共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
语义加工与句法加工的关系是当前语言理解领域的核心和热点问题,认知神经科学研究从大脑功能定位角度对之进行了探讨。采用脑功能成像技术对该问题的研究范式主要有三种:简单句与复杂句对比范式、语义违背与句法违背范式、语义控制与句法控制范式。虽然关于这两个加工过程的大脑功能定位取得了一些进展,但大量的研究结果之间并不一致,主要的争议在于句法和语义加工的差异到底涉及的是特异化的语言功能区还是工作记忆的差异、是否涉及内隐与外显加工的差异等问题。未来,语义和句法加工的大脑定位及相互关系仍需要进一步的深入研究。 相似文献
2.
Anne E. Fowler 《Annals of dyslexia》1988,38(1):73-94
Do the language problems associated with reading disability extend to sentence-level knowledge? If so, how should these problems be characterized? In this study, second graders were presented with two different oral syntactic tasks, equivalent in grammatical complexity, but varying in the actual task demands placed upon the reader. In theJudgment task, subjects were asked to distinguish between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences; in theCorrection task, subjects were asked to remedy violations of grammaticality. Performance on these sentence-level tasks was, in turn, examined in relation to reading scores, memory span, and metaphonological skill. The Judgment task revealed a wide range of ability among second-graders, and scores were systematically affected by the syntactic nature of the violation. However, performance on Judgment was not associated with reading ability or metaphonological skill, and scores were minimally affected by short-term memory factors. Mean scores on the Correction task were comparable to those achieved in the Judgment task and were also systematically affected by syntactic factors. However, performance on Correction was strongly associated with reading ability and metaphonological skill, and was greatly affected by short-term memory factors. These results suggest that reading disability does not reflect problems in basic syntactic knowledge. Instead, sentence-level problems that have been observed in less-skilled readers may be caused by the nonlinguistic processing demands of the syntactic measures typically employed. 相似文献
3.
姚亦登 《渭南师范学院学报》2012,(3):117-119
江苏高邮方言的疑问句形式较多,粗分有八种。其中反复问句的形式最多,占了三种。这可能与高邮特殊的政治经济、交通位置有关。这一南北方言杂糅的特色,也反映出高邮话在江淮方言中亦南亦北的独特的代表性。 相似文献
4.
Behavioral studies on bilingual learning have revealed cognitive costs (lower accuracy and/or higher processing time) when the language of application differs from the language of learning. The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to provide insights into the cognitive underpinnings of these costs (so‐called language‐switching costs) in mathematics. Twenty‐nine bilingual adults underwent a 4‐day arithmetic training in one language, followed by an fMRI test session in which they had to solve the trained problems in both languages. Language‐switching costs were accompanied by increased activation in areas associated with magnitude processing (intraparietal sulcus), visuo‐spatial imagery (precuneus), numerical stimulus recognition (fusiform gyrus) and executive functions (frontal areas). These findings suggest that language‐switching costs in arithmetic are due to additional numerical information processing. Bilingual education programs need to take these findings into account to reduce language‐switching costs in order to fully exploit the potential of bilingual learning. 相似文献
5.
The research described in this article uses findings from longitudinal studies involving electrophysiological and behavioral
assessments of infants and young children. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) offer a basis for understanding how areas of the
brain react to specific stimuli that are thought to play a role in the development of language and reading abilities. In this
paper, we review a series of studies that identify markers in the ERPs that are related to differences in the development
of language and reading skills. In addition, there is compelling evidence supporting the role of the home environment and
other variables that influence the intellectual level of the child’s environment (e.g., SES, parental IQ, parenting practices,
family activities) in the development of language and reading in preschool and school-aged children. In this paper, measures
of these environmental variables are linked with predictions of language and reading skill development. Efforts to integrate
information about the influence of the environment on brain responses to better understand the development of early language
and reading skills are described. 相似文献
6.
语言中的词块具有整体的特征,强调把相关联的几个单词、或者句子、甚至语篇作为一个整体来看待.大量心理语言学研究结果表明,母语习得者在大脑中储存了大量的、可随时整体使用的词块,然而在实际运用中的词块,其固定程度不完全相同,具有相对性.中国英语学习者在英语学习中或多或少地会去孤立地分析句子/语篇的构成成分,从而造成理解上的不透彻或者理解失败,因此,把词块教学法运用于英语教学中具有较强的实用价值. 相似文献
7.
法律语言包括立法语言和司法语言,对于目前我国最早的法律文本—《睡虎地秦墓竹简》(以下简称《睡简》)来说,尽管其立法语言和司法语言界限并不是那么严格清楚,但从各篇目的句类选择运用及其分布来看,对于研究我国古代法律语言特点有着重要的价值。因此,从语言学的理论角度对《睡简》中的句类进行静态描写分析,描写我国古代法律文本在立法、司法等语言中对句类的选择要求,试图探寻现代法律语言对古代法律语言在句类上的继承和发展,整理出句类在我国古代法律语言中的功能特点,这对于研究我国法律语言具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
可永雪 《内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002,31(4):90-95
从文学与语言的结合上来研究《史记》的语言，是《史记》语言研究的一条可行之路，必由之路，笔者在对所选例句进行简要的语法图解的基础上，着重探讨和阐发《史记》为什么要构造这些长句，这些长句是在什么场合用的，《史记》长句的类型，它们在表情达意上有什么特点，在艺术表现上发挥了什么作用等问题。 相似文献
9.
