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1.
This essay problematizes “history” and “public memory” by examining their polysemic and polyvalent nature. Collective memories are selectively chosen and highlighted to fit the needs of a particular social group. Ownership of “history” then becomes a hegemonic device that controls our interpretation of the past and subsequent behavior in the future. In the case of the “Amistad Affair, “the ramifications of these choices reached from the early nineteenth century court of law to the Hollywood studio of the late twentieth century. Thus, it serves as a paradigm case of the struggle over who controls the narrative possibilities of history and memory.  相似文献   

2.
The author creates a bibliographic picture of the various Turkic-language dictionaries from the eleventh to the end of the nineteenth centuries, in various languages, and describes their structure. He then focuses specifically on printed Turkic dictionaries of the nineteenth century, discussing their historical context and a statistical survey that he conducted. A number of these dictionaries have been digitized; he examines some sites where they are accessible. In the appendix is a list of the dictionaries that he found in the course of his research.  相似文献   

3.
To understand the major shift in Americans' attitudes about Chinese art between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it is essential to know not only what the American collectors thought, but also the social history of these collectors and their agents. Since the advent of the field of material culture studies, scholars have begun to look at museum objects, whether as art or not, from the perspective of different lives—that of their makers and users. It seems that the lack of “great” Chinese paintings in American museums before the twentieth century may be due to the fact that the nineteenth century American collectors and their Chinese agents differed from their twentieth century counterparts in what they regarded as “great,” what they thought was “Chinese,” and what they defined as “paintings.”  相似文献   

4.
Supervising agents serve as sources of social support for over one million women in the US on probation and parole who strive to avoid recidivism. Little is known about the supportive messages agents intend to provide their female clients or their precursors. The optimal matching model of social support is used in an investigation of the precursors to agents’ intent to send different types of social support messages to the women they supervise. Results indicated that supervising agents intended to provide informational support in the form of suggestions or advice, esteem support in the form of compliments, and emotional support in the form of encouragement to the women. Both agent communication pattern and offender level variables were precursors to the intent to send informational support messages, but only agent communication pattern variables predicted the intent to send emotional support messages.  相似文献   

5.

The current study explored emotional distress and comforting messages from a receiver's perspective. This approach differs from most comforting research, which focuses on the sender's ability to provide comfort. After reading a scenario that depicted a major distressing event or a daily distressing event, subjects selected the Burleson and Samter (1985) comforting strategy that would most alleviate their emotional distress. In an attempt to explain a subject's perceptions of comforting, attachment styles, likelihood of seeking support, and level of emotional discomfort were also assessed. Results indicated that subjects desired a mid‐level comforting response regardless of whether they were distressed over a daily event or major event. This result is counter to the sender oriented comforting research, which suggests that providing higher‐level comforting responses is optimal. Subjects in the death scenario were more upset by the event and more likely to seek social support. Secure attachment subjects desired a significantly higher‐level comforting message than anxious/ambivalent and avoidant individuals. Additionally, females desired a higher level comforting response, were more likely to be upset by the distress, and were more likely to seek support than males.  相似文献   

6.
This paper presents experimental research on the contribution made by spectral analysis to the identification and dating of Persian ceramics with a blue glaze or blue motifs. Since we know that the characteristic blue colour of these ceramics can vary according to their composition and traditions of manufacture that are specific to the different centuries in which they were created, it would be interesting to determine whether a non-destructive and non-invasive method of analysis would be possible to date the ceramic without altering the object itself. To do this, 72 ceramics from the Royal Ontario Museum of Toronto, as well as 2 other dishes (a Qajar dish from the nineteenth century and a dish from the twentieth century) were photographed and readings of the blue colour present on the objects were processed using the ImageJ software. Colour values obtained were then plotted on a graph and sorted by century for analysis. This study shows that it is possible to date Persian ceramics using a photograph, a spectrometer, and calibrating software, to establish the century in which a Persian ceramic with blue glaze or blue motif was made.  相似文献   

