共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
For the past two decades, a growing amount of research has shown that the use of analogies in science teaching and learning promotes meaningful understanding of complex scientific concepts (Gentner, 1983 ; Glynn, 1989 ; Harrison & Treagust, 1993 ; Wong, 1993 ). This article presents a study in which multiple analogies were used as scaffolding to link students' prior understanding of daily life events to knowledge of the scientific domain. The study was designed to investigate how multiple analogies influence student learning of a complex scientific concept: the electric circuit. We used several analogies in a set of learning materials to present the concepts of parallel and series circuits. Thirty‐two fourth graders participated in this study and were randomly assigned to four groups. The four groups were named nonanalogy (control), single analogy, similar analogies, and complementary analogies, according to the materials they used in this study. The results demonstrated that using analogies not only promoted profound understanding of complex scientific concepts (such as electricity), but it also helped students overcome their misconceptions of these concepts. In particular, we found that the reason the students had difficulty understanding the concept of electricity was because of their ontological presupposition of the concept. Implications for teaching and learning are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 429–464, 2005 相似文献
2.
Science instructors and textbook authors often use analogies to help their students use information they already understand to develop an understanding of new concepts. This study reports the results of an analysis of the use of analogies in eight biochemistry textbooks, which included textbooks written for one‐semester survey biochemistry courses for non‐majors; two‐semester courses for chemistry or biochemistry majors; and biochemistry courses for medical school students. We present an analysis of how analogies are used and presented in biochemistry textbooks, and we compare the use of analogies in biochemistry textbooks to the use of analogies in other science textbooks. We also compare the use of analogies in biochemistry textbooks with the factors known to promote spontaneous transfer of attributes and relations from analog concept to target concept. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 1040–1060, 2006 相似文献
3.
This paper describes an analogy classification framework used with high school chemistry textbooks. The framework takes into account aspects of past research into analogies in science education to allow for a systematic classification of textbook analogies based upon nine criteria including chemistry content area. Many of the 93 analogies classified described abstract chemistry concepts such as atomic structure and bonding, however, the frequent use of simple analogies, and the scarcity of stated limitations, are likely to create learning problems for students. In some textbooks, authors made use of margin spaces to include more analogies and these marginalised analogies often contained a pictorial component. Recommendations for further research into analogies in science education and possible methodological approaches are suggested. 相似文献
4.
在美国的初中科学教材中,阅读材料与正文的关系是相辅相成的。阅读材料能使得教材在内容的深度和广度、时间和空间上得到扩展,能渗透科学技术与社会和科学发展史的内容,有利于学生开展研究性学习,所以阅读材料具有使科学教材在内容上综合化、弹性化、补充正文、培养学生的各种能力和激发学生对科学的学习兴趣的功能。其他国家编写科学教材的成功经验对我们有很好的借鉴和启发作用。 相似文献
5.
How analogies foster learning from science texts 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article provides an introduction to extended text-based analogies used for instructional purposes in science textbooks. A theoretical framework for understanding learning via extended analogies is discussed, and examples of extended textual analogies are provided. Research which provides direction in how to optimally use analogies in science instruction is reviewed. Characteristics of good analogies, types of learners who might benefit from the use of analogies, and kinds of learning which might be facilitated are discussed. The issue of possible misconceptions generated via instructional analogies is addressed, in conjunction with suggestions for remediation. Finally, recommendations for effective use of analogies in text are made, suggestions for instructional practices accompanying textual science analogies are provided and directions for future research are suggested. 相似文献
6.
7.
