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1.
重剑运动员在运动情境中视觉搜索优势的分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用眼动记录技术对重剑运动员和普通大学生在重剑运动情境中的视觉搜索过程进行研究分析,结果发现:(1)在运动情境中,运动员和普通大学生的视觉搜索过程可以依据首注视点的出现划分为视觉搜索前期和视觉搜索期两个阶段;(2)在视觉搜索前期,运动员不存在时间优势,但是已经体现出显著的空间优势;(3)在视觉搜索期中,运动员的在时间和空间方面都有显著优势.  相似文献   

2.
排球运动员接发球过程中视觉搜索特征的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以33名不同水平排球运动员为被试,将时间阻断范式、眼动记录技术相结合,探讨排球运动员接发球过程中的视觉搜索特征。结果表明:在接发球过程中,不同水平排球运动员的视觉搜索特征存在显著差异。优秀排球运动员可以根据运动情景中任务的变化迅速调整视觉搜索模式,在接发球的预期阶段采用了注视次数少、注视持续时间长、眼跳距离小、注视轨迹简单、集中的搜索模式;在动作操作阶段采用了注视次数多、注视持续时间短、眼跳距离大、注视轨迹分散成网状的搜索模式。优秀排球运动员对发球落点进行预判时,在反应时和准确性指标上存在明显的优势,但是,随着运动水平的提高,反应准确性不是优秀排球运动员预期能力的主要区分标准。提示:对于测试、评价运动员在运动情景中的信息加工处理能力不能根据单一运动情景的眼动特征进行,要综合运动情景中的不同任务的眼动指标和行为预判探讨运动员在运动过程中的视觉搜索特征。  相似文献   

3.
运动情境中运动员的视觉搜索行为   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  
运动员在运动情境中的视觉搜索反映了运动员的信息加工模式.很多研究结果表明,不同水平运动员在运动情境中的视觉搜索行为是不同的,眼动仪记录的眼动模式成为运动员视觉搜索行为研究中的客观指标.综述了运动情境中有关运动员眼动特点的研究,并对已有研究进行分析,指出眼动方法在研究运动员视觉信息加工中应注意的问题.  相似文献   

4.
乒乓球运动员发球落点判断过程中视觉搜索的眼动特征   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
采用眼动记录技术,对乒乓球运动员与普通大学生的眼动规律进行实验研究,分析乒乓球运动员在运动情景中视觉搜索的特征.结果显示:乒乓球运动员在处理运动情景信息过程中,在反应时和准确性方面具有明显优势;乒乓球运动员在运动情景中的视觉搜索存在时间、空间上的优势.  相似文献   

5.
研究足球运动员动作预测过程中对当前信息和先验信息的认知加工机制。选取28名足球运动员(专家组)和29名普通大学生(对照组)作为研究对象,以守门员的视角,完成足球射门的动作预测任务。根据指导语描述的动作视频中射门方向信息(先验信息),设置三种实验条件:无先验信息、无偏向信息和有偏向信息。结果发现:(1)相比于其他条件,有偏向的先验信息显著提高了动作预测表现;(2)相比于无先验信息,无偏向的先验信息和有偏向的先验信息显著提升了专家组的动作预测速度,降低了N2波幅。研究证实了先验信息对足球运动员动作预测表现的促进作用,并进一步发现了足球运动员通过利用先验信息降低对当前信息的认知控制过程,提高了对当前信息的利用效率。  相似文献   

6.
对专家组、中间组和初级组3组共60名被试进行测试,试验将时间阻断和眼动记录技术相结合,采用３（运动水平）×３（发球类型）的混合设 计,探索排球运动员发球预判过程中的视觉搜索特征。结果表明：（1）不同水平排球运动员在不同发球形式下的视觉搜索特征具有明显的差异。高 水平运动员发球预判时的落点预判准确率、落点预判反应时、注视次数、注视时间、眼跳距离、注视区域更加具有合理性,与其他水平运动员的差异 明显。（2）不同发球形式的预判特征不同,大力跳发球的落点预判准确率、注视时间和眼跳距离均高于跳发飘球,跳发飘球的落点预判准确率、注视 时间和眼跳距离均高于原地发落点球。（3）高水平运动员通过对关键信息区域进行较长时间的注视来进行信息深加工,眼跳距离大,视觉搜索效率 高,注视轨迹表现出循环往复的特点,在对方接发球站位之间以及球体本身进行循环往复注视,视觉搜索模式简洁、高效、合理,而其他水平运动员 注视区域较多且注视轨迹没有规律,眼跳距离小、注视时间较短、注视轨迹较散乱。建议运动员在训练中应借鉴高水平排球运动员的视觉搜索特征 进行有目的、合理的安排。  相似文献   