7.
This study examines how support seekers can integrate verbal and nonverbal cues in social network sites (SNSs) to elicit quality support from others. Building from sensitive interaction systems theory and verbal person centeredness (VPC), participants (N?=?579) evaluated a SNS profile that contained manipulated levels of directness in status updates used to seek support and nonverbal emotional expression in profile pictures. To capture the transaction of support, participants provided supportive messages in public and private conditions that were coded for their level of VPC. Negative emotional cues in profile pictures increased VPC in private messages, whereas directness in status updates negatively predicted VPC in private messages. Participants produced messages with higher levels of VPC after they viewed profiles that incorporated more features to disclose distress effectively. Broadly, this study addresses whether the content people post on SNS profiles shapes the quality of the supportive messages they receive.  相似文献   

8.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):181-196
Abstract

Since the late nineteenth century, museums in New Zealand have intermittently painted Maori wood sculpture matt red in the mistaken belief that they were continuing a tradition of red-coloured carving pre-dating the arrival of the European in New Zealand. Conservation work at AucklandMuseum has restored some of these back to their original surfaces. The article describes the history of the carvings under discussion, the conservation carried out, and some of the ramifications of the results achieved.  相似文献   

9.
By focusing on coaches' use of anticipatory and counterfactual regret messages, this investigation examined video footage (i.e., pre-game, halftime, and post-game speeches) of high school football coaches' interaction with their athletes during competition. Participants were 17 high school football coaches who were found to use a combination of regret messages: accountability, individual performance, collective failure, social significance, regret reduction, and future regret. Results describe how coaches use these regret message types during different points in athletic competition and how they vary as a function of team success (winning or losing at the time of the speech) and whether the game occurred during the regular or post-season. Applications for coaches, including pedagogical and athlete emotional response, are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
This article uses journalists’ memoirs, professional publications, and handbooks to show how British journalists projected images of themselves in the late nineteenth century. In a period of professional and social insecurity, journalists employed such self-presentations as a way of legitimizing their “title to be heard” in the public sphere. Rather than demand that journalism be converted into a closed profession comparable to law or medicine, journalists presented theirs as an “open profession” in which ability and hard work automatically led to success. Although such self-projections legitimized the status of elite journalists, they hampered attempts to improve journalists’ working conditions.  相似文献   

11.
Louisa May Alcott was one of the most popular authors of the nineteenth century. However, Alcott’s literary career would not have been so successful without the help and advice of various publishers and editors, such as W.W. Clapp, Frank Leslie, James Redpath, James Elliott, A.K. Loring, and most notably Thomas Niles of Roberts Brothers. All of these publishers or editors helped Alcott to develop from a writer of lurid, sensational tales to the accomplished professional author of American classics. In the nineteenth century, it was more than often the publisher who exerted great influence over the nature of a literary work, from its subject matter to its marketing. This article focuses on Alcott’s relationships with her many publishers and shows how they helped Alcott develop her own style and subjects into a rewarding career as a writer. Daniel Shealy, visiting assistant professor at Clemson University, is co-editor ofThe Selected Letters of Louisa May Alcott, scheduled for publication by Little, Brown in August 1987.  相似文献   

12.
Cyberbullying is an increasingly common experience that produces psychosocial consequences for targets. Interventions encouraging bystanders to support targets of cyberbullying are limited by a lack of focus on what to communicate. This study considers supportive messages that emphasize emotional comfort, attributions of responsibility, and beliefs that people can change as relevant to this context, and it examines how perceptions of messages differ based on whether support providers have or lack experience with cyberbullying. We extend research on the indirect effects model of supportive communication by randomly assigning participants (N?=?304), who self-identify as targets of cyberbullying, to message and source conditions and assessing their perceptions of messages, providers, and outcomes. Impressions of messages mediate their influence on outcomes, and the experiential similarity of support providers moderates these effects. Certain messages, notably those contending that bullies can change, are less effective when delivered by sources who lack experience with bullying.  相似文献   

13.
Robert C. Berring has called West Publishing Company's American Digest System “the key aspect of the new form of legal literature” that West and other publishers developed in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Berring argued that West's digests provided practicing lawyers not only the means for locating precedential cases, but a “paradigm for thinking about the law itself” that influenced American lawyers until the development of online legal research systems in the 1970s. This article discusses questions raised by Berring's scholarship, and examines the late nineteenth and early twentieth century legal environment in which the West digests were created and became essential research tools for American lawyers.  相似文献   