近年认知神经心理学家利用神经成像技术对联觉进行了大脑激活情况研究,通过以颜色联觉为主的研究成果的对比与分析,发现联觉伴随体验的大脑激活不局限于特定区域(比如V4或顶叶区域),而是涉及一个大脑区域网络(大脑的6个区域被激活),这个大脑区域网络与联觉的三个不同加工过程相关联。同时通过对造成大脑结构差异的遗传基因研究进行总结与分析,发现找到的几个备选基因都是大脑中影响连接发展的基因,据此推测决定联觉的基因可能在大脑中影响连接发展的那些基因中(至少部分)找到。 相似文献
10.
曹雪林 《洛阳师范学院学报》2009,28(3):112-114
迄今为止,对于汉语时间表达的研究,几乎都是从句子中谓语动词出发来反映句子的时间性。作为一种分析性的语言,汉语的时间表达在很大程度上是借助于时间词语来体现的。鉴于此,汲取前人的研究成果,着重对《孟子》中的记时词语从其来源、分类、语义、语法功能,及其记时的模糊性几个方面进行考察。 相似文献
11.
Previous studies have showed that early problems with word decoding can lead to poor performance in text reading and comprehension and suggest that poor readers often struggle with reading deficits throughout their school years. Therefore, early detection of those children who are at risk for slow reading development and/or who belong to the lowest reading profiles is essential in order to organize proper support. The present study explores the heterogeneity and prevalence of latent reading profiles among 769 Finnish- and German-reading students during their first and second school years in three countries (Finland, Germany, and Italy) using latent profile analysis. The results identified three latent profiles among Finnish readers, one of which (sentence-level reading) was identified as developing slowly. Among German-reading students, four latent profiles were discovered, two of which were identified as developing slowly. The results of ordinal logistic regression modeling show that rapid automatic naming (RAN) was significantly related to poorer reading profiles among Finnish- and German-reading students, and that the poorer results in letter-sound connection testing among the German-reading group was also significantly related to poorer reading profiles. Although the educational systems have some differences between Germany and German-speaking areas of Italy, no significant country effect was detected. In addition, a child’s age and spoken language did not significantly affect the student’s reading profile. 相似文献
12.
Tanis H. Bryan 《Annals of dyslexia》1979,29(1):172-188
Conclusion The evidence indicates that learning-disabled children show pervasive and enduring language problems across a wide variety
of language tasks. The studies suggest that the problems experienced by learning and reading-disabled children may fall into
the categories of phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics as well as nonverbal communication. In terms of nonverbal communication,
these children are less accurate in interpreting nonverbal auditory and visual cues. In phonology, it appears that they are
less skilled in detecting the segments of single words and thus have difficulty establishing phoneme to grapheme correspondence.
In the area of syntax, learning-disabled males are less skilled in dealing with inflection and the comprehension and creation
of complex sentences. In semantics, they are less adequate than nondisabled children in defining words, creating sentences,
and classifying objects into categories. They show less adequate sentence production, are less skilled at recognizing their
errors, and are significantly slower in generating verbal responses. Finally, there is one study that suggests that learning-disabled
children may be discriminated by their use of language in social situations.
This paper was presented at the 29th Annual Conference of The Orton Society at Minneapolis, November, 1978. 相似文献
13.
Anne Helder Paul van den Broek Josefine Karlsson Linda Van Leijenhorst 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2017,21(6):463-479
This functional magnetic resonance imaging study examined the neural correlates of coherence-break detection during reading in the context of a contradiction paradigm. Young adults (N = 31, ages 19–27) read short narratives (half contained a break in coherence) that were presented sentence by sentence in a self-paced, slow event-related design. Reading times were longer for incoherent compared to coherent target sentences, and coherence-break detection was associated with activation in a large network of brain regions that were more active in response to incoherent than to coherent information. Some regions seemed exclusively associated with processing of incoherent information. In addition, activation in the precuneus was negatively correlated with working-memory capacity. Together, these findings shed light on the functional contributions of these brain regions to coherence-monitoring processes during reading and help bridge cognitive and neurobiological accounts of the cognitive processes involved in the construction of coherent mental representations of narrative texts. 相似文献
14.
Maternal language to prelinguistic infants: syntactic aspects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Maternal speech to children has been shown to vary by age and language ability of the children. Previous studies have usually involved children over 1 year of age. In this study maternal speech to male and female 4-, 6-, and 8-month-old infants was recorded in the laboratory. Mothers used shorter utterances to 8-month-olds than to 4- or 6-month-olds, presumably in response to the infant's changing level of comprehension. Mothers used more sentences with subjects, verbs, or objects deleted to 8-month-olds and more complex sentences to 4-month-olds. 相似文献
15.
