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1.
This study uses panel data to examine the relationship between faculty employment and external R&D expenditures at Research and Doctoral institutions over a 15-year period of time. On average, a 1% increase in the number of full-time faculty is associated with about 0.2% increase in total R&D expenditure. Further, a one percentage point increase in the share of full-time faculty members that are not on tenure-track lines is associated with a decrease in total external R&D expenditure by about 0.6%, suggesting that full-time faculty that are tenured or on tenure-tracks are the main category of faculty that generate external R&D funding. Further, our results suggest that an increasing usage of part-time faculty, holding constant the institution's full-time faculty size, boosts an institution's external R&D expenditures. On average, a one percentage point increase in the share of part-time faculty members is associated with a 0.44% increase in the total external R&D expenditures. Increases in graduate student enrollments are associated with increases in external R&D expenditures. Finally, an institution's external R&D expenditures are significantly influenced by both the amount of its own institutionally financed research expenditures and the level of federal funding for research. 相似文献
2.
研究型大学在美国科技研发中的地位与作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
科技研发活动(R&D)在本质上促进了美国的知识创新和经济增长。研究型大学是美国科技研发,特别是基础研究的重要执行部门。美国研究型大学在数量上占全部高校的6%左右,却从联邦政府获得大部分科技研发经费,发表大量的科技论文,培养了超过60%的科学工程博士毕业生,获取超过90%的高校专利。这表明美国研究型大学的科技研发是知识生产与人才培养的良好结合,是研究型大学履行职责、服务社会的有效方式。 相似文献
3.
This article provides the reader with insight into what research and development (R&D) work specifically entails. The various
stages in development processes are described from the research question and analyses that have current practice as the point
of departure to consolidation and new practice based on the testing of concrete teaching programs. This article also illuminates
the “R” in R&D work. A thorough review is given of how the development processes can be explored by having a meta-perspective
on concrete practice. A number of models have been developed to visualize development and research. We introduce our own R&D
model in the article which is a very accessible way of presenting the various processes within the stages and levels of R&D
work. The article ends by pointing out the importance that focused research questions have for R&D work and how the model
can be a tool for researchers cooperating with teachers in communities of development. 相似文献
4.
政府R&D税收激励对企业基础研究的作用还未被证实。基于2009-2016年《中国统计年鉴》和《工业企业科技活动统计年鉴》联合数据筛选出基础研究、R&D税收减免数据,本文运用面板回归方法验证了中国R&D税收激励政策对企业基础研究的激励效应。研究发现,第一,目前中国R&D税收激励政策对企业基础研究存在挤出效应。第二,进一步细分R&D税收优惠政策,结果表明研发加计扣除政策对企业基础研究作用不明显,而高新技术企业15%税率式优惠政策显著挤出了企业基础研究支出;第三,政府R&D税收优惠政策对企业基础研究失灵的原因在于政府"一刀切"的R&D税收减免实施标准,即基础研究和试验发展支出采取统一的减免力度,导致R&D税收激励政策对试验发展支出产生了较高的显著减税效应。该标准会诱导利润最大化的企业开展低质量创新。本文的实证结论揭示了我国R&D税收优惠政策的不足,也从政策视角重新给出了中国企业基础研究投入不足的一个新解释。 相似文献
5.
Ralph O. Slatyer 《Higher Education》1994,28(1):147-158
The Cooperative Research Centres Program aims to enhance the effectiveness of the overall Australian R&D effort by drawing together researchers from several institutions to create the concentrations of resources which are needed, in many research fields, to keep pace with the rapid scientific and technological progress which is occurring internationally. The Centres link together outstanding groups of researchers, from both the public and private sectors, with the users of research from appropriate industry sectors and other sectors of the economy and provide opportunities for research users to participate actively in the planning and operation of the research activities. The Program was started in 1990. Fifty-two Centres have now been approved across six major R&D and industry sectors representing, when these Centres are fully established, a commitment by the government of some $100 million per year and, from the participants, of some $200 million per year. This constitutes some six percent of the national R&D effort. 相似文献
6.
The paper reviews the rapid growth and improvement of science in China since Deng Xiaoping’s reforms in the 1980s and especially in the last two decades, situating the achievement and its limitations in the contexts of both the global science system, and national policy and strategy. The key is the effective combination of national science with global science. Science in China has worked to global norms while remaining nested in national government and Sinic governance, in which Confucianism and Legalism are combined with Leninism. The paper reflects on trends in investment in R&D, the number of published papers, discipline balance, national and global networking, and policies on cross-border partnerships and mobility. China has established a strong autonomous position at world level in science that is partly separated from the intensively networked Euro-American systems but has benefitted especially from a mutually productive relationship with the United States. However, that relationship is now in question. 相似文献
7.
