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Ville Nivalainen Mervi A. Asikainen Kari Sormunen Pekka E. Hirvonen 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2010,21(4):393-409
Practical work in school science plays many essential roles that have been discussed in the literature. However, less attention
has been paid to how teachers learn the different roles of practical work and to the kind of challenges they face in their
learning during laboratory courses designed for teachers. In the present study we applied the principles of grounded theory
to frame a set of factors that seem to set major challenges concerning both successful work in the school physics laboratory
and also in the preparation of lessons that exploit practical work. The subject groups of the study were preservice and inservice
physics teachers who participated in a school laboratory course. Our results derived from a detailed analysis of tutoring
discussions between the instructor and the participants in the course, which revealed that the challenges in practical or
laboratory work consisted of the limitations of the laboratory facilities, an insufficient knowledge of physics, problems
in understanding instructional approaches, and the general organization of practical work. Based on these findings, we present
our recommendations on the preparation of preservice and inservice teachers for the more effective use of practical work in
school science and in school physics. 相似文献
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《十堰职业技术学院学报》1997,(4)
ABSTRACT Teachers play a most important role in general-English teaching at college. They must constantly develop their practical skills in the light of their students level and purpose. The present essay focusses on different methodologies and provides materials based on the author's teaching practice. 相似文献
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Memorizing a memory: Schwab’s the Practical in a German context 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Rudolf Künzli 《课程研究杂志》2013,45(5):668-683
The paper outlines the reception of Schwab’s essay ‘The practical: A language for curriculum’ in German-speaking countries in the 1970s and 1980s. The story is a good demonstration of the ways in which different circumstances and phases of development determine transatlantic exchanges and the influence of concepts in the field of education, and especially of curriculum. The central ideas of Joseph J. Schwab’s concept of curriculum theory and curriculum-making were related to the traditions of general Didaktik in the German-speaking world. It would have been well suited for a reception. Nevertheless, the reception the essay received was at first not a story of success; on the contrary, we have to diagnose a historical neglect. Circumstances today are much better for rethinking Schwab’s analysis under the new conditions of standardizing and competence-oriented curriculum policies. 相似文献
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Many teachers view practical work as an essential feature of science education. This study examined whether there had been any changes in the relative importance of the aims science teachers assign to the use of practical work, across the full secondary age range (11–18), since the last such national survey undertaken by Kerr 46 years ago. A stratified sample of representative schools was used in which 912 teachers were sent a questionnaire on their views towards the use of practical work in science with a total of 393 responses (42.5%) being received. The coefficient of concordance of the various rankings and their significance were calculated, as too were the z‐scores. The findings suggest that whilst there have been substantial changes in teachers’ views about the use of practical work at Key Stages 4 and 5 (age 15–18) there have been no substantial changes at Key Stage 3 (age 11–14). Furthermore, the results are remarkably similar across subject specialism, teacher gender, and years of teaching experience although this paper will only focus on subject specialism. It appears that changes to the assessment criteria, notably the introduction of Science Investigation (Sc1) at Key Stage 4, and a growing desire amongst educational policy‐makers to improve the image of science, have had an effect on how those in the teaching profession perceive the value and aims of practical work particularly at Key Stages 4 and 5. 相似文献
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Practical and conceptual aspects of children’s play in Hong Kong and German kindergartens 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study examines the practical and conceptual dimensions of children’s play in German and Hong Kong Chinese kindergartens. German (n?=?24) and Chinese (n?=?24) children (3–6 years) were randomly selected and videotaped during their free play for 5?min continuously on five consecutive days. Play behavior was analyzed by adopting the Parten-Smilansky play scale. Ten teachers were interviewed to elicit their views on play, learning, and play arrangements. The findings indicate that a significant difference was found between all the play categories of Hong Kong and German children. The most frequent behavior in both contexts is non-playing behavior (Non-Play), which includes completing assignments and onlooker behavior. German children show a slightly higher level in the social and cognitive dimensions of play, compared with their Chinese counterparts. Moreover, there is an association between children’s play and teachers’ views on play and, to some degree, the curriculum foci. This comparative study has implications for the curricula currently under reform, based on consideration of whether play should be applied to or removed from the curriculum. 相似文献
