共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This article raises some broad questions about the relevance of the current content and teaching methods in undergraduate social science generally. First, it examines critically the general teaching patterns which often stress the teaching of concepts, theory, history and techniques in isolation from current or historical problems. It next argues that our major methods of teaching—notably the lecture—contribute little to achieving the widely advertised pedagogic objectives of independent, critical thinking by students. Thirdly, it argues that we need to inject more relevance into the content of social science courses by shifting the emphasis towards a greater use of contemporary or historical problems or incidents as the starting point for the appreciation of theory and methods. It suggests that the teaching methods best suited to this are the various versions of the ‘case’ or ‘enquiry’ or ‘problem’ approach, which involve a more active participation by students in the process of learning, rather than their current passive role as consumers of teaching. Some illustrations of how this can be done are given. The article concludes by indicating some of the problems which are likely to be encountered in educational development of this kind. These problems are considered to be ‘political’ ones in that they involve a changed use and distribution of resources (of staff, students, times and buildings), which are likely to run counter to current systems of academic and institutional power, social organization, culture and ideology. 相似文献
2.
H. Carl Haywood Anthony L. Brown 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1990,5(2):243-252
Even though behavior management is a very high priority of teachers of young children, systems of behavior management receive less attention than do methods of teaching academic content. Even when there are well developed sytems of behavior management, they do not necessarily reflect the same philosophy and methods of teaching that are used to teach content. The authors report on “cognitive-mediational behavior management”, a system designed to be consistent with a cognitive early education program, the Cognitive Curriculum for Young Children. In both behavior management and all their other teaching, teachers use in this program a mediational teaching style. Teachers emphasize thinking processes rather than correct answers, take a problem-solving approach to learning, help children to acquire generalizable strategies of thinking and problem-solving rather than using trial-and-error learning, are optimistic about children’s abilities to learn, and facilitate children’s acquisition of fundamental thinking modes. This system is seen as basically incompatible with a behaviorist, contingent reinforcement system. Behavior sequences are suggested for working with unacceptable behavior so as to produce both behavior change and cognitive change. 相似文献
3.
《Educational Philosophy and Theory》2013,45(10):1040-1053
AbstractThe project method became a famous teaching method whenWilliam Heard Kilpatrick published his article ‘Project Method’ in 1918. The key idea in Kilpatrick’s project method is to try to explain how pupils learn things when they work in projects toward different common objects.The same idea of pupils learning by work or action in an environment with objects also belongs to John Dewey’s problem-solving method. Are Kilpatrick’s project method and Dewey’s problemsolving method the same thing? The aim of this article is to analyze and prove that Kilpatrick’s project method differs radically from Dewey’s problem-solving method. 相似文献
4.
The purpose of this article is to describe findings from a study of teachers’ social interaction during discussions about students’ thinking. The goal of the discussions was for the teachers to interpret their students’ thinking as revealed from work on non-routine, thought-revealing mathematical tasks, known as model-eliciting activities. The research reported in this article focuses on instances during the discussions when the teachers engaged in what the researcher termed ‘mini-inquiries’, occasions during which the teachers inquired into why their students thought about the associated model-eliciting activities as they did or when the teachers inquired into the underlying mathematical complexities associated with the model-eliciting activities. During these mini-inquiries, the teachers typically engaged in one of four types of interaction patterns that enabled them to meet some of the challenges of attending to students’ thinking that are described in United States reform documents. 相似文献
5.
For decades a substantial body of research on teacher reflection and action has been conducted. This research contains a wealth of information on teachers’ thinking about their daily work in classrooms. But what do these studies tell us about the linkage between thought and action in actual teaching? How do they contribute to our understanding, or do they, in the very selection of their methods, ‘tell only half the story’? To address these concerns, we have engaged in a critical appraisal to learn about the scope and limitations of research contributions and identify criteria that may shed light on exactly what aspects of teacher learning and development are being studied.This appraisal uses an analytic framework to position the various studies that have been conducted. From our analysis, which focuses on the validity criterion of closeness between type of research question and data collection methods, we conclude that the research would profit from a set of more detailed criteria to address some of the limitations inherent in approaches to studying teacher reflection and action. 相似文献
6.
The Role of Play in the Pedagogy of ICT 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Today’s children meet a wide range of technology in their everyday lives, and they become competent users of devices such as mobile phones and games machines without any formal instruction. It appears that highly complex ICT processes and techniques can be learned through informal methods which are very much learner directed—unfocussed exploration, creative invention, trial-and-error, cooperation with friends and asking people who are more experienced. Indeed, the children themselves tend to see their activity as play rather than learning.This paper describes a project carried out in a number of informal learning situations. The children involved were relatively disadvantaged economically, and the majority were not very confident in using a PC. Most had access to both a games machine and a mobile phone, however, and rated themselves as very confident with these. The project aimed to find out how they developed competence in using unfamiliar hardware and software, and how much they learned from self-directed study in a loosely structured learning environment. In order to investigate these issues, groups of children were introduced to new software tools and left to ‘play’ with the software in order to explore the possibilities and discover new features. The children were observed and their questions answered, and the researcher also discussed their experiences with them afterwards.Despite their lack of previous experience with PCs and the particular software used for the project, the children were generally successful in gaining specified competencies with the software. Several children reflected that they were learning in the same way as they had learned to use mobile phones, although there was no evidence for transfer of specific techniques. This indicates that the role of higher order learning skills is important, and evidence emerged that the influence of self-efficacy may be more important in gaining success than previous experience with PC technology. This factor is suggested as the focus for further investigation. 相似文献
7.
