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1.
In two reading level design experiments, matched groups of normal and poor readers were compared with regard to their use of phonological and orthographic information. Experiment 1 used a semantic decision task similar to the task described in the study of Jarvella & Snodgrass (1974). Experiment 1 was aimed to assess the way normal and poor readers, matched on reading level, automatically process phonological and orthographic incongruencies when comparing the singular and plural of nouns. Experiment 2 investigated the automatized processing of uppercase-lowercase letter incongruencies in a same-different task using words and pseudowords. It assessed the role of letter feature cues involved in the initial identification process. Experiment 1 demonstrated that poor readers needed more time for evaluating phonologically incongruent word pairs. No independent effect of orthographic incongruency was found. Experiment 2 showed that, if compared with reading age matched normals, poor readers had more problems with evaluating uppercase-lowercase incongruencies. This orthographic processing problem was particularly prominent when pseudowords were presented. It is concluded that poor readers not only have phonological processing problems, but also have difficulties at the orthographic processing level. 相似文献
2.
Josephine C. Jenkinson 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1989,36(1):39-56
IT HAS OFTEN been assumed that, given appropriate instruction, children with intellectual disability can reach a level of achievement in reading commensurate with their level of mental development. This paper reviews evidence to the contrary, with particular reference to the skills required for word recognition. Similarities between specific reading disability and reading difficulty in children of low intelligence are noted, especially in deficits in short‐term memory. Much of the research with children with an intellectual disability has focussed on the teaching of sight‐word recognition; however, studies of decoding skills indicate that ability to acquire and use a knowledge of spelling patterns is a major problem underlying difficulty in independent word recognition by these children. Efforts to teach these children more efficient decoding skills have met with only limited success. 相似文献
3.
In the Jackson and Coltheart theory of acquisition of word reading it is claimed that, near the beginning of the partial alphabetic
phase of development, children have full use of abstract letter units (ALUs). This claim and less exclusive alternatives were
examined. In Experiment 1, normal progress children with on average 9 months of school reading instruction, either with or
without explicit phonics, read with moderate accuracy (orthographically) familiar words in upper-case letters (e.g., AND)
that are visually dissimilar from their lower-case forms. Lower-case forms were read with greater accuracy but only for familiar
words, there being no letter-case effect for less familiar words. Children with explicit phonics showed less impairment in
reading accuracy when words were presented in upper-case form than children without such phonics. Children with on average
22 months of instruction, in Experiment 2, read relatively unfamiliar words that required some phonological mediation. Those
without explicit phonics instruction read words with digraphs in unfamiliar upper case less accurately than in lower case,
while those with explicit phonics showed no such letter-case difference. The results supported the view that children do not
have full use of ALUs in early alphabetic reading, both children with and without explicit phonics to some extent using letter
identities specific to lower case for representation of familiar words. 相似文献
4.
Specific deficits in component reading and language skills: genetic and environmental influences 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
Phonological coding, measured by the oral reading of nonwords, and orthographic coding, measured by the discrimination of words from homophonic nonwords (e.g., rane, rain), were compared for pairs of older children with reading disabilities (RD) and younger nondisabled readers matched on word recognition. Phonological coding was substantially lower for most children with RD, indicating a unique developmental deficit in phonological coding rather than an equal developmental lag across all component reading skills. Data from identical and fraternal twins indicated that the phonological coding deficit of the children with RD was highly heritable and accounted for most of the heritable variance in their word recognition deficits. The deficits of the twins with RD in segmental language skills (rhyming and phoneme segmentation) were related to the heritable variance in their phonological coding deficits. Orthographic coding was not significantly heritable, and it accounted for much of the environmental variance in word recognition deficits. Implications of the results for the remediation of reading disability are discussed. 相似文献
5.
