scalable design using symmetrical lens diameter and single-mode-fiber coupling. All key technologies have been developed to pack quantum nodes into lightweight mobile platforms for local-area coverage, and arouse further technical improvements to establish wide-area quantum networks with high-altitude mobile communication. 相似文献