David Leat 《Pastoral Care in Education》2000,18(3):21-26
David Leat, a researcher and teacher trainer, argues that teaching thinking can act as an important counterbalance to the more instrumental approaches which are the result of some aspects of the National Curriculum. He identifies some of the key characteristics of teaching thinking lessons and goes on to present four examples of practice. However, there are a number of barriers to change and these are identified. Seeking ways to promote change is important as currently the curriculum that pupils experience does not seem to be preparing them to be good learners. The paper concludes by suggesting that Debriefing – (pupils reflecting on and explaining what they have learned) – would be an appropriate springboard for change. 相似文献
8.
9.
Thomas Koballa Jr. Wolfgang Graber Dava C. Coleman Andrew C. Kemp 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(2):209-224
The aim of the study was to investigate prospective gymnasium teachers' conceptions of chemistry learning and teaching. Data were collected through individual interviews with nine prospective teachers at one German university. Phenomenography served as the methodological framework for the study. The findings revealed that chemistry learning is conceptualized as gaining knowledge, problem-solving and constructing personal understandings; and that chemistry teaching is conceptualized as transferring knowledge, problem-posing and interacting with pupils. The majority of the prospective teachers' conceptions of learning chemistry were considered reproductive rather than constructive and their conceptions of chemistry teaching were viewed as facilitating reproductive learning. Comparisons of the dominant conceptions of learning chemistry and teaching chemistry held by each prospective teacher revealed mixed support for the assumption that if one holds a reproductive (or constructive) conception of teaching, then (s)he will also hold a reproductive (or constructive) conception of learning. Support for the assumption was found in the reproductive-oriented relationship between conceptions of learning chemistry as gaining knowledge and of teaching chemistry as transferring knowledge, but not found in the relationships between learning chemistry as problem-solving and teaching chemistry as problem-posing and between learning chemistry as gaining knowledge and interacting with pupils. 相似文献
10.
方法多样化,体现的是教师对学生独立思考的尊重和鼓励,体现的是教学的民主和开放,体现的是学习方式的转变。"方法多样化"理念下的数学教学,教师要引导学生运用已有知识和经验主动探寻问题解决的方法,引导学生在方法交流中展示思维过程和体验方法的多样性,引导学生在方法的比较和感悟中理解和自觉接纳解决问题的一些基本方法。 相似文献
11.
12.
A framework for helping low-achieving pupils through reinforcement in technology at high school is presented. Social-cognitive
theory, concepts of authentic learning, learning by doing and peer learning all underpin the efforts to remove pupils from
the vicious circle of low expectations and failures. The primary goal of modern technology studies is to impart pupils with
high cognitive and personal competencies, as an alternative to teaching motor-based skills or memorising-based knowledge.
This study's subjects were two groups of pupils who learned technology in an Israeli comprehensive high school. In tenth grade,
the pupils became acquainted with the LEGO-Logo learning environment, acquired thinking tools from de Bono's CoRT program
and worked in groups or individually on original projects. At the same time, they learned theoretical topics such as the physics
of static mechanical systems and computerised technical drawing. In the eleventh and twelfth grades, the pupils took advanced
courses in mechanical engineering, such as design of machine parts, automation and control systems. Observations in classes,
interviews with the pupils and their parents, and findings from pupil questionnaires indicated an improvement in the pupils'
self-efficacy and increased motivation to study at the present and in the future. The main features of the program, in the
pupils' eyes, were construction activities, team projects and free study. The major ‘outputs’, in the pupils' eyes, were independence,
initiative and interest in their studies.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
This longitudinal, empirical study was set out to evaluate the quality of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) teaching in two UK rural primary schools with ICT-rich environment. The research was carried out for approximately two and a half school years in order to obtain a holistic view of the way teachers implement ICT and of the ways they interact with their pupils. The main data collection techniques employed were participant observation, semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis. The data analysis, derived from the observation of several case studies, suggests that teachers were not sufficiently motivated to drive and enhance their teaching and pupils’ learning by the available New Technology and Communication Resources (NTCR). The teachers involved did not in general integrate the NTCR in the teaching and learning process and their own role in the classroom has not yet been adapted to the NTCR. The most frequently identified problems, as also mentioned by the teachers themselves, were: lack of time to organise, prepare and implement computer activities due to pressures from everyday workload and time and curriculum restrictions. Teachers also complained about shortage of on-going training and technical support. The research’s findings identified five main ways forward: adaptability, integration, sustainability, professional development and reflective thinking. 相似文献
14.
