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1.
《教育教学论坛》2020,(1)
目标:考察同伴关系及性别差异对大学生考试作弊行为的影响,意在了解影响大学生考试作弊的行为机制。方法:设置两种考试情境(高他人作弊情境与低他人作弊情境)对520名大学生进行施测,收回有效问卷514份。结果:同伴关系的主效应显著F(1,501)=476.25,p<0.001;性别主效应显著F(1,501)=33.154,p<0.001;同伴关系与性别的交互作用显著F(1,501)=35.48,p<0.001。进一步简单效应分析结果表明:高他人作弊情境下,男生作弊意向显著高于女生F(1,501)=38.65,p<0.001;而低他人作弊情境下,男生与女生的作弊意向差异不显著F(1,501)=3.76,p=.053。结论:性别与同伴关系共同影响大学生考试作弊行为,男生风险寻求的特点使得他们在面临"损失"时比女生表现出更多的作弊倾向。 相似文献
2.
本文通过构建结构方程模型,对英语元认知策略和认知策略对工作记忆广度生长的影响进行实证分析,研究发现:在工作记忆广度生长过程中,各听力策略因子的部署时间为是否能运用该策略的重要约束条件,在听力练习中,为扩大工作记忆广度,对听力策略的选择必须将时间约束作为首要考虑因素;有显著意义的听力策略通过直接或者间接途径对工作记忆广度的生长具有正负两面性;独立影响模型和综合模型均表明策略运用产生的直接和间接影响对工作记忆广度生长的综合效应最终体现出正面性,且作用呈现凸性,在策略作用下,工作记忆广度能得到一定程度的提升,在达到极值点后平缓地衰减,表明策略运用正向效应的有限性。 相似文献
3.
《华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2015,(4):72-79
采用探测再认范式和事件分割范式探讨了情境模型中时间转换与事件转换相分离的情况下,时间转换对记叙文情境模型更新的影响。实验1用探测再认范式探讨时间转换与事件转换相分离条件下,时间转换对情境模型更新的影响。实验2采用事件分割范式探讨时间转换对事件单元划分的影响,进一步检验时间转换对情境模型更新的影响。结果表明,时间转换不是情境模型更新的充分条件,当时间转换与事件转换相分离时,时间转换不引起情境模型的更新;事件单元是建构情境模型的核心单元,时间转换只有在标识事件转换的情况下,才能引发读者更新情境模型。 相似文献
4.
《赤峰学院学报(自然科学版)》2016,(15)
为了考察数字加工效应会不会受到工作记忆广度的影响.主要以大学生为研究对象,先区分出高低工作记忆广度的被试,高工作记忆广度与低工作记忆广度的被试对数字进行大小判断.结果发现:低工作记忆广度被试,明显的距离效应主要体现在对小数字的加工认知上,而对大数字的加工上不存在明显的距离效应,在高工作记忆广度条件下,对数字的加工均表现出显著的距离效应. 相似文献
5.
采用2×21×2的混合实验设计,研究负载句和单字对维汉学习者汉语辅音音素的认知加工速度和准确性的影响。结果表明:负载句和单字的差异对汉语辅音的听辨结果有显著影响;维族学习者和汉族本族人的听辨结果有显著差异,母语背景的主效应显著。实验结果倾向于支持音段听辨的模糊逻辑模型。 相似文献
6.
《赣南师范学院学报》2015,(6):95-98
211名60-84岁老年人接受基于实物操作的日常问题解决能力测验及空间与数字工作记忆广度测验.研究表明,基于实物操作的老年人日常问题解决能力测验有较好的结构效度;受教育水平对四个领域的日常问题解决能力都通过工作记忆产生了间接的效应,但是所产生的间接效应路径不相一致;数字工作记忆对受教育水平与四个领域的日常问题解决能力都存在显著的中介效应,空间工作记忆对受教育水平与使用电话、使用电器能力存在显著的中介效应. 相似文献
7.
田慧莉 《荆州师范学院学报》2012,(10):81-82
篇章的理解包括三个层次：表层表征、命题表征和情境模型。一个连贯情境模型的建构标志着对篇章的成功理解。情境模型是多维的，它的内容可以概括为时空框架、实体的集结和实体间的关系。阅读者建构情境模型时会受到文本材料、读者的背景知识和工作记忆的影响。 相似文献
8.
以80名大三学生为被试,采用2(空间智能)×2(性别)两因素完全随机实验设计,考察空间智能与性别对大学生图形推理的影响。结果发现:在图形推理正确率和反应时上,空间智能的主效应显著,空间智能高者的正确率明显高于空间智能低者,反应时明显少于空间智能低者。性别的主效应不显著,但空间智能和性别的交互作用显著。这一结果说明,空间智能和性别是影响大学生图形推理的重要因素。 相似文献
9.