Towards a theoretical basis for students' alternative frameworks in science and for science teaching 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dr Brian L. Jones Professor Kevin F. Collis Dr Jane M. Watson 《Research in Science Education》1993,23(1):126-135
As there is nothing as practical as a good theory, there is a continuing need in the field of science education enquiry to
look for theories which help to interpret the findings about students' alternative frameworks and to inform the design of
teaching strategies which relate to a research focus on ‘how the student learns’. The developmental model of cognitive functioning
based on the SOLO Taxonomy (Biggs & Collis, 1982) as updated in 1991 (Biggs & Collis, 1991; Collis & Biggs, 1991) is being
applied in this way. Questionnaire data from two large studies of science learning of Australian students (conducted by ACER
and NBEET) are being re-analysed in terms of the current theory. This paper illustrates the theory and describes a plan of
further research.
Specializations: science education, students' understandings of phenomena in science.
Specializations: cognitive development, evaluation, mathematics and science education.
Specializations: mathematics education, students' understanding of chance and data concepts. 相似文献
8.
哈萨克族学生学习汉语补语时常产生误代、遗漏等偏误。偏误产生的主要原因有：母语的干扰；教材的误导及教师的讲解不充分；不恰当的联想、类推等。为避免偏误。应采取以下几点对策：教师应加强两种语言的对比研究和第二语言习得研究，以确定教学的重点和难点：教材要处理好语法结构与功能的关系；为学生创造学习活的语言的语境；跟踪调查学生的学习过程，获取第一手资料并对其做动态分析，寻找出学生个体因素之外的群体特征，使教学更具针对性。 相似文献
9.
Abstract This study combines a critical analysis of analogies found in eight chemistry textbooks used by Australian senior high school students with the views of the textbook authors about analogies in chemistry textbooks and teaching. Sixty‐two analogies were identified which described abstract chemical concepts such as atomic structure and collision theory. A range of styles, including pictorial analogies, were identified and the analogies were found to have variant amounts of analogical mapping and analogue explanation. Analogical limitations were rarely identified. Authors contended that they were cautious about including analogies in textbooks as analogies require a flexibility not available when they are set in print. It was argued that analogy was best applied as a strategy for teachers in response to them perceiving that students had misunderstood an original explanation. 相似文献
10.
Mr Ken Appleton 《Research in Science Education》1992,22(1):11-19
There has been renewed debate in recent years about the relatively poor science discipline background knowledge of primary
and preschool teachers, and their lack of confidence to teach science stemming from this. A reaction from teacher educators,
such as recommended by theDiscipline Review of Teacher Education in Mathematics and Science Report, has been to provide more explicit science discipline units in pre-service teacher education courses. However, a few
studies have cast some doubt on the notion that more science discipline studies (Skamp, 1989; Stepans & McCormack, 1985).
This paper reports on pre-service students' perceptions of their cofidence to teach science before and after a science education
unit adapted from the PECSTEP work (Kirkwood, Bearlin & Hardy, 1989), which included only a small amount of physical science,
and took an explicit gender approach emphasising the students as learners.
Specializations: primary teacher education, teaching strategies in science. 相似文献
11.
Erik A. Zavrel 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2011,20(2):201-207
High school science teachers, of course, want to motivate their students to consider studying science and engineering (S&E)
in college. However, many high school students are not familiar with what science and engineering actually entail. They may
know science as little more than “systematic discovery” and engineering as nothing but “math-intensive design.” Without appreciation
for the rich culture of science and engineering, students will be unlikely to choose such a field of study. The Discovery
Channel television show Mythbusters helps remedy the lack of understanding many people, especially young people, have about
S&E. Mythbusters presents a highly accurate vignette of the culture of science and engineering. Episodes of the show were
analyzed for instances in which the culture of science and engineering was accurately depicted. Many resources, including
several publications of the National Research Council, informed the media analysis. To encourage more high school students
to pursue S&E in college, they need to be exposed to the culture of S&E. Mythbusters provides a window into the often unseen
realm of science and engineering, allowing its viewers, who are disproportionately represented among the young adult age bracket,
to see what it means to conduct science and engineering on a routine basis. High school science instructors should look to
Mythbusters to provide insight into the culture of S&E that textbooks often have difficulty conveying to students. 相似文献
12.