7.
采用10名乒乓球专业运动员为被试,以乒乓球发球片段为运动情境,结合双眼视差成像原理的偏正光技术在实验室形成立体环境为素材,对专业运动员的视觉搜索特征进行实验研究,同时进行平面视觉和立体视觉条件下运动员视觉搜索特征的比较研究。结果表明:在不同视觉条件下,乒乓球运动员的视觉搜索特征和操作绩效存在差异。在立体视觉成像条件下乒乓球运动员接发球落点的判断反应快,且运动员的采用了注视次数少,视觉搜索频率快,注视分配和注视轨迹更倾向于集中的搜索模式。运动员在立体视觉条件下视觉信息加工效率更高。  相似文献   

8.
不同刺激呈现方式对乒乓球运动员视觉搜索特征的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
采用10名乒乓球专业运动员和10名乒乓球初学者为被试,以乒乓球接发球为运动情境片段,对优秀乒乓球运动员的视觉搜索特征进行实验性研究,同时对静态和动态不同刺激呈现条件下运动员视觉搜索特征进行比较,探讨不同实验素材对于运动中视觉搜索特征的影响.研究结果表明,1)在不同的刺激呈现条件下,专家和新手乒乓球运动员的视觉搜索特征存在明显差异;2)运动水平在反应准确性和反应时均表现出一致的趋势,运动水平越高,反应时和反应准确性越好.在动态运动情境刺激下反应时和反应准确性优于静态情境;3)专业运动员采用了相对合理的搜索模式,注视时间越短、注视次数越少、眼跳距离越小,注视分配和注视轨迹比较简单、集中.动态情境下这种搜索模式表现更为明显.  相似文献   

9.
回顾与分析在篮球运动中眼动研究的文献,这些研究多数采用的是专家—新手范式;实验材料多为运动实践的影像场景或者静态的比赛图片;视觉搜索行为和预测能力是观测的主要指标;眼动记录技术与计算机技术的结合,使得眼动数据记录的精度和速度有了较大的提高。研究采用的模式比较泛化;实验的条件、环境和过程与真实的比赛存在着很大的差距;研究涉及的篮球技术动作和战术情境较少;研究的对象比较单一,职能位置考虑不足是当前篮球运动中眼动研究存在的一些问题。  相似文献   

10.
采用ASL Eye Tracker 6000型眼动记录仪对不同水平排球运动员扣球动作图示视觉搜索注视点眼动特征进行实验研究。结果发现:(1)在起跳期段高水平运动员对躯干区注视点明显多于低水平运动员,在击球准备期段高水平运动员对上肢区注视点明显少于低水平运动员,在击球期段内高水平运动员对躯干区注视点数量明显多于低水平运动员,以上差异均非常显著;(2)高水平运动员在3个期段内对于上肢区注视次数呈均衡上升趋势,对躯干区注视点数量呈递减趋势;(3)高水平运动员无效注视点、回视点明显少于低水平运动员,差异非常显著;(4)高水平运动员判断正确率明显高于低水平运动员,差异非常显著。说明高水平运动员在长期的训练和比赛中,形成了稳定的、准确的、有效的视觉搜索动作信息的能力和快速加工信息及正确决策的能力。  相似文献   

11.
The ability to quickly locate objects within the visual field has a significant influence on athletic performance. Saccades are conjugate eye movements responsible for the rapid shift that brings a new part of the visual field into foveal vision. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sport expertise and intense physical effort on saccade dynamics during a free-viewing visual search task in skilled soccer players. Two groups of male subjects participated in this study: 18 soccer players and 18 non-athletes as the control group. Two sessions of visual search tasks without a sport-specific design were employed. Eye movements during the visual search tasks were recorded binocularly. Between pre- and post-test sessions, athletes performed a maximal incremental treadmill test. Cardiorespiratory parameters were measured continuously. Capillary lactate samples were collected. Pre-test findings indicated that athletes, in comparison to non-athletes, achieve higher values of the following characteristics of saccades (1) average acceleration, (2) acceleration peak, (3) deceleration peak, and (4) average velocity. An increase in post-test saccade duration and a decrease in post-test saccade velocity was observed in athletes due to the strenuous physical effort in relation to the pre-test state. Athletes may transfer high saccadic function efficiency to non-specific visual stimuli. The findings partially confirm that physical exertion can reduce oculomotor efficiency in athletes.  相似文献   

