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1.
长江上游川江段气温、降水及径流变化趋势分析 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5
本文运用Mann-Kendall统计检验、线性倾向估计和小波分析等方法对长江上游川江段气象水文要素的长期变化趋势及周期性进行了分析。研究表明：①川江段气温、径流呈不同程度的减少趋势,而降水则呈小幅度增加趋势,年变化率分别为气温-0.0017℃、降水0.3023mm、宜昌径流-6.6668m3/s、寸滩径流-9.5840m3/s,其中寸滩径流量减少趋势十分显著,通过了5%显著水平的信度检验;②川江段气温、降水、径流序列具有不同的周期成分,如年平均气温具有4年、8年和23年主周期,年降水具有3年、6年和16年主周期,寸滩站径流具有3年、8年和16年主周期,宜昌站径流具有3年、16年和45年主周期,且在时域分布上也是不均匀的;③另一方面,在气温略有降低、降水略有增加的气候组合下,川江段径流却呈现减小的变化趋势,同时川江段寸滩站和宜昌站的年径流量从20世纪90年代后期至今在变化特征上也表现出相反的趋势,这是因为人类活动所致还是气候变化影响所致,还有待深入研究。 相似文献
2.
流域宏观尺度降雨-景观-径流变化的相互作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大流域宏观尺度上长时间序列的降雨变化、景观变化、径流变化及其相互作用是近年来研究全球变化的一个重要问题。本文研究泾河流域降雨-景观-径流变化的相互作用，结果表明：①泾河流域中上游主流域40多年来的降水具有微弱下降趋势，降雨倾向率为-4.9mm/10～-11.3mm/10年；泾河流域马莲河分流域，年降雨量表现为不变或微弱下降；②泾河流域1986年～2000年15年之间，景观结构变化不大，一直以草地景观和耕地景观为主。草地景观和农耕地景观二者始终占流域总面积的85%以上，林地景观始终占流域总面积的10%左右，其他景观类型一直占流域总面积的5%左右。在宏观景观格局的变化中，泾河流域中上游主流域，农耕地景观所占比例有所上升，而泾河流域马莲河分流域农耕地景观所占比例维持稳定；③泾河流域中上游主流域年径流量逐年较大幅度地减少，下降速度达到每10年减少1.78m3/s。在泾河流域马莲河分流域，年径流和径流模数在过去30年中基本维持稳定，整个泾河流域年径流量逐年下降；④相应年份内对应的径流和降雨相关性极为显著（P<0.01）。在泾河主流域中上游地区降水每减少10mm，径流可能相应减少70×108m3，在马莲河分流域地区每减少10mm，径流可能减少110×108m3。在泾河流域，若维持景观结构的稳定，则径流的变化趋势会与降雨的变化趋势保持一致。景观结构的微弱变化会改变径流对降雨响应的变化幅度。在景观组成中，耕地景观比例的增加会显著减少径流。 相似文献
3.
近45年羊卓雍湖西部流域气候的变化特征初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用浪卡子站建站以来的年平均气温、降水量、蒸发量、最高气温、最低气温资料,运用统计方法来分析了近45年羊卓雍湖西部流域的年际和年代际变化。结果表明:近45年来,羊卓雍湖西部流域年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温呈显著的升高趋势,升幅分别为0.29℃/10a、0.1℃/10a、1.1℃/10a;年降水量表现为不显著的增加趋势,平均每10年增加3.8mm。 相似文献
4.
黄河源区植被净初级生产力时空变化特征及其对气候要素的响应 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以2000-2010年MODIS NPP数据为基础,并结合该区同期气温和降水量数据,采用趋势分析和偏相关分析法研究了黄河源区植被NPP年累积量(aNPP)时空变化特征及影响因素.结果表明: 受水热条件和植被类型分布的地带性规律影响,黄河源区植被aNPP呈由东南向西北逐渐递减趋势.常绿针叶林aNPP最高,高寒草原aNPP最低.2000-2010年黄河源区植被aNPP呈显著增加趋势,线性增长率为3.64gC/(m2·a),其中高寒沼泽、常绿针叶林、高寒草甸和高寒草原aNPP的增长率分别为4.47gC/(m2·a)、4.08gC/(m2·a)、3.61ggC/(m2·a)和3.53gC/(m2·a).植被aNPP显著增加区域占研究区面积的46.67%,并主要分布在黄河源区中下游的河谷地带.植被aNPP显著减少区域仅占研究区面积的0.03%,在空间上呈零星分布.植被aNPP与6-9月平均气温和6-7月降水量呈显著正相关性.植被aNPP与温度呈极显著正相关和显著正相关的区域分别占研究区面积的58.53%和18.36%,并主要分布在黄河源区西部、中部和东南部.植被aNPP与降水量呈极显著正相关和显著正相关的区域分别占研究区面积的3.87%和11.27%,并主要分布在黄河区北部.气候的暖湿化是导致黄河源区植被aNPP增加的主要原因. 相似文献
5.