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This study explored, from the perspective of intellectual passion developed by Michael Polanyi, the unintended learning that occurred in primary practical science lessons. We use the term ‘unintended’ learning to distinguish it from ‘intended’ learning that appears in teachers’ learning objectives. Data were collected using video and audio recordings of a sample of twenty-four whole class practical science lessons, taught by five teachers, in Korean primary schools with 10- to 12-year-old students. In addition, video and audio recordings were made for each small group of students working together in order to capture their activities and intra-group discourse. Pre-lesson interviews with the teachers were undertaken and audio-recorded to ascertain their intended learning objectives. Selected key vignettes, including unintended learning, were analysed from the perspective of intellectual passion developed by Polanyi. What we found in this study is that unintended learning could occur when students got interested in something in the first place and could maintain their interest. In addition, students could get conceptual knowledge when they tried to connect their experience to their related prior knowledge. It was also found that the processes of intended learning and of unintended learning were different. Intended learning was characterized by having been planned by the teacher who then sought to generate students’ interest in it. In contrast, unintended learning originated from students’ spontaneous interest and curiosity as a result of unplanned opportunities. Whilst teachers’ persuasive passion comes first in the process of intended learning, students’ heuristic passion comes first in the process of unintended learning. Based on these findings, we argue that teachers need to be more aware that unintended learning, on the part of individual students, can occur during their lesson and to be able to better use this opportunity so that this unintended learning can be shared by the whole class. Furthermore, we argue that teachers’ deliberate action and a more interactive classroom culture are necessary in order to allow students to develop, in addition to heuristic passion, persuasive passion towards their unintended learning. 相似文献
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本文通过对Research Methods in Sociolinguistics:A Practical Guide章节梳理,从多角度展现当代社会语言学数据类型、数据收集以及数据分析过程,旨在为社会语言学领域科研人员、教学人员和学生提供实际可行的研究方法。 相似文献
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Ian Westbury 《课程研究杂志》2013,45(5):640-651
In this retrospective essay reviewing the implications of Joseph Schwab’s essay, ‘The practical: A language for education’ (2013 [1970]), 40?+?years after its first publication, I identify two ‘practicals’. The first is a comprehensive ‘Practical 1.1’ embracing ends, subject matter, problem source and methods. This ‘practical’ has radical implications for curriculum studies, and for educational theory and research more generally. However, these implications have not been recognized. On the other hand, Schwab’s deliberation-centred interpretation of the ‘practical’, the ‘Practical 1.2’, has been widely discussed but has not captured the field of curriculum studies because it fails to map onto the structures of most school systems. 相似文献
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There has been growing criticism over the aims, methods, and contents of practical work in school science, particularly concerning their tendency to oversimplify the scientific practice with focus on the hypothesis-testing function of experiments. In this article, we offer a reading of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s scientific writings—particularly his works on color as an exquisite articulation of his ideas about experimentation—through the lens of practical school science. While avoiding the hasty conclusions made from isolated experiments and observations, Goethe sought in his experiments the interconnection among diverse natural phenomena and rejected the dualistic epistemology about the relation of humans and nature. Based on a close examination of his color theory and its underlying epistemology, we suggest three potential contributions that Goethe’s conception of scientific experimentation can make to practical work in school science. 相似文献
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Science Teachers’ Professional Development and Changes in Science Practical Assessment Practices: What are the Issues? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Phillip A. Towndrow Aik-Ling Tan Benny H. W. Yung Libby Cohen 《Research in Science Education》2010,40(2):117-132
This paper considers the circumstances under which science teachers can respond positively and productively to educational
policy reforms in the area of science practical assessment. To understand what might be involved in linking science teachers’
assessment capacities and their professional development, we present illustrative data from recent research studies conducted
in Singapore and Hong Kong showing contrasting approaches taken in the implementation of reforms in science practical assessment.