We investigate whether orthographic processes influence the identification and encoding of letter position within letter strings. To minimise word‐specific effects, we adopt a visual letter search task that requires participants to identify a cued letter target among a random five‐letter string. Using this paradigm, previous studies have shown that letter targets to the left are identified faster than those to the right of centre and letter targets in the initial, medial and final positions are identified faster than those in neighbouring positions. While the medial letter advantage is likely to arise from greater visual acuity at the point of fixation, the mechanisms responsible for the left‐to‐right, and exterior, letter advantage have yet to be determined. We show that: (i) search functions for most letters reflect the directional scanning process required for reading English orthography; (ii) search times are significantly faster for letter targets that appear in the most, compared with the least, frequent position in written words; and (iii) search times correlate significantly with positional letter frequency, especially in the initial and final positions. We propose that a combination of low‐level visual, and higher‐level orthographic, processes modulate the encoding of letter identities and position in written word recognition. 相似文献
6.
Some previous studies of visual word recognition have reported an interaction between visual field and word length (measured by number of letters), such that recognition is affected more by word length for words presented in the left than for words presented in the right visual field. However, when manipulating serial position of letters in words to measure length effects, there are also reports of symmetrical word length effects in the two visual fields. Here we report two experiments, presenting four‐ and seven‐letter words, suggesting that the serial position and length effects in the hemispheres are separable and task dependent. For tasks that rely more heavily on letter‐level processing such as letter search (Experiment 1), performance in both hemifields showed similar effects of serial position; however, when comparing four‐ and seven‐letter words, an effect of word length was evident only in the left visual field, in line with the well‐established interaction between word length and hemifield. An interaction between word length and hemifield was confirmed for the same stimuli when they were employed in a lexical decision task, which forced whole‐word processing (Experiment 2). We conclude that the effects of serial position and number of letters in the two visual fields are separable, and are selectively affected by task type. 相似文献
7.
Background
Letter knowledge is crucial in the first stages of reading development. It supports learning letter-sound mappings and the identification of the letters that make up words. Previous studies have investigated the longitudinal impact of early letter knowledge on children's further word reading abilities. This study employed an artificial orthography learning paradigm to explore whether the rate of letter learning modulates children's reading and word identification skills.Methods
In an initial training phase, 8-year-old Spanish children (N = 30) learned nine artificial letters and their corresponding sounds (two vowels and six consonants). The letter learning rate was set according to the number of attempts needed to name at least seven letters (i.e., 80% correct). These ranged from 1 to 4. In a second training phase, children visualized words made up of the trained letters while listening to their pronunciations. Some words included a context-dependent syllable (i.e., leading to grapheme-to-phoneme inconsistency), and others had an inconsistent syllable (i.e., phoneme-to-grapheme inconsistency). The post-test consisted of a reading aloud task and an orthographic-choice task in which the target word was presented with a distractor equal to the target except for the substitution of a letter.Results
Children showed a high accuracy rate in the post-test tasks, regardless of whether words contained context-dependent or inconsistent syllables. Critically, the letter learning rate predicted both reading aloud and identification accuracy of words in the artificial orthography.Conclusions
We provide evidence for the vital role of letter knowledge acquisition ability in children's decoding and word identification skills. Training children on this ability facilitates serial letter-sound mapping and word identification skills. Artificial orthography paradigms are optimal for exploring children's potential to achieve specific literacy skills.8.
Two experiments were conducted in order to explore the role of prefix identification in the reading of Dutch bisyllabic words. Although Dutch orthography is highly regular, several deviations from a one-to-one correspondence exist. A case in point is the grapheme E which can represent the vowels ε, e and œ in polysyllabic words. In Experiment 1, 33 third-grade children and 46 sixth-grade children were presented a list of randomly ordered bisyllabic words starting with the letter string BE and the first syllable being (1) a real prefix, (2) a phonological prefix (same sound pattern as a prefix), or (3) a pseudoprefix (sound pattern deviant from a prefix). Pseudowords starting with the same letter string were also presented. The results showed that words starting with a real or a phonological prefix were identified more accurately than words starting with a pseudoprefix. For the pseudowords, a predominant interpretation of the first part as a prefix was also evidenced. In Experiment 2, a lexical decision task was administered to 35 third-grade children, 33 sixth-grade children, and 26 adults. Words with a phonological prefix and words with a pseudoprefix were randomly presented along with other word types. The data showed both children and adults to retrieve words with phonological prefixes more quickly and more accurately than words with a pseudoprefix. The results are discussed with reference to current models of word decoding. 相似文献
9.