12.
The frequency of one-legged stance and two-legged stance differs considerably among sports. We therefore expect the balance ability of athletes from different sports to vary. This study compared the sway characteristics during a static one-legged stance of soccer players, basketball players, swimmers, and non-athletes. The centre of pressure sway during one-legged stance of ten male participants representing each of the four groups was measured using a stabilometer. Centre of pressure sway was assessed by four sway factors: sway velocity, anterior-posterior sway, horizontal sway, and high-frequency sway. None of the four groups of participants showed significant differences in body sway between standing on the dominant leg and standing on the non-dominant leg. The soccer players had more high-frequency sway and less anterior-posterior sway and horizontal sway than the basketball players, swimmers, and non-athletes. These results suggest that soccer players have superior ability to maintain a stable one-legged stance. Further study is required to determine how much of the superior balance ability in soccer players is innate and how much is developed through training, as well as to determine the relationship between balance ability and playing performance.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The frequency of one-legged stance and two-legged stance differs considerably among sports. We therefore expect the balance ability of athletes from different sports to vary. This study compared the sway characteristics during a static one-legged stance of soccer players, basketball players, swimmers, and non-athletes. The centre of pressure sway during one-legged stance of ten male participants representing each of the four groups was measured using a stabilometer. Centre of pressure sway was assessed by four sway factors: sway velocity, anterior-posterior sway, horizontal sway, and high-frequency sway. None of the four groups of participants showed significant differences in body sway between standing on the dominant leg and standing on the non-dominant leg. The soccer players had more high-frequency sway and less anterior-posterior sway and horizontal sway than the basketball players, swimmers, and non-athletes. These results suggest that soccer players have superior ability to maintain a stable one-legged stance. Further study is required to determine how much of the superior balance ability in soccer players is innate and how much is developed through training, as well as to determine the relationship between balance ability and playing performance.  相似文献   

14.
采用MCA-3C心脏功能综合检测仪,观察男子中长跑运动员在功率自行车上进行递增负荷运动时心脏收缩时间间期各指标的变化,并与非运动员进行比较,从而对中长跑运动员的左心功能进行系统评价。结果发现：安静及递增负荷运动过程中中长跑运动员LVET和PEP相对较长;递增负荷运动过程中,中长跑运动员心脏功能表现出优于普通大学生的心脏功能水平。  相似文献   

15.
The potential relationship between physical activity and endogenous pain modulatory capacity remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to compare the pain modulatory responses of athletes and non-athletes. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) was assessed in 15 athletes and 15 non-athletes at rest. Participation was restricted to pain-free males between 18 and 40 years of age. To measure CPM capacity, a sequential CPM testing protocol was implemented, whereby a test stimulus (pressure pain threshold [PPT]) was presented before and immediately after a conditioning stimulus (4-min cold-pressor test). Pain intensity ratings were obtained at 15-s intervals throughout the cold-pressor task using a numerical rating scale. Athletes demonstrated higher baseline PPTs compared to non-athletes (P = .03). Athletes also gave lower mean (P < .001) and maximum (P < .001) pain intensity ratings in response to the conditioning stimulus. The conditioning stimulus had a stronger inhibitory effect on the test stimulus in athletes, showing enhanced CPM in athletes compared to non-athletes (P < .05). This finding of enhanced CPM in athletes helps clarify previous mixed findings. Potential implications for exercise performance and injury are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