The number of university–industry R&D partnerships (UIPs) has increased significantly over the past decade, in most OECD countries and in Australia, yet the study of risk in such commercially focused collaborative ventures is still a developing area. This review paper seeks to contribute to debate on this increasingly important phenomenon by addressing three key areas of risks for universities in entering such collaborations. The commercialization of research findings presents particular risks to universities, most notably the possibility of financial loss, which has a greater impact than for companies in cross‐sector collaborations. Another major type of risk faced by universities is relational risk, and this can significantly alter the trust dynamics that underpin research and innovation. There are also institutional risks to universities and their research staff engaged in commercializable R&D and, ultimately, to their reputation as a neutral source of expertise. It is argued there is a need for universities in Australia to develop comprehensive policies to manage the risks of commercialization and R&D collaboration with industry partners. 相似文献
8.
Wouter Schenke Jan H. van Driel Femke P. Geijsel Henk W. Sligte Monique L. L. Volman 《Teachers and Teaching》2016,22(5):553-569
Collaboration between practitioners and researchers can increasingly be observed in research and development (R&D) projects in secondary schools. This article presents an analysis of cross-professional collaboration between teachers, school leaders and educational researchers and/or advisers as part of R&D projects in terms of three dimensions: reasons for collaboration, the division of roles and tasks, and the communication structure. Data were collected in interviews with participants from 12 Dutch projects, from documents and from meetings with participants. The results show that the parties involved can have the same reasons for cross-professional collaboration but that the external educational experts may also have additional objectives. Roles and tasks were divided in different ways, depending on who directs and guides the research and development, and whether teachers were involved as teacher researchers in the project. The communication structure appeared to be linked to the division of roles and tasks, but also to the number of participants in the project. The three dimensions proved to be valuable viewpoints to study cross-professional collaboration in R&D projects in Dutch secondary education. Furthermore, we distinguished four types of cross-professional collaboration in R&D projects. These types differ in the extent to which the school or the external party direct and guide the project: (a) School-directed collaboration; (b) School- and researcher-directed collaboration; (c) School- and adviser-directed collaboration; (d) Researcher-directed collaboration. Our findings can support participants to consciously choose a particular type of cross-professional collaboration that fits their purposes and specific situation. 相似文献
9.
周建鹏 《广东轻工职业技术学院学报》2006,5(1):26-29
主要从中国研究与开发（R＆D）的投入、产出以及绩效三个方面来和世界发达国家进行比较。其中,投入部分包括经费和人员的投入;产出部分则主要选取了科技论文发表数量和专利产出数目两个指标;绩效对比则按照每单位投入的平均产出来衡量。通过国际比较,可以清楚地认识到目前中国的研发实力和发达国家的差距,并分析其中的原因,找出相应对策。 相似文献
10.
Geoff Scott 《Studies in Continuing Education》2013,35(1):70-83
This article reviews a recent U.K. study which sought to identify the steps that have to be taken to improve the efficacy of research and development (R&D) projects in Vocational Education and Training (VET). The review is facilitated by making reference to the approach and findings of a parallel study in Switzerland. The review seeks to highlight the importance of more rigorously establishing what really happens to the results of R&D projects after they are completed. In particular, it seeks to identify what is necessary to ensure that each R&D project has a positive impact on practice. It does this in order to ensure that the now substantial investment in R&D for VET is cost effective. On the basis of the review the article proposes an agenda for an effective and coordinated approach to action and research in the area. 相似文献
11.
12.
The publicly funded component of New Zealand's science system, which accounts for about two-thirds of the national R&D expenditure, has been almost completely restructured in the last five years. Like other far-reaching public sector reform in New Zealand, this has resulted in a separation of the policy, purchasing and operations roles and their placement in different organisations. The purchasing role is undertaken by the Foundation for Research, Science & Technology, which invests ca $287 million annually in R&D in line with broad priorities set by the government and more detailed Research Strategies of its own device. The Foundation has been required to establish a system of contestable funding, similar in principle to that in most other countries but previously absent from New Zealand. The Public Good Science Fund is described and compared with other systems for public funding of R&D. Remaining structural problems in the system, some of which constrain progress towards implementing the government's priorities, are identified and likely solutions are indicated. Future developments in the system will see increasing use ofex-post evaluation of research performance to complementex-ante peer review of research proposals, and the development of close linkages among research providers and research users, and between public investment and private investment in R&D. 相似文献
13.
This article analyses the increasing emphasison research in the non-university highereducation sector in Norway as an importantfaculty task in addition to teaching. Thisdevelopment is an interesting example on thetypes of tension and dilemma that may emergewhen institutions and individual staff memberstry to imitate the research profile of theuniversities. A central dimension is thetension between traditional professional andvocational norms for education and R&D work,and academic ideals. Based on a survey amongfaculty members at the state colleges, eightpolicy dilemmas faced by these colleges intheir internal allocation of resources for R&Dare illustrated. 相似文献
14.