Kenn Apel Danielle Brimo Elizabeth B. Wilson-Fowler Christian Vorstius Ralph Radach 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(4):286-302
We examined whether young children acquire orthographic knowledge during structured adult-led storybook reading even though minimal viewing time is devoted to print. Sixty-two kindergarten children were read 12 storybook “chapters” while their eye movements were tracked. Results indicated that the children quickly acquired initial mental graphemic representations of target nonwords. This learning occurred even though they focused on the target nonwords approximately one fourth of the total time while viewing the pages. Their ability to acquire the initial orthographic representations of the target nonwords and their viewing time was affected by the linguistic statistical regularities of the words. The results provide evidence of orthographic learning during structured storybook reading and for the use of implicit linguistic statistical regularities for learning new orthographic word forms in the early stages of reading development. 相似文献
10.
Laura M. Steacy Amy M. Elleman Maureen W. Lovett Donald L. Compton 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2016,20(4):283-295
In English, gains in decoding skill do not map directly onto increases in word reading. However, beyond the Self-Teaching Hypothesis, little is known about the transfer of decoding skills to word reading. In this study, we offer a new approach to testing specific decoding elements on transfer to word reading. To illustrate, we modeled word-reading gains among children with reading disability enrolled in Phonological and Strategy Training (PHAST) or Phonics for Reading (PFR). Conditions differed in sublexical training with PHAST stressing multilevel connections and PFR emphasizing simple grapheme-phoneme correspondences. Thirty-seven children with reading disability, 3rd to 6th grade, were randomly assigned 60 lessons of PHAST or PFR. Crossed random-effects models allowed us to identify specific intervention elements that differentially impacted word-reading performance at posttest, with children in PHAST better able to read words with variant vowel pronunciations. Results suggest that sublexical emphasis influences transfer gains to word reading. 相似文献
11.
The present study examined the use of statistical cues for word boundaries during Chinese reading. Participants were instructed
to read sentences for comprehension with their eye movements being recorded. A two-character target word was embedded in each
sentence. The contrast between the probabilities of the ending character (C2) of the target word (C12) being used as word
beginning and ending in all words containing it was manipulated. In addition, by using the boundary paradigm, parafoveal overlapping
ambiguity in the string C123 was manipulated with three types of preview of the character C3, which was a single-character
word in the identical condition. During preview, the combination of C23′ was a legal word in the ambiguous condition and was
not a word in the control condition. Significant probability and preview effects were observed. In the low-probability condition,
inconsistency in the frequent within-word position (word beginning) and the present position (word ending) lengthened gaze
durations and increased refixation rate on the target word. Although benefits from the identical previews were apparent, effects
of overlapping ambiguity were negligible. The results suggest that the probability of within-word positions had an influence
during character-to-word assignment, which was mainly verified during foveal processing. Thus, the overlapping ambiguity between
parafoveal words did not interfere with reading. Further investigation is necessary to examine whether current computational
models of eye movement control should incorporate statistical cues for word boundaries together with other linguistic factors
in their word processing system to account for Chinese reading. 相似文献
12.
《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(4):359-387
In 2 studies, we compared the effectiveness of 4 different methods for acquiring initial reading vocabulary. Training emphasized similarity of word beginnings (onset plus vowel), similarity of word endings (rimes), phoneme segmentation and blending, or simple repetition of whole words. These 4 training regimes were compared with a control group given only regular classroom instruction. Beginning nonreaders acquired the trained words fastest in the onset and rime conditions, and most slowly in the whole word condition. Retention was excellent after 1 week and after 4 to 6 months, with no differences due to method of acquisition when only children who met the learning criterion were considered. Generalization to reading new words and nonwords was 40% to 50% on the first encounter for all children who acquired the entire word set during learning. In Experiment 2, the same pattern of results was obtained for delayed readers in Grade 2. 相似文献
13.