14.
This investigation tested the notion that speakers should own their emotions by using I-messages rather than You-messages when conveying their feelings. In Study 1, hypothetical self-attributed (I) emotion messages were compared to other-attributed (You) messages, with an I-You message added in Study 2. In both studies, the effect of both positive and negative emotion statements on perceived politeness, effectiveness, and emotional reactions were assessed. No differences were found in reactions to the message forms for negative emotions, but both studies provided evidence for differences in respondents' reaction to positive emotional expressions. These results suggest a self-serving bias; recipients do not distinguish between ways of phrasing negative emotions expressed to them, but apparently appreciate being given credit for speakers' positive emotions. Implications for therapists, communication consultants, and practitioners are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
Successful businesses know that customers make purchase decisions based on a complex bundle of rational and emotional factors that vary in degree and importance depending upon the context. In crowded markets where potential customers have many comparable options, it is often the emotional relationships that they have with businesses that influence where they spend their dollars. Recognizing this reality, businesses have been shifting from transacting with customers to “engaging” with them. This article outlines the need for librarians to understand engagement more fully, and it points to guidance from the business literature on how to define and create engagement.  相似文献   

16.
US Copyright Law empowers rights holders to enforce their rights and to defend the market value of their intellectual property through litigation. So-called copyright trolls are rights holders who exploit the law and the court system by pursuing allegations of infringement primarily to generate revenue through court-awarded statutory damages or settlements outside of court. Such abusive litigation undermines the intention of the US Constitution's Patent and Copyright Clause as well as the public's respect for copyright. Yet legislative reform intended to deter abuse may impact those offering their work under Creative Commons (CC) licenses when they seek to enforce their rights. This article presents the ways in which legal scholars define abusive copyright litigation and their recommendations for thwarting it. Then, using examples from actual court cases, the article suggests potential implications of these recommendations for the enforcement of CC licenses.  相似文献   

17.
An investigation of memorable messages as guides to self‐assessment of daily behavior was conducted. Respondents were asked to keep diaries for five days. Each day participants were asked to recall one behavior that violated and one behavior that exceeded their personal expectations for themselves. After recalling the situation, participants were asked to recall the memorable messages, if any, which came to mind when self‐assessing these behaviors. This method used the self‐assessment of prior behavior as the entry point to a feedback loop. Control theory predicts that within the feedback loop behaviors are compared with internal principles that come from memorable messages. This comparison is predicted to result in either a positively or negatively valenced evaluation of the behavior if it either exceeds or violates personal standards represented as internal principles. The findings include the categories of behaviors that exceeded or violated personal expectations, the memorable messages, and the primary sources of the memorable messages that were recalled during the comparison process. In addition, comparisons were made between this research effort and a previous study that asked participants to self‐assess more extreme cases of behavior and the memorable messages associated with that process.  相似文献   

18.
This investigation tested the notion that speakers should own their emotions by using I-messages rather than You-messages when conveying their feelings. In Study 1, hypothetical self-attributed (I) emotion messages were compared to other-attributed (You) messages, with an I-You message added in Study 2. In both studies, the effect of both positive and negative emotion statements on perceived politeness, effectiveness, and emotional reactions were assessed. No differences were found in reactions to the message forms for negative emotions, but both studies provided evidence for differences in respondents' reaction to positive emotional expressions. These results suggest a self-serving bias; recipients do not distinguish between ways of phrasing negative emotions expressed to them, but apparently appreciate being given credit for speakers' positive emotions. Implications for therapists, communication consultants, and practitioners are discussed.  相似文献   

19.
Guided by control theory, this study examines memorable messages that women on probation and parole receive from their probation and parole agents. Women interviewed for the study were asked to report a memorable message they received from an agent, and to describe situations if/when the message came to mind in three contexts likely to emerge from a control theory perspective: when they did something of which they were proud, when they stopped themselves from doing something they would later regret, and when they did something of which they were not proud. The types of memorable messages and the reactions to these messages within the three contexts were coded, and differences between women on probation versus parole were examined. Overall, a greater proportion of women on parole recalled memorable messages, and the most frequently reported type of memorable message was behavioral advice. Women reported that the message helped them do things of which they were proud, such as engaging in routine activities and fulfilling goals; helped them to not give into urges that could lead to further negative sanctions or feelings of regret; and came to mind when they relapsed. Practical implications of the findings for training are presented.  相似文献   

20.
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