In Singapore, teachers worked together to select, discuss, clarify and refine their practices as they made decisions about
what to teach and assess. In Hong Kong, teachers took a critical stance towards the new policy and learnt from their own experiences
in order to build their confidence. With the same policy initiative, one group of teachers focused more on the technicalities
of complying with requirements imposed on them while in the other group had their professional consciousness of what they
thought was best for their students provoked so that their practices would be transformed. In an attempt to draw lessons for
other contexts in supporting the implementation of assessment policy reforms through professional development work, we identify
and discuss a range of factors in science teachers’ professional development that arise once in situ professional development work has started. Overall, our intent in this article is to recast assessment reform as a driver
or pivot in teachers’ professional development and learning. To do this it is necessary, we argue, to afford teachers’ experiences
and the processes involved in learning from them greater emphasis in order to ensure the continuance of innovation in the
assessment of laboratory-based work. 相似文献
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The development of a framework for analysing pupil talk is described and the reliability of scoring transcribed conversations using the framework discussed. Preliminary findings from this study on the talk occurring during small group practical work in biology focus on the forms of verbal interaction that occur, patterns of verbal interactions shown by individuals within groups and the possible link between such patterns and roles within the groups. 相似文献
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Kristine M. Calo 《Early Childhood Education Journal》2011,39(4):291-295
This article highlights the literacy practices of two second grade teachers—one in an affluent suburb of a major metropolitan
area and the other in a large urban school district. The article describes how these teachers use informational texts to engage
their students, to provide children with opportunities to learn about the world around them, and to immerse them in literacy
learning. The article also shares the teachers′ insights into the value of informational texts in primary classrooms. 相似文献
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We welcome all constructive contributions to the debate on the assessment of practical work in Ireland, and offer a number of comments in relation to the points raise by Matthews and McKenna. 相似文献
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Abstract This study examined the ‘settling in’ behaviour of newly enrolled children who entered an established preschool classroom. Settling in can cause emotional distress and behavioural problems in children. Thus, it is important to document the ways in which young children successfully adjust. The behaviours of the ‘new’ children were tracked across the school year and compared with ‘old children’, or those previously enrolled. Results indicated that new children did not differ from old children in terms of unengaged behaviour. While all children's socially interactive behaviour and social fantasy increased across the school year, the new children engaged in lower levels of these behaviours. Further, the signals they used to initiate social interaction were less sophisticated than those used by established children. Results are discussed in terms of the role of familiarity in supporting children's exhibition of competence. Implications for practice and policy are discussed. 相似文献
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Natalie Pareja Roblin Jo Tondeur Joke Voogt Bram Bruggeman Griet Mathieu Johan van Braak 《Technology, Pedagogy and Education》2018,27(2):165-181
The unique characteristics of tablet PCs promise important benefits for education. Yet, little is known about the rationale underlying teachers’ decisions concerning their educational uses within the constraints of daily classroom practice. The current multiple case study investigated the practical considerations informing nine secondary school teachers’ decision-making processes regarding the use of tablet PCs. Stimulated recall interviews revealed 10 criteria underpinning teachers’ instructional decisions. Four criteria influenced the degree of congruence with teachers’ previous practices: familiarity, alignment with course content, opportunities to achieve (new) instructional goals efficiently, and compatibility with established pedagogical beliefs. Costs and benefits of tablet PCs were determined in terms of educational added value, lesson preparation requirements and potential disruptions to the learning environment. Finally, access to a solid technology infrastructure, supportive school policies and knowledge of how to effectively integrate tablet PCs with course content were identified as important pre-conditions for sustainable implementation. Overall, the results suggest that practical concerns constitute a critical element in teachers’ decision making, influencing not only teachers’ intention to adopt tablet PCs, but also the ways in which they use this technology to support instruction. 相似文献
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Rob Toplis 《Research in Science Education》2012,42(3):531-549
This paper reports an interpretive study that sought students' views about the role that practical work plays in their school
science lessons. Twenty-nine students aged between 13 and 16 years were selected from three secondary schools in England.
Data were collected from initial lesson observations and in-depth interviews in order to explore students’ views about practical
work. The findings suggest that students have three main reasons why practical work is important in their school science lessons:
for interest and activity, including social and personal features such as participation and autonomy; as an alternative to
other forms of science teaching involving a pedagogy of transmission, and as a way of learning, including memorizing and recall.
The findings are discussed in the context of a critical view of previous work on the role of practical work, work on attitudes
to science and on the student voice. The paper concludes that practical work is seen to provide opportunities for students
to engage with and influence their own learning but that learning with practical work remains a complex issue that needs further
research and evaluation about its use, effectiveness and of the role of scientific inquiry as a component of practical activity. 相似文献
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Prediction of Instability Separation Modes and Its Application in Practical Dynamic Security Region 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The dynamic securityregion(DSR) is definedas are-gionininjectionspacein whicha power systemwill betran-siently stable for a given fault[1].The DSRis usually de-noted asΩd(i,j,F) ,whereiandjdenote the networkstructures of pre-fault and post-fault ,respect… 相似文献