Michal Lavidor 《Journal of Research in Reading》2011,34(4):443-454
The research question here was whether whole‐word shape cues might facilitate reading in dyslexia following reports of how normal‐reading children benefit from using this cue when learning to read. We predicted that adults with dyslexia would tend to rely more on orthographic rather than other cues when reading, and therefore would be more affected by word shape manipulations. This prediction was tested in a lexical decision task on words with a flat or a non‐flat outline (i.e. without or with letters with ascending/descending features). We found that readers with dyslexia were significantly faster when reading non‐flat compared with flat words, while typical readers did not benefit from whole‐word shape cues. The interaction of participants' group and word shape was not modulated by word frequency; that is word outline shape facilitated reading for both rare and frequent words. Our results suggest that enhanced sensitivity to orthographic cues is developed in some cases of dyslexia when normal, phonology‐based word recognition processing is not exploited. 相似文献
14.
Jane Ashby 《Journal of Research in Reading》2006,29(3):318-333
Recent eye movement experiments offer preliminary evidence that skilled readers activate word‐level prosodic information when silently reading sentences. This paper reviews the role of eye movements during reading as well as the preliminary evidence for prosodic processing. A new experiment examines whether prosodic processing differs for high and low frequency words. Readers' eye movements were monitored while reading target words presented in sentences preceded by parafoveal previews that either contained the exact initial syllable of the target (i.e. the congruent preview condition) or the initial syllable plus the next letter (i.e. the incongruent preview condition). Reading times on high frequency words did not differ in the congruent and incongruent preview conditions, but reading times on low frequency words were faster in the congruent condition. The implications of the present result and previous studies are discussed in terms of phonological hub theory, which is a production‐based theory of word recognition during skilled silent reading. 相似文献
15.
《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(3):219-259
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of combining curriculum-based measurement and hierarchical linear modeling procedures to identify the characteristics of first-grade children that predict growth rates in the acquisition of decoding skills (as assessed through measures of isolated word and nonword reading). This study examined the relative importance of both static (initial levels of performance) and dynamic (rate of growth) measures of cognitive-processing abilities (i.e., phonemic awareness and rapid naming speed) and emergent print knowledge (i.e., letter name, letter sound, more advanced graphophoneme knowledge, and orthographic awareness) as predictors of decoding growth in a sample of 75 first-grade children. Over the course of an academic year, a set of parallel word and nonword reading tasks, constructed using curriculum-base measurement techniques and administered on a monthly basis, were capable of demonstrating individual change in decoding skill. Furthermore, results indicate that growth in cognitive-processing abilities and general knowledge about print could likewise be measured and adequately modeled. In this sample of children, rate of growth in word and nonword reading was predicted by a different combination of static and dynamic variables representing both cognitive-processing abilities and print knowledge. Results suggest that in the very earliest stages of word reading development there may be a strong association between the rate of growth in cognitive processing, print knowledge, and decoding skills. 相似文献
16.
Paula J. Schwanenflugel Robin D. Morris Melanie R. Kuhn Gregory P. Strauss Jennifer M. Sieczko 《Reading and writing》2008,21(3):177-203
The purpose of the experiments was to determine the automatic use of large or small word reading units in young readers in
the absence of word decoding strategies. Picture-word Stroop interference was examined from four types of conflicting labels:
(a) words containing both highly predictable grapheme–phoneme correspondence (GPC) units and highly consistent rime units
(henceforth, Hi-GPC + Hi-Rime); (b) words with highly predictable GPC units and less consistent rime units (Hi-GPC + Lo-Rime);
(c) words with low predictability GPC units and highly consistent rime units (Low GPC + High Rime); (d) nonwords that contained
both highly predictable GPC and highly consistent rime units. Naming time for pictures containing these labels was compared
against that for pictures with random letter strings or no labels. In Experiment 1, Stroop interference was examined in first,
second, and third grade children to determine whether there was developmental change in the presence of rime or GPC interference.
In Experiment 2, Stroop interference was examined as a function of relative reading skill in first grade children. In Experiment
3, Stroop interference in adults was compared to the use of rime or GPC pronunciation strategies for nonword reading. In all
experiments, Stroop interference in picture naming was longer for pictures with highly predictable GPC unit labels than less
predictable GPC unit labels. However, in Experiment 3, even though adults showed interference from predictable GPC units in
the Stroop task, they always preferred rime pronunciation for ambiguous nonwords in the nonword reading task. It is argued
that the current experiments provide evidence for a flexible units model.