利用西藏色林错流域气象观测站1961～2008年逐月平均气温、降水量等资料,分析了近50牟流域气温、降水的年际和年代际变化特征和异常年份,结果表明：近50年流域年平均气温以0．40℃／10a的速率显著升高,冬季增温最突出。平均最高气温除夏季变化趋势不大外,其它各季以0．21～0．35℃／10a的速度显著升高;年平均最低气温以0．56℃／10a的速度显著升高,明显高于最高气温的井幅。流域年降水量以20．4mm／10a的速率呈显著的增加趋势,四季降水量表现为增加趋势,为0．8～10．4mm／10a,以夏季增幅最大。20世纪60年代至90年代,除夏季外,其它3季和年平均气温都表现为逐年代增加趋势。年、季平均最高气温的年代际变化特征不明显。60年代流域降水表现为偏少的年代际变化特征;70年代夏季降水偏多,其它季节偏少;80年代夏、秋两季降水正常,冬、春季偏多;90年代,夏季偏少,秋、冬季偏多;进入21世纪前8年,秋季降水偏少,其它三季降水偏多,年降水量增幅明显。 相似文献
6.
近20年来伊犁新垦区土地利用/覆被变化分析 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
本文基于1985年、2000年和2008年3期土地利用数据,对新疆伊犁新垦区土地利用格局时空变化进行了定量研究。结果显示：1985年～2008年间,耕地净增加4.99×104hm2,面积比由38%上升至57%;未利用地增长仅次于耕地,增长面积为1.07×104hm2,水域,林地,建设用地都呈增长趋势;草地为唯一减少的土地利用类型,缩减7.02×104hm2,面积比由49%缩减为36%。通过对土地利用变化格局的分析可以得出,农业开垦是新垦区土地利用方式变化最主要的驱动力因素,草地面积减少是其他土地类型面积增加的主要来源,盐碱地增多和沼泽减少反映了该地区存在因农业开垦而导致的自然环境恶化现象。 相似文献
7.
利用湟源县农业气象观测站1966～2015年气温、降水以及1980～2017农业气象观测资料,分析了气候变化对农作物及自然物候的影响,结果表明:①湟源县年平均气温呈逐年显著升高趋势,平均每10年升高0.38℃;降水量呈微弱增加趋势,平均每10年增多8.86mm;②稳定通过0℃和10℃的界限温度初日提前,终日推后的趋势;③在当地气候环境变化背景下,小麦播种期推迟,成熟期提前,生长期缩短;④自然物候对气候变化表现不同,表现出春季物候期提前,秋季物候期推后趋势,整个生长期延长;⑤整个农作物和物候的生育期与年平均气温与降水的相关性并不明显,但阶段性降水和温度对物候期的变化产生了一定的影响。 相似文献
8.
变化环境下基于降雨径流关系的水资源评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
受气候变化和频繁人类活动的影响,用于水资源评价计算的年径流序列失去了一致性。本文针对非一致性年径流序列,提出基于降雨径流关系的水资源评价方法,推求过去、现在和未来各个时期变化环境下的地表水资源量。该方法假设非一致性年径流序列由相对一致的随机性成分和非一致的确定性成分两部分组成,采用水文变异综合诊断方法识别与检验年径流序列的变异点,并用变异前后降雨径流关系线之间的差值描述序列的确定性成分;根据时间序列分析的分解与合成理论,对年径流序列的随机性成分进行提取,采用有约束加权适线法对其进行频率计算;将确定性的预测值和随机性的设计值进行合成,得到过去、现在和未来不同时期年径流合成序列的频率分布。在无定河流域进行了实证,结果表明年径流量序列在1971年前后跳跃变异显著;多年平均地表水资源量在过去（1971年以前）、现在（2000年）和未来（2010年）3个时期的评价结果分别为：14.919×108m3、10.622×108m3、10.591×108m3,未来与现在相比减少约0.3%,而未来与过去相比减小约29.0%,这种情形对无定河流域水资源的开发利用极为不利。 相似文献
9.
引洮供水工程是以九甸峡水利枢纽为龙头,为改善甘肃省中部地区极度缺水现状而实施的跨流域调水工程。2010年和2020年水平年洮河下游总需水量分别为47.26×108m3和47.74×108m3,引洮需水量分别为2.14×108m3和6.04×108m3。在分析九甸峡梯级水库群特点的基础上,以尽可能满足引洮水量、洮河下游生产生活需水,以及下游生态用水为目标,建立了该系统的模拟调度模型,并确定了系统结构和调度原则。结合引洮工程实际情况,设定了三种方案,分别考虑2010年一期工程、2020年一期工程和2020年二期工程。通过长系列模拟计算,得出了各方案的水资源利用情况,模拟计算表明,不同水平年多年平均引洮水量和洮河下游经济社会、生态环境用水均可保证,但冲沙用水不能满足,三个方案缺水量分别为0.95×108m3、0.98×108m3和2.31×108m3;典型年计算结果表明,只有在来水较丰时,才能同时满足洮河下游需水量和引洮水量的需求,典型枯水年和平水年分别缺水11.51×108m3和3.13×108m3。 相似文献
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11.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
12.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
14.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
15.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献
16.
Milton Mueller 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):151-163
Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP. 相似文献
17.
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):15-15
Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology. 相似文献
18.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3)
<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence 相似文献
19.
Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(3):267-268
<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese 相似文献
20.
WANG Sijia 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2014,(2):192-194
<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages. 相似文献