May Britt Postholm 《Educational Action Research》2013,21(4):551-565
This article focuses on the theoretical frame of action research and the teacher as researcher, working through a Norwegian Research Council‐funded project in a school that explored learning strategies for pupils’ subject and social development. Action research is here called research and development (R&D) work as the term envisages that research and development are being conducted at the same time. Additionally, the term reflects the fact that the research is conducted within the framework of activity theory and Engeström’s expansive learning circle in which work is termed R&D. The article describes the possibilities and challenges for both teachers and researchers cooperating in R&D projects. Reflection on observed teaching are presented as a central activity in development work, covering the form and content of reflective dialogues; quotations from teachers are provided to show how the teachers experienced observation and reflection. The article discusses whether teachers become researchers, or whether they only develop in their role as teachers. The close cooperation between teachers and researchers in this work is also presented as a model for further education for teachers in‐service and for the training of teacher students. 相似文献
15.
May Britt Postholm 《Educational Action Research》2013,21(2):231-244
This article focuses on teachers’ learning in a research and development (R&D) work project. The teachers are working in a lower secondary school, and the cooperation between them and the researcher lasted for two years. The aim of this article is to show what teachers can learn and how they can learn during such a project. In the qualitative study conducted within this R&D project, observations, reflection dialogues and log‐book entries were key data collection strategies. This material shows that teachers want to reflect together to learn, but both the form and content of these collective reflections have a major impact on their learning. Before the teachers are ready to challenge each other, they have to have confidence in each other. Once they have this confidence, the form of the reflection dialogues can change. During the R&D work the teachers learn how reflections become part of the planning process for their next teaching sessions, and after a while theories become a tool that can help them with their reflections. 相似文献
16.
Bitna Kim Wan-Chun Arizona Lin Eric G. Lambert 《Journal of Criminal Justice Education》2015,26(4):545-562
In recent years, leaders in the field of criminology and criminal justice have advocated for comparative/international and collaborative research; however, there is uncertainty regarding how much comparative/international research on the topic of juvenile justice is being conducted and how well information on juvenile justice issues with a cross-cultural or international focus is being disseminated. This study analyzed the number and focus of studies on international/comparative juvenile justice papers in the four major US juvenile justice specialty journals (Juvenile & Family Court Journal, Journal of Juvenile Justice, UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy, and Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice). Data came from 567 papers published during the period of 2000–2013. The authors discuss the roles of the juvenile justice specialty journals to encourage the study of juvenile justice internationally. 相似文献
17.
目前,我国民营资本进入战略性新兴产业时常常遭遇"玻璃门"的现象,因此,研究并发现影响我国民营资本进入战略性新兴产业的主要因素,具有非常重要的理论和实践意义。利用2008—2011年我国15个高新技术产业细分行业的面板数据,通过建立模型进行回归分析后发现,行业企业平均规模、研发投入资金、企业新产品出口能力以及政府对行业的控制力都是阻碍民营资本进入战略性新兴产业的重要影响因素,而民营企业拥有的研发人员数量规模将会促进民营企业更多地进入战略性新兴产业,行业内竞争程度的影响则是不显著的。基于上述结论,为了促进民营资本进入战略性新兴产业,有关方面应大幅增加在竞争性战略性新兴产业领域中民营资本的比重,防止规模较大的企业垄断市场,加大对民营企业科技研究投入的激励和保障,调整产业资源和政策资源的分配原则,以营造公平、公正的竞争环境。 相似文献
18.
Arja Haapakorpi 《Journal of Education & Work》2017,30(1):53-68
In Finland, doctoral employment outside the academy has been increasing. Universities can no longer absorb the numbers in the doctoral labour force and research and development (R&D) policy emphasises the need for specialised research capacity in non-academic sectors; the highest academic degree is assumed to add value. However, the transition from doctoral programmes to employment outside the academy has been limited due to the social dynamics within labour markets. This article explores the careers of doctorate holders and the motives non-academic organisations have for recruiting such graduates. The data come from a survey of doctorate holders (N = 1183) and interviews with 26 employers. Based on the analysis, there was little place for doctorate holders outside the academy, except in R&D roles. When employed to undertake work outside R&D, they carried out special, demanding tasks or had a particular role related to their academic status. Professional functions such as those undertaken by medical doctors, engineers and teachers were the most common, but career patterns varied from one employment sector to the next. Employers considered industry-specific competence to be important, and the status of the doctoral degree and the membership in the academic community were expected to advance collaboration with universities and enhance the professional status of the organisations that hired doctoral graduates. 相似文献
19.
Charlyne Millet David Oget Denis Cavallucci 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2017,42(6):1000-1024
Innovation is a key component to the success and longevity of companies. Our research opens the ‘black box’ of creativity and innovation in R&D teams. We argue that understanding the nature of R&D projects in terms of creativity/innovation, efficiency/inefficiency, is important for designing education policies and improving engineering curriculum. Our research addresses the inventive design process, a lesser known aspect of the innovation process, in 197 R&D departments of industrial sector companies in France. One fundamental issue facing companies is to evaluate processes and results of innovation. Results show that the evaluation of innovation is confined by a lack of methodology of inventive projects. We will be establishing the foundations of a formal ontology for inventive design projects and finally some recommendations for engineering education. 相似文献