The results of this study were presented at the Cognitive Development Society meeting, November 2001, Virginia Beach, VA,
and the American Educational Research Association meeting, April 2004, San Diego, California. 相似文献
17.
This study explores early stages of reading acquisition, specifically therelation of phoneme blending and letter recoding to individual differencesin word decoding. The hypothesis was that facility in letter recoding andaccuracy of phoneme blending are substantial components of word decodingin beginning readers but not for skilled reading and that reliance onphoneme-sized decoding of words would dissipate as reading proficiencyincreased. In four studies we examined the ability to recode letters, blendphonemes and decode words in four groups of Dutch children (early Grade1, N = 130, older Grade 1, N = 81, Grade 3, N = 54 and a group of children witha reading lag, N = 356). Phoneme blending was only related to the readingability of beginning Grade 1 children. By the end of Grade 1 ability to blendphonemes did not differentiate reading capacity, nor for older children inGrade 3 and reading disabled children. Letter recoding was related to worddecoding in all four studies, although the strength of that relation diddwindle as reading skill level increased. The results of the study appearconsistent with self teaching hypothesis and other theories that imply atransient role of explicit phonological recoding in word identification. 相似文献
18.
Two experiments investigated the use of orthographic analogies in 6 year olds. In Experiment 1, 26 children were shown CVC clue and target word pairs sharing either rimes (`fork' – `pork'), heads (`fork' – `ford') or were controls (`fork' – `hurl'). A modest advantage for rime-clued over head-cluedtargets was unreliable over by-subject and by-item analyses. Improvements in target word reading were correlated with pretest scaffolding errors (e.g. `pork' misread as `park'). In Experiment 2, 50 children were pretaught three clue words for each target word before being shown words that shared either rimes (`leak' – `peak'), or medial vowel digraphs (`leak') – `bean'), or were controls (`leak' – `herd'). A modest advantage for rime-clued over vowel digraph-clued targets was again unreliable over by-subject and by-item analyses. Neither rime nor phoneme awareness measures were correlated with rime inference use. Vowel, but not rime inference, was correlated with scaffolding errors. Rime detection was the strongest predictor of reading ability, whereas phoneme segmentation was the strongest predictor of the use of scaffolding errors. 相似文献
19.
Kristen D. Ritchey 《Reading and writing》2008,21(1-2):27-47
This study examined the development of beginning writing skills in kindergarten and the relationship between early writing
skills and early reading skills. Sixty children were assessed on beginning writing skills (including letter writing, individual
sound spelling, and real and nonsense word spelling) and beginning reading skills (including letter name and letter sound
knowledge, global early reading ability, phonological awareness, and word reading). Children’s beginning writing abilities
are described, and they exhibited a range of proficiency in their ability to write letters, spell sounds, and spell real and
nonsense words. Global early reading proficiency, phonological awareness, and/or letter sound fluency predicted letter writing,
sound spelling, and spelling of real and nonsense words.
Appreciation is expressed to the participating students and teachers at Dwight D. Eisenhower School and to Margaret Boudreau
and Joan Foley for assistance in scoring students’ responses. 相似文献
20.
Three experiments are reported that investigate the cognitive processes underlying contextual and isolated word reading. In Phase 1, undergraduate participants were exposed to 75 target words under three conditions. The participants generated 25 words from definitions, read 25 words in context and read 25 in isolation. In Phase 2, volunteers completed either an explicit recall task (Experiment 1), an implicit word stem completion task (Experiment 2) or both tasks (Experiment 3). Our findings provide converging evidence that contextual and isolated word reading elicit different patterns of cognitive processing. Specifically, Experiments 1–3 demonstrated that words read in context were remembered similarly to words generated from definitions: words from both conditions were recalled more frequently in the surprise memory task and selected less often to complete the word stems in the implicit memory task. The opposite pattern was noted for words read in isolation. Reading in context is discussed in terms of its greater reliance on semantic processing, whereas isolated word reading is discussed in relation to perceptually driven processes. 相似文献