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Simon RM 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(3):334-346
Research into the public understanding of science has revealed that the effect of scientific knowledge on attitudes toward science is contextualized by gender; however there has not yet been an account of how gender contextualizes knowledge. This paper investigates how gender identification affects attitudes toward science, and tempers the effects of scientific knowledge on attitudes toward science. Utilizing data from the Eurobarometer 52.1, it is predicted that when males perceive a threat to their masculinity (as measured by a perceived threat to their financial security) they will become more likely to be aversive to biotechnology, and that increased levels of perceived threat will reduce the effects of knowledge on attitudes toward biotechnology. Moreover, it is predicted that these effects will be smaller than their female counterparts. All predictions are affirmed. 相似文献
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如何提高知识型员工的组织公民行为,是知识经济时代企业领导者面临的一个重要问题。既往研究揭示了LMX对组织公民行为的正向影响,但对其作用机制则关注不够。通过对高技术企业396名知识型员工的实地调查,从工作态度视角探讨LMX对组织公民行为的作用机制。结果表明,较之一般员工,LMX对知识型员工的组织公民行为表现出更高的预测力;工作态度在LMX影响组织公民行为的过程中起着部分中介作用。 相似文献
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Gauchat G 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(6):751-770
Using the National Science Foundation's 2006 Science Indicators Survey, this study explores three distinct explanations of public attitudes. First, the knowledge-attitudes model refers to a well tested relationship between public knowledge of science and more favorable attitudes toward science. Second, the alienation model hypothesizes that public disassociation with science is a symptom of a general disenchantment with late modernity, mainly, the limitations associated with codified expertise, rational bureaucracy, and institutional authority. A third approach emphasizes the cultural meaning of science: how various public beliefs about "what science is" relate to acceptance or reservations about science. The Science Indicators Survey shows that US adults view science (what it is or should be) in three distinct ways: (1) in terms of having a systematic method, (2) in terms of social location (i.e., takes place in a university or a laboratory), and (3) in terms of knowledge that should accord with commonsense and tradition. The findings in this study indicate that the knowledge-attitudes, alienation, and cultural meanings models are all valuable for understanding the cultural authority of science. However, the strength of these explanations depends on the type of attitude analyzed. 相似文献
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The paper presents some findings of a study which surveyed the political attitudes and involvement of American scientists.We found an unambiguous rank ordering based on political orientation among the various subgroups of scientists. The greater the scientists' identification with basic science and the university, the greater the liberalism. However, the claim that scientific elites are more liberal than the rank-and-file and that physicists are the most liberal among natural scientists was not substantiated.The fear that a scientific-technological elite might become a dominant political elite was not reflected in the thinking of a large majority of our 1205 respondents. A majority expressed reservations about the skill and knowledge of the citizenry to understand and resolve the increasingly complex problems of our society, recognize that a separation of science and politics is not attainable or even desireable, but remain somewhat uneasy with the new situation in which their work has become so enmeshed with policy concerns.The traditional norm system of science continues to receive substantial support and takes precedence over either the concern about the social consequences of certain types of “dangerous” knowledge, or the costs that heavy investments in basic science involve. We find that scientists are largely prepared to sacrifice the norm of communality at the altar of nationalism. The clash between an internal ideology of science that values disinterested search for knowledge and an external ideology of society which focuses on utility presents a continuing dilemma. 相似文献
