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1.
Willard W. Hartup 《Asia Pacific Journal of Education》1988,9(1):9-18
This paper examines the nature of social and cognitive development and argues that while cognitive processes are clearly implicated in social development there is also evidence that social relationships affect problem-solving and “intelligent behaviour”. It is further argued that 4 foci: social responsiveness, social-relationships, social reasoning and social regulation — considered as development universals ought to be the focus of research. These “four R's” will need to be researched in different cultures. It is likely that while there may some universality, for instance in the age at which responsiveness and interaction with other children change, societies may nevertheless differ in what are thought to be desirable directions in the development of social responsiveness. 相似文献
2.
Olivia N. Saracho 《教育心理学》1999,19(2):165-180
ABSTRACT The social behaviours of 2400 3‐, 4and 5‐year old children attending an early childhood programme were observed, recorded, and analysed, and their cognitive style assessed. Factors underlying the play of preschool children based on their cognitive style were identified. Sex and age were considered in these social factors. ThePlay Rating Scale was used to record young children's behaviours in four different forms of play (physical, block, manipulative, dramatic); while theGoodenough‐Harris Drawing Test was used to determine the children's cognitive style. Factor analysis indicated two dimensions of play behaviours for each group of children. These factors had strong loadings with a range of items. The factors indicated that field‐dependent children participated more in social play activities, whereas field‐independent children engaged more in nonsocial play activities. The study