This study aimed to examine the effects of two jump squat (JS) training programs involving different loading ranges in under-20 soccer players during a preseason period. Twenty-three elite young soccer players performed sprint speed (at 5-, 10-, and 20-m), change-of-direction (COD) speed, JS peak-power (PP), and countermovement jump (CMJ) tests pre and post four weeks of training. Athletes were pair-matched in two groups according to their optimum power loads (OPL) as follows: lower than OPL (LOPL; athletes who trained at a load 20% lower than the OPL) and higher than OPL (HOPL; athletes who trained at a load 20% higher than the OPL). Magnitude-based inferences were used to compare pre- and post-training measures. Meaningful increases in the PP JS were observed for both groups. Likely and possible improvements were observed in the 5- and 10-m sprint velocity in the LOPL group. Meanwhile, possible and likely improvements were observed in the CMJ, 5- and 10-m sprint velocity, and COD speed in the HOPL group. Overall, both training schemes induced positive changes in athletic performance. Soccer coaches and sport scientists can implement the JS OPL-based training schemes presented here, either separately or combined, to improve the physical performance of youth soccer players.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

In this study, we investigated the focus of visual attention in expert soccer players together with the effects of acute bouts of physical exercise on performance. In two discriminative reaction time experiments, which were performed both at rest and under submaximal physical workload, visual attention was cued by means of spatial cues of different size followed by compound stimuli with local and global target features. Soccer players were slower than non-athletes in reacting to local compared with global targets, but were faster in switching from local to global attending. Thus, soccer players appear to be less skilled in local attending, but better able than non-athletes to rapidly “zoom out” the focus of attention. Non-athletes generally showed faster performance under physical load, as expected according to the hypothesis of exercise-induced increases in arousal and/or activation and in resource allocation. In contrast, soccer players showed a more differentiated pattern of exercise-induced facilitation that selectively affects specific components of the attentional performance and is interpreted by referring to the role played by individual expertise and cognitive effort.  相似文献   

18.
In this study, we investigated the focus of visual attention in expert soccer players together with the effects of acute bouts of physical exercise on performance. In two discriminative reaction time experiments, which were performed both at rest and under submaximal physical workload, visual attention was cued by means of spatial cues of different size followed by compound stimuli with local and global target features. Soccer players were slower than non-athletes in reacting to local compared with global targets, but were faster in switching from local to global attending. Thus, soccer players appear to be less skilled in local attending, but better able than non-athletes to rapidly "zoom out" the focus of attention. Non-athletes generally showed faster performance under physical load, as expected according to the hypothesis of exercise-induced increases in arousal and/or activation and in resource allocation. In contrast, soccer players showed a more differentiated pattern of exercise-induced facilitation that selectively affects specific components of the attentional performance and is interpreted by referring to the role played by individual expertise and cognitive effort.  相似文献   

19.
Female athletes are at least twice as likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament injury than male athletes. The underlying cause of ACL injury is multifactorial. However, several researchers have identified knee joint laxity as a possible contributing factor. The purpose of this study was to provide a comparison of knee joint laxity between male and female collegiate soccer players and male and female non-athletes. Thirty-nine (19 male, 20 female) apparently healthy, collegiate athletes from the University of Texas at El Paso's 2001-2002 women's intercollegiate soccer team and men's club soccer team, and forty (20 male, 20 female) non-athletic students volunteered to participate. All participants were tested bilaterally using the KT-1000 MEDmetric knee joint ligament arthrometer. Three tests were used to determine anterior laxity: passive displacement, active displacement, and the Lachman test. The mean passive displacement, mean active displacement, and Lachman (only for the left leg) were significantly lower for the athletic group than for the non-athletic group. There were no significant differences found between males and females for the passive and active drawer tests. However, females had significantly more laxity than males in the Lachman test. These findings suggest that strength and conditioning may play a more significant role in knee joint laxity than the sex of the individual.  相似文献   

20.
高水平足球运动员人格特质与意志品质特点和关系的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
在以往对我国足球运动水平相对落后的原因探讨中,往往忽视高水平足球运动员心理胜任能力的因素。选取91名不同级别的高水平足球运动员、17名国家级帆船帆板运动员作为被试,进行了人格特质和意志品质的心理测量、分析。结果发现:在精神质程度上,不同群体间运动员存在差异。足球运动员的精神质与意志品质间存在中等强度的负相关。结果表明,有必要对高水平足球运动员进行适应能力、意志品质等方面的心理训练。此外,在运动员选拔中,可以考虑应用精神质作为衡量意志品质的相关指标。  相似文献   

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