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This article looks at the attitudes of UK academics toward new media, utilizing organizational and sociocultural understandings of fields of scholarly enquiry. It focuses on four traditionally distinct disciplines—art and design, computer science, health science, and politics and international relations—representative of the range of approaches in higher education. Agreement was found among respondents across disciplinary communities about what new media represent and how they support their work. Analysis of semantic differential charts identified two dimensions underlying attitudes—“flexibility” and “fitness for scholarly purposes.” Rather than being anchored by epistemological divisions, new media are assessed by practical viewpoints relating to the activity types they allow, and by traditional measures of reliability. In response to questions about other characteristics of their disciplines (such as reputation and audience diversity), distinctions are in evidence, although in some cases these are not traditional ones. 相似文献
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Fisher M Small B Roth H Mallon M Jerebine B 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2005,14(3):317-326
An assessment was undertaken of the attitudes of individuals within the science community towards a program to produce genetically modified cattle for altered milk composition, expectantly allowing for research into the treatment of multiple sclerosis in humans. The majority of respondents to an electronic survey expressed favorable attitudes to the program, thought it beneficial, respected individual freedom and was fair and just and disagreed that it was harmful. A passion for science and having a suitable lifestyle were the most important motivating factors for individuals. Finally, there were a wide range of responses to a number of cultural beliefs or myths. Science grouping significantly affected the responses. Compared with Systems and Land groups, Plant and Reproduction groups more strongly agreed with the project, thought it less harmful to interest groups, felt that genetic modification of animals was more morally acceptable, and more strongly agreed with the myth statements. These results indicate a diversity of beliefs and attitudes towards genetic modification amongst those within the science community, and highlight the importance of understanding ethics and myths in dealing with them. It is suggested that the diversity of beliefs could be better used to help shape public policy and understanding of biotechnology. 相似文献
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基于社会交换理论,探讨买方驱动的知识转移活动如何影响供应商合作创新态度。利用问卷调查方法,以304家汽车行业本土供应商企业的经验数据为样本,运用SPSS19.0分析工具进行层次回归分析,对理论假设进行实证研究。结果表明：（1）买方驱动的知识转移活动对供应商合作创新态度有促进作用;（2）优先客户地位在买方驱动的知识转移活动和供应商合作创新态度的关系中具有完全中介作用;（3）供应商感知的知识价值在买方驱动的知识转移活动和优先客户地位、供应商合作创新态度间均发挥调节作用。研究结果揭示了买方驱动的知识转移活动激发供应商合作创新态度的过程,对买方争夺供应商资源有一定的启示作用。 相似文献
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[目的/意义]考察情报学学生对大数据和人工智能的认识,能够为情报学教育体系调整与改革提供不一样的视角,也可为相关研究补充有价值的建议和意见。[方法/过程]文章以江苏省各高校所培养情报学学生为对象,面向学生自身的特点和需求,设计了包含50个问题的调查问卷,考察了情报学学生对情报学教育体系现状和未来发展趋势的认知。对发回的问卷结果围绕问卷填写者的基本情况、情报学教育课程设置、情报学人才培养目标以及专业技能培养四个方面进行分析。[结果/结论]情报学学生以学习知识和技能为第一要务,并以就业或升学为重要目标。情报学学生对于情报学的认知和理解将很大程度上影响学科未来的发展,其对于新兴技术及这些技术在情报学教育中地位的看法,更值得认真思考和对待。 相似文献
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Knowledge sourcing is important for firms, especially in fast-paced industries. However, few studies explore the effects of knowledge-based predictors on the comparative choice of employing acquisitions versus alliances for sourcing external knowledge. This study extends the limited existing research on this topic. It simultaneously examines the effects of knowledge domain attributes, seeker and source experience-based knowledge, and dyad knowledge similarity and digestibility on whether a firm chooses an acquisition or alliance when sourcing external knowledge. Data is comprised of 209 research-driven acquisitions and alliances of biotechnology firms based in North America. Our findings reveal that external knowledge sourcing through acquisition is more likely when the knowledge domain is more complex and valuable. Acquisition is also preferred when the seeker has greater acquisition experience and when the source has accumulated a moderate level of alliance experience. Alliance, in contrast, is the chosen mode for accessing external knowledge when the knowledge is high in specificity and when the seeker has prior alliance experience. In addition, increasing similarity and digestibility of the dyad's knowledge bases strengthen the relationship between knowledge value and the probability of acquisition versus alliance. These results extend understanding of how firms decide to augment their knowledge resources in a knowledge-intensive industry. They also demonstrate that a multilevel KBV approach emphasizing knowledge characteristics uncovers important predictors of strategy and structure in research-driven organizations. 相似文献