聋人及听力正常人工作记忆的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
以工作记忆广度、提取速度作为因变量指标,探讨了聋人及听力正常人在工作记忆中的差异。研究结果表明:(1)聋人的言语工作记忆广度小于听力正常人,而其视空工作记忆广度又显著大于听力正常人;(2)任务难度对工作记忆广度有着显著的影响,但它对聋人及听力正常人在工作记忆中的差异影响不大。(3)聋人在任务中的提取速度慢于听力正常人。 相似文献
10.
为了考察工作记忆广度与心算能力的关系,本研究选取了大连市某小学五年级学生63名,实验要求被试首先完成工作记忆广度任务,然后完成心算任务。结果发现,工作记忆广度与心算成绩存在显著相关;进一步的回归分析发现,数字工作记忆广度对心算成绩起作用。 相似文献
11.
According to recent psychological theories of situation model construction, readers routinely and quickly construct inferences that elaborate causal antecedents of explicit events in the text, but not inferences about causal consequences. The process of forecasting lengthy causal chains into the future is taxing on working memory, so these inferences are either not constructed or their construction consumes a comparatively large amount of reading time. This study collected self-paced sentence reading times from younger and older adults who read expository texts on scientific and technological mechanisms. Readers were also measured on working memory span, general world knowledge, reasoning ability, and reading frequency. Multiple regression analyses on the reading times revealed that (a) causal consequence inferences were more time consuming than causal antecedent inferences and (b) noncausal elaborative inferences were not constructed. The pattern of beta weights for inference variables was remarkably similar for younger and older adults and was unaffected by other measures of individual differences. The process of constructing causal inferences is therefore stable and predictable across different groups of readers. 相似文献
12.
The purpose of this study was to determine the components of working memory (WM) that underlie less skilled readers' comprehension and word recognition difficulties. Performance of 3 less skilled reading subgroups---children with reading disabilities (RD) in both word recognition and comprehension; children with comprehension deficits only; and children with low verbal IQ, word recognition, and comprehension (poor readers)--was compared to that of skilled readers on WM, short-term memory (STM), processing speed, executive, and phonological processing measures. Ability group comparisons showed that (a) skilled readers outperformed all less skilled readers on measures of WM, updating, and processing speed; (b) children with comprehension deficits only outperformed children with RD on measures of WM, STM, phonological processing, and processing speed; and (c) children with RD outperformed poor readers on WM and phonological processing measures. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that (a) subgroup differences on WM tasks among less skilled readers were moderated by a storage system not specific to phonological skills, and (b) STM and updating contributed significant variance to WM beyond what was contributed by reading group classification. The latter finding suggested that some differences in storage and executive processing emerged between skilled and less skilled readers that were not specific to reading. 相似文献
13.
Working memory, including central executive functions (inhibition, shifting and updating) are factors thought to play a central role in mathematical skill development. However, results reported with regard to the associations between mathematics and working memory components are inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis is twofold: to investigate the strength of this relation, and to establish whether the variation in the association is caused by tests, sample characteristics and study and other methodological characteristics. Results indicate that all working memory components are associated with mathematical performance, with the highest correlation between mathematics and verbal updating. Variation in the strength of the associations can consistently be explained by the type of mathematics measure used: general tests yield stronger correlations than more specific tests. Furthermore, characteristics of working memory measures, age and sample explain variance in correlations in some analyses. Interpretations of the contribution of moderator variables to various models are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Cognitive models of multimedia learning such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer 2009) or the Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller 1999) are based on different cognitive models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley 1986) and long-term memory. The current paper describes a working memory model that has recently gained popularity in basic research: the embedded-processes model (Cowan 1999). The embedded-processes model argues that working memory is not a separate cognitive system but is the activated part of long-term memory. A subset of activated long-term memory is assumed to be particularly highlighted and is termed the “focus of attention.” This model thus integrates working memory, long-term memory, and (voluntary and involuntary) attention, and referring to it within multimedia models provides the opportunity to model all these learning-relevant cognitive processes and systems in a unitary way. We make suggestions for incorporating this model into theories of multimedia learning. On this basis, one cannot only reinterpret crucial phenomena in multimedia learning that are attributed to working memory (the split-attention effect, the modality effect, the coherence effect, the signaling effect, the redundancy effect, and the expertise reversal effect) but also derive new predictions. 相似文献
15.