Hsiao-Ching She 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》1995,4(4):283-294
This study examined elementary and middle school students' images of science and scientists, with an analysis of how those images may be influenced by science textbooks currently in use in Taiwan. A modified Chambers' Draw-a-Scientist Test (DAST) was administered to a total 289 students from grades 1, 3, 5 and 8. Results showed that upper-grade students drew more indicators (i.e., lab coats, eyeglasses, facial features, research and knowledge symbols, and relevant captions) than did lower-grade students. An analysis of individual drawings revealed an increase in sophistication and complexity according to progressively higher grade levels. It was found that students very often drew images strikingly similar to what their science textbook presented. It implicated that our current science textbooks indeed have some degree of influence on students' image of science and scientists. 相似文献
13.
P. K. Tao 《Research in Science Education》1994,24(1):322-330
This paper reports on an investigation into Hong Kong students' comprehension of English non-technical words used in science.
The investigation was conducted in a context in which English, a foreign language to students, is the medium of instruction,
in that textbooks and examinations are all in English but the classroom language used is mainly Chinese, with frequent Chinese-English
code-switching. A total of 4644 Secondary 4, 5 and 6 students participated in the study. Many students did not correctly comprehend
a large proportion of the words, confused them with words that were graphologically or phonetically similar, and even took
them for their antonyms. Such poor performance raises doubts as to whether the majority of Hong Kong students have attained
a ‘threshold level’ of competence in English to benefit from learning science in English.
Specializations: physics education, students' alternative conceptions in science, conceptual change, computer-assisted learning in physics. 相似文献
14.
This study examines the differences between teachers' and students' perceptions of textbook usage in the science classroom.
Four categories of use were identified: teacher directed student activities; teaching/studying guidance; as a source of information
for the user and as preparation for assessment. The results of the study show that differences do occur between teachers and
students with respect to their perceptions of the extent to which textbooks are used in the classroom and the purposes for
which they are used, namely as a teaching/studying guide and as preparation for assessment. The findings of the study should
be important to all those who use, write and publish high school science textbooks.
Specializations: science education. 相似文献
15.
Towards a Framework of Socio-Linguistic Analysis of Science Textbooks: The Greek Case 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kostas Dimopoulos Vasilis Koulaidis Spyridoula Sklaveniti 《Research in Science Education》2005,35(2-3):173-195
This study aims at presenting a grid for analysing the way the language employed in Greek school science textbooks tends to
project pedagogic messages. These messages are analysed for the different school science subjects (i.e., Physics, Chemistry,
Biology) and educational levels (i.e., primary and lower secondary level). The analysis is made using the dimensions of content
specialisation (classification) and social-pedagogic relationships (framing) promoted by the language of the school science
textbooks as well as the elaboration and abstraction of the corresponding linguistic code (formality), thus combining pedagogical
and socio-linguistic perspectives. Classification and formality are used to identify the ways science textbooks tend to position
students in relation to the interior of the corresponding specialised body of knowledge (i.e., in terms of content and code)
while framing is used to identify the ways science textbooks tend to position students as learning subjects within the school
science discourse. The results show that the kind of pedagogic messages projected by the textbooks depends mainly on the educational
level and not particularly on the specific discipline. As the educational level rises a gradual move towards more specialised
forms of scientific knowledge (mainly in terms of code) with a parallel increase in the students' autonomy in accessing the
textbook material is noticed. The implications concern the way both students and teachers approach science textbooks as well
as the roles they can undertake by internalising the textbooks' pedagogic messages and also the way science textbooks are
authored. 相似文献
16.