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Bonfadelli H Dahinden U Leonarz M 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2002,11(2):113-130
In Switzerland, there have been intensive public debates about biotechnology because of the specific Swiss political system of direct democracy that led, in 1992 and 1998, to two national referenda on biotechnology regulation. As a result, the Swiss population is well informed but skeptical about this technology. These findings contrast with the deficit model of public understanding of science, which predicts a positive correlation between knowledge of, and support for, a specific technology. What role did the media play in the development of public opinion? This question is discussed because of a content analysis (time series) of national newspapers. In addition, representative surveys and focus groups yield insights into the public perception of biotechnology and the influence of mass communication for opinion formation. 相似文献
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基于前沿生物技术主观不确定性风险的研究 《科学学研究》2022,40(5):769-778
技术风险的主观不确定性主要来源于相关主体不同的利益或价值追求。前沿生物技术较高的主观不确定性在其社会扩散过程中容易被级联放大,进而埋下风险隐患。对此,文章基于Oxitec公司转基因伊蚊技术环境释放试验的案例研究,探究了前沿生物技术主观不确定性风险产生的源头与过程。研究发现：（1）技术本身的不确定性是风险争议产生的起点,主要通过科学家之间的相互博弈产生;（2）技术研发机构是技术不确定性向社会扩散的过渡点,焦点机构与其他主体之间由于价值追求的冲突而产生相关争议;（3）制度环境决定着技术不确定性扩散的方向,不完善的制度设计与制度执行容易导致对各主体利益保护的失衡。文章拓展并丰富了技术风险管理的理论研究,对实践中前沿生物技术的风险防范也具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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中国城市消费者对转基因食品的认知程度、接受程度和购买意愿 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
我国消费者对转基因食品的态度是一个受到普遍关注的问题。虽然很多学者已经对此进行了研究，但各项研究的结论差异较大。本文根据对我国东部5省11个城市的实地调查数据，深入研究了我国城市消费者对转基因食品的认知程度、接受程度和购买意愿。研究表明，有三分之二的城市居民听说过转基因食品；消费者对转基因技术和食品的知识了解较少；消费者对转基因食品的接受程度和购买意愿较高，但对不同类型转基因食品的态度存在较大差异；消费者对转基因食品的了解程度、收入水平、所居住城市的规模等是影响消费者对转基因食品态度的重要因素。 相似文献
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Vandermoere F Blanchemanche S Bieberstein A Marette S Roosen J 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2011,20(2):195-206
In spite of great expectations about the potential of nanotechnology, this study shows that people are rather ambiguous and pessimistic about nanotechnology applications in the food domain. Our findings are drawn from a survey of public perceptions about nanotechnology food and nanotechnology food packaging (N = 752). Multinomial logistic regression analyses further reveal that knowledge about food risks and nanotechnology significantly influences people's views about nanotechnology food packaging. However, knowledge variables were unrelated to support for nanofood, suggesting that an increase in people's knowledge might not be sufficient to bridge the gap between the excitement some business leaders in the food sector have and the restraint of the public. Additionally, opposition to nanofood was not related to the use of heuristics but to trust in governmental agencies. Furthermore, the results indicate that public perceptions of nanoscience in the food domain significantly relate to views on science, technology, and nature. 相似文献
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科技对社会公平的冲击体现在加剧原有的社会不公平和引发新的社会不公平两个维度上。科技作用于经济使经济差距扩大;作用于知识使缺乏科技知识的公众处境艰难;科技作用于竞争等社会机制产生新的不公平,某些生命科技可能将人自身的差异转化为不公平。除了继续发展科技使科技不断修正自身外,还需要科技政策和经济政策合力调控、普及科技使用知识、规范科技在竞争机制中的应用以及对重点领域科技进行平等调节等辅助机制。 相似文献
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竞争情报专业人才的培养研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文对竞争情报的新需求、新动向以及新时期竞争情报专业人才应具备的知识水平、知识结构、能力结构以及具体要求进行了研究,归纳出,现阶段应广泛借鉴海内外情报学的成功教学经验,以强化我国竞争情报专业教育的培养效果,高素质、高质量、高数量地培养当代急需的竞争情报专业人才。 相似文献
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贾向桐 《科学技术与辩证法》2011,28(2):71-75
指称问题是贯穿科学实在论两条基本原则（形而上学与认识论）的核心环节,它和真理问题一起构成实在论＂非奇迹论证＂的理论基础。以劳丹为代表反实在论针对性地提出＂悲观归纳＂问题,借助历史主义的案例分析方法,深刻揭示了＂非奇迹辩护＂推理存在的问题：科学理论的成功（包括预测和解释的成功）与其理论的指称和真理性并无因果必然联系。科学实在论针对＂悲观归纳＂的质疑,试图通过＂拉姆齐置换＂解决理论术语的指称问题,这代表了一种＂结构实在论＂的理论方案,它诉诸于科学理论的数学结构来答复反实在论提出的＂指称＂问题。 相似文献
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数据素养已成为影响科研能力的重要因素。通过对上海地区高校教师的问卷调查,从数据态度、数据意识、数据知识、数据技能、对数据服务的需求5个方面,对高校文科和理工科教师数据素养的现状和需求进行对比与分析。目前高校教师的数据态度和数据意识整体上呈现积极乐观趋势,但数据知识和数据技能欠缺,亟待开展嵌入科研的数据服务;同时,文理科教师均对数据服务需求强烈,但同中有异,图书馆要按各自需求侧重不同的服务方面。 相似文献