Jonathan S. Jones Anna-Lynne R. Adlam Abdelmalek Benattayallah Fraser N. Milton 《Child development》2022,93(3):815-830
Working memory training improves children's cognitive performance on untrained tasks; however, little is known about the underlying neural mechanisms. This was investigated in 32 typically developing children aged 10–14 years (19 girls and 13 boys) using a randomized controlled design and multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging (Devon, UK; 2015–2016). Training improved working memory performance and increased intrinsic functional connectivity between the bilateral intraparietal sulci. Furthermore, improvements in working memory were associated with greater recruitment of the left middle frontal gyrus on a complex span task. Repeated engagement of fronto-parietal regions during training may increase their activity and functional connectivity over time, affording greater working memory performance. The plausibility of generalizable cognitive benefits from a neurobiological perspective and implications for neurodevelopmental theory are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Nicola Ariasi Lucia Mason 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2014,12(3):493-523
This study extends current research on the refutation text effect by investigating it in learners with different levels of working memory capacity. The purpose is to outline the link between online processes (revealed by eye fixation indices) and off-line outcomes in these learners. In science education, unlike a standard text, a refutation text acknowledges readers’ alternative conceptions about a topic, refutes them, and presents scientific conceptions as viable alternatives. Lower and higher memory span university students with alternative conceptions about the topic read either a refutation or a non-refutation text about tides. Off-line measures of learning revealed that both groups of refutation text readers attained higher knowledge gains. During the reading process, refutation text readers fixated for longer on the refutation segments while reading the parts presenting the scientific information (look-froms). Non-refutation text readers looked back to the informational parts for longer. Look-froms (positively) and reading time (negatively) predicted learning from refutation text, indicating that the quality, not quantity, of reading was related to it. In contrast, learning from non-refutation text was predicted only by working memory capacity. The refutation effect is discussed and educational implications are drawn. 相似文献
17.
通过使用音素定位、句法更正、句子尾词记忆.单词阅读、句子理解和短文理解任务探查了初一学生英语语音意识,句法意识和工作记忆与单词阅读、句子阅读和短文阅读等不同层次阅读的关系,以及阅读水平高低不同学生在元语言意识的差异.结果发现,英语阅读水平高低两组学生在英语语音意识、句法意识和工作记忆方面有显著差异.回归分析发现,英语句法意识对不同层次阅读都具有最显著的预测作用,但英语语音意识只对短文阅读理解有显著预测作用,工作记忆对不同层次阅读的预测都不显著,表明英语句法意识是初一学生英语阅读的重要预测变量. 相似文献
18.
Lexical acquisition ability for aurally taught words was studied in fourthgrade children. Reading ability, intelligence, and working memory were evaluated as predictor factors in vocabulary learning. Reading ability was found to predict facility at learning the novel phonological sequences, while intelligence was the only factor which accounted for performance level for the semantic content of the words. The working memory measure, digit span, failed to make a significant contribution to either the phonological or semantic outcome measures. Examination of two subgroups of skilled and less-skilled readers indicated that less-skilled readers had more difficulty acquiring the phonological information for new words. No between-group differences were found in long-term retention or in the ability to provide definitions for the newly learned words. The findings suggest that the vocabulary deficits of less-skilled readers stem, at least in part, from difficulty establishing accurate phonological representations for new words. 相似文献
19.
The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
Working memory has been proposed as an important component of reading and arithmetic skills. The development of working memory was studied in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children. The performance of reading disabled (RD), arithmetic disabled (ARITHD), and attentional deficit disordered (ADD) children, age 7-13, was compared to normal achievers (NA) on 2 working memory tasks, 1 involving sentences and the other involving counting. There was a significant growth of working memory as a function of age. In addition, the RD children had significantly lower scores on both tasks. The ARITHD children had significantly lower scores only on the Working Memory--Counting task, and the ADD group had scores similar to the normally achieving children except at the youngest age level in the Working Memory--Sentences task. Thus, a reading disability appears to involve a generalized deficit in working memory. Children with an arithmetic disability do not have a generalized language deficit but have a specific working memory deficit in relation to processing numerical information. As children with ADD did not have deficits in these tasks, working memory may not have significant attentional components. An important component of the development of reading and computational arithmetic skills appears to be the growth of working memory for language and numerical information. 相似文献
20.
A comparison of updating processes in children good or poor in arithmetic word problem-solving 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Maria Chiara Passolunghi Francesca Pazzaglia 《Learning and individual differences》2005,15(4):257-269
This study examines the updating ability of poor or good problem solvers. Seventy-eight fourth-graders, 43 good and 35 poor arithmetic word problem-solvers, performed the Updating Test used in Palladino et al. [Palladino, P., Cornoldi, C., De Beni, R., and Pazzaglia F. (2002). Working memory and updating processes in reading comprehension. Memory and Cognition, 29, 344–354.]. The participants listened to wordlists, each comprising 12 words referring to objects or animals of different sizes. At the end of each list participants were asked to recall the 3 or 5 words denoting the smallest objects/animals in the list. Results show that poor problem-solvers recalled fewer correct words and made more intrusion errors (recall of non-target words) than good problem-solvers. Results support the hypothesis that the ability to select and update relevant, and suppress irrelevant information, is related to problem-solving, even when the influence of reading comprehension is controlled for. With reference to Baddeley's, and other recent WM models [Miyake, A., and Shah, P. (Eds.), (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.], our results point to the idea that problem-solving relies on the central executive for processing and updating information contained in the problems. 相似文献