Measuring Change in Students' Attitudes Toward Science Over Time: An Application of Latent Variable Growth Modeling 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The purpose of this paper is to show how latent variable growth modeling can be utilized to examine change in students' attitudes toward science over the middle and high school years using data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (Miller, Hoffer, Suchner, Brown, & Nelson, 1992).The results of the present study show that students' attitudes toward science generally decline over the middle and high school years. Science self-concept was found to be the strongest predictor of attitudes toward science. Teacher encouragement of science and peer attitudes are also significant predictors of students' attitudes. The effect of the parent variable was found to be quite small and statistically nonsignificant, with the exception of the seventh grade. Boys were found to have higher initial status on attitudes toward science and their attitudes dropped faster than girls. Also it was found that students in metropolitan and rural schools have less positive attitudes toward science in the seventh grade compared to students in suburban schools. Latent variable growth modeling allows one to examine change in attitudes and also examine the effects of time-varying and time-invariant predictors. Substantive and methodological implications of this technique are also discussed. 相似文献
17.
Dr. Brian Jones Professor Kevin Collis Dr. Jane Watson Miss Kimberley Foster Dr. Sharon Fraser 《Research in Science Education》1994,24(1):191-200
Students' conceptions of how objects are seen directly, and in mirrors, were explored in an analysis of their written and
drawn responses to common visual phenomena depicted in cartoons with brief text. Students in Grades K-10 (n=214) completed
a questionnaire and some were interviewed. Evidence was sought to support an hypothesis for increasingly sophisticated responses
related to the concepts of sight, light, reflection and image. The developmental model used in this analysis was the updated
SOLO Taxonomy (Biggs & Collis, 1991; Collis & Biggs 1991). It appears from the results that different modes of functioning
can interfere to produce factually incorrect recollections of experience particularly in the age group 7 to 13 years approximately.
Also, this is associated with the common spurious conception that mirrors have a lateral inversion property. Explanations
involving light were extremely rare and its role related to the production of an image ‘in the mirror’ but not to the perception
of an image in the eyes.
Specializations: science education, students' understandings of phenomena in science.
Specializations: cognitive development, evaluation, mathematics and science education.
Specializations: mathematics education, students' understanding of chance and data concepts. 相似文献
18.
藏族地区中小学理科教学改革刍议 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
藏族地区的化教育还较落后，这主要表现在学校教育方面，尤其是理科教育。其原因是教材内容不适合藏族学生的思维习惯，与藏族学生的生活有较大差异。为了改变这种现状就应从教材内容改革入手，研究学生思维、研究教学方法、研究藏族地区经济化的发展变化趋势，最终达到能够编写出一整套适应藏族学生实际的理科教材的目的，为社会发展提供良好的教育基础。 相似文献
19.
This study used a conceptual problem solving test to investigate the effect of a series of pictorial analogies on the concepts
of density, pressure, and atmospheric pressure in Year 8 classrooms. The analogies were taught following Glynn's teaching
with analogies model. It was found that the students taught with the pictorial analogies scored significantly higher than
their counterparts (p<01). In addition, the low achievers benefited more from this teaching strategy than did the high achievers. Further, qualitative
analysis revealed that most of the students' alternative conceptions were from preexisting naive intuitions rather than arising
from analog instruction. 相似文献
20.
Recent research in science education has recognized the importance of history and philosophy of science. This study has the following objectives:(a) To show how the importance of history of chemistry has been recognized in theclassroom, starting from the 1920s to the present; (b) How criteria based on history andphilosophy of science can be used to evaluate presentation of atomic structure in generalchemistry textbooks; (c) Comparison of the new (1970–1992) and old textbooks (1929–1967)with respect to the presentation of atomic structure. Results obtained show thatmost of the new and old textbooks not only ignore the history and philosophy of sciencebut also present experimental findings as a `rhetoric of conclusions'. It isconcluded that such presentations are not conducive towards a better understanding of scientificprogress. It is suggested that history and philosophy of science can be introduced in theclassroom not necessarily through formal courses in the history of chemistry or commentsand anecdotes, but rather by incorporating the `heuristic principles' that guided thescientists to elaborate their theories. 相似文献