两个实验采用自定步速的实验范式,通过操纵动词偏好等信息,考察工作记忆容量的差异对第二语言（英语）句子加工中动词偏好信息利用的影响。实验结果表明,工作记忆的容量在一定程度上影响第二语言学习者动词偏好信息的利用,但是这种影响是有条件的,即影响只出现在句子加工对工作记忆要求相对较低时。 相似文献
16.
刁晏斌 《暨南大学华文学院学报》2012,(2):67-76
在两岸四地的现代汉语中,有标记被动句“获”字句还在使用,特别是在台港澳地区,这一形式比较多见。这是一种古已有之的形式,有相当突出的古雅色彩,它的表义倾向是[＋如意、期望]与[＋中性、期望],与同类的“遭”字句分工明确,而与“被”字句则多有交叉。“获”字句的结构类型少于“被”字句和“遭”字句,在大陆与台港澳之间有明显的差异与融合表现。 相似文献
17.
A handful of studies have claimed that error detection is improved by a proofreader’s prior encounter with the text to be scanned for errors. In these studies, however, the beneficial effect of text familiarity on proofreading has been obtained via surface encoding tasks (prior reading or proofreading). This raises the question of whether the effect is dependent on the type of encoding operations performed on the text prior to proofreading. In Experiment 1, familiarization required that subjects read an error-free passage and then either type the passage verbatim (surface encoding) or write an essay by relying on the information contained in the passage (deep encoding with generation). In Experiment 2, subjects generated sentences (deep encoding with generation), assessed whether sentences described drawings (deep encoding), or typed sentences (surface encoding). Familiarity, irrespective of the nature of the encoding operations, improved proofreading times but only surface encoding or deep encoding without generation made proofreading more accurate. In Experiment 3, text generation fostered greater subjective familiarity than either surface or deep encoding alone. It is argued that this form of enhanced familiarity may lead to expectancy effects in proofreading performance. 相似文献
18.
Clock drawing in developmental dyslexia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Although developmental dyslexia is often defined as a language-based reading impairment not attributable to low intelligence or educational or socioeconomic limitations, the behavioral manifestations of dyslexia are not restricted to the realm of language. Functional brain imaging studies have shed light on physiological differences associated with poor reading both inside and outside the classical language areas of the brain. Concurrently, clinically useful tests that elicit these nonlinguistic deficits are few. Specifically, the integrity of the dorsal visual pathway, which predominantly projects to the parietal cortex, remains underinvestigated, lacking easily administered tests. Here we present the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), used to test the visuoconstructive ability of children with and without dyslexia and garden-variety poor readers. Compared to typically reading children, many children with dyslexia and some garden-variety poor readers showed significant left neglect, as measured by the distribution of figures drawn on the left clock face. In the poor readers with dyslexia, we observed spatial construction deficits like those of patients with acquired right-hemisphere lesions. The results suggest that in some children with dyslexia, right-hemisphere dysfunction may compound the phonological processing deficits attributed to the left hemisphere. The CDT provides an easy opportunity to assess skills known to be associated with right-hemisphere parietal function. This test can be easily administered to children for both clinical and research purposes. 相似文献
19.
AbstractFox argues that the poetic function of language fulfils the human need to symbolise. Metaphor, simile and analogy provide examples of the ways in which symbolic language can be used creatively. The neural representations of these processes therefore provide a means to determine the neurological basis of creative language. Neuro-imaging has demonstrated that while metaphor, simile and analogy activate some areas of the brain in common, they also each activate different areas. This suggests that creative language has had sufficient evolutionary importance to be processed within more than one neural system. Additionally, the neuro-imaging data suggest that symbolic language activates areas beyond the language centres and therefore is encoded using sensorimotor representations. Here we will discuss the neural representations of metaphor, simile and analogy, and will reflect on the neural systems which have evolved to support symbolic language and how this understanding might be used to help develop skill in creative language. 相似文献
20.
Reading is a language art! In acquiring competence in reading we build on proficiencies already available in the primary (spoken)
language system. Language is made up of three primary components that impact on reading—phonology, or the sound structure
of language including syllables and phonemes; syntax, or the rules governing the sequential ordering of words in phrases and
sentences; and semantics, or the meaning system that is attached to words and phrases as a consequence of experiences in a
variety of contexts. All three depend upon adequate short- and long-term memory capacities and functioning for their growth
and refinement. Additionally, the bridging of speech to print, or the task of establishing sound/symbol correspondences in
beginning reading draws not only upon phonological competencies and memory, it is also dependent upon the discovery that words
are made up of smaller and isolable parts. This knowledge is often referred to as auditory segmenting which is one aspect
of metalinguistic awareness.
This paper will discuss these five language roots of reading. The authors will report on research that demonstrates that children,
upon school entrance, do not all possess equal levels of competencies in these five critical language areas. Since success
in beginning reading is dependent upon the adequate development and functioning of each of the five language areas noted above,
early school experiences should be directed toward language development, as well as reading instruction, if we are to reduce
the incidence of reading difficulties in our schools. Finally, we will offer suggestions for enhancing language competencies
that will support and promote the acquisition of reading. 相似文献