引导小学生独立解决数学问题是目前我国小学数学教学的目标,而数学因其本身的属性及特点,因此要求学生能够充分发挥逻辑思维能力去寻找更多的解题方法,这就对教师的教学提出了更高的要求。教师在教学过程中要不断创新教学模式,通过现代化教学理念来锻炼学生的自主学习能力,拓宽学生的思维路径,从而使其可以衍生出更加多样化的解题方法。 相似文献
15.
小学生解题方法单一性导致了学生的思维由发散走向统一,阻碍了创新能力的形成和发展.通过对教师日常教学方式、评价方式的分析得出:"填鸭式"教学、运用"规定"方法训练学生解题以及"标准化"考试是造成小学生解题方法单一性的主要原因.改变小学生解题方法单一性为多样化的策略是:要尊重非标准答案;鼓励学生的求异思维;建立以创新为导向的评价体系. 相似文献
16.
Pupil voice is an emerging force for change and improvement in many UK schools, but what is not fully understood is how best to access pupil voice within the specific context of secondary mathematics departments. This paper presents a research project designed to use pupils as co-researchers in increasing knowledge about how to improve learning in mathematics. Pupils within the school were selected and trained as “Ambassadors” to understand and disseminate innovative ways of learning mathematics into their school environment and to act to allow the voice of all the pupils in their year group to be heard. The project was intended both to raise the pupils’ awareness of how learning mathematics could be different and to enable them to voice their newly informed opinions about how best they learned mathematics. The pupils’ current feelings about the way that they were taught mathematics were explored, but the focus of the project was on enabling the pupils to make informed decisions about how they felt their learning could be improved. The pupils’ awareness of different ways of learning mathematics was raised by introducing them to alternative teaching approaches. The data generated were initially analysed by the pupils themselves in order to inform their teachers about their views and subsequently constant comparison analysis resulted in the outcomes reported here. The outcomes indicate that the students could have an important role in enabling schools to develop their teaching and improve their pupils’ mathematical learning when that voice is both informed and authorised. 相似文献
17.
Pupils’ attitudes influence both learning and teaching processes and affect the way pupils will engage with art as adults. This article introduces an attitude scale, the Attitude Scale for Art Experienced in School (ASAES), which comprises four subscales: enjoyment, confidence, usefulness, and support. A three-step procedure was followed for the construction and validation of the scale which was administered to 420 primary school pupils in Cyprus. The scale's psychometric properties are evaluated through Confirmatory Factor analysis. The findings indicate that teachers’ art specialisation and attitudes towards art teaching, pupils’ perceived competence and pupils’ gender are three important variables that influence the formation of pupils’ attitudes. Important interactions between these variables are also reported. 相似文献
18.
Julia Gillen 《International Journal of Educational Research》2003,39(8):873
This paper approaches the theme of this special issue, the distinctive contribution of new technologies to collaborative thinking and learning, through an analysis of postings to an EdD bulletin board. Bourdieu's concept of habitus as socialised subjectivity is manifestly appropriate to the focus on professionality, the key theme of the course. A crucial element of the educationalists’ professional development is constituted by deliberation and dialogue, shaped in forms of a discourse associated with this community of practice. Analyses of data draw on Bourdieu's conception of the intrinsically double nature of the ‘reality’ accessible here; that in order to apprehend the ongoing construction of meanings within the bulletin board postings, we should also endeavour to attend to the ‘objective structures (spaces of positions)’ among the participants. The evidence suggests that greater success is demonstrated among learners and tutors in appropriating/demonstrating/developing their professional habitus in exchanges where symmetries in discourses are achieved, or, perhaps more accurately, asymmetries in either or both aspects of Bourdieu's ‘double nature’ of reality, are managed or avoided. 相似文献
19.
This paper examines the perceptions and understandings of ten grades 1 and 2 Singapore mathematics teachers as they learned to use clinical interviews (Ginsburg, Human Development 52:109–128, 2009) to understand students’ mathematical thinking. This study challenged teachers’ pedagogical assumptions about what it means to teach for student understanding. Clinical task-based interviews opened a window into students’ knowledge, problem-solving and reasoning, and helped teachers reflect on their teaching and assessment of student learning. Teachers also learnt about what it means to establish a culture of thoughtful questioning in the classroom and developed an emerging awareness that this requires a readiness to hear students’ ideas and connect informal or invented strategies with classroom mathematics. 相似文献
20.
A study was designed to test the effect of using MetaCognitive Awareness Guidance (MCAG) as a vehicle for activating and engaging learners’ existing prior knowledge before they begin a reading assessment task. A total of 300 pupils (aged 9–10) studying in ten 4th grade classes in four different schools in Israel participated in the research. The major assumption of the study was confirmed: increasing learners’ metacognitive awareness by means of well-planned guidance, built on prior knowledge, facilitates their learning and improves outcomes on a reading assessment task. This paper focuses on the linkage between three components of learner performance, what we refer to as the ‘Assessment Triangle’: (1) achievement on reading assessment tasks; (2) performance on metacognitive awareness guidance; and (3) awareness of metacognitive reading strategies. The implications and the function of this revealed linkage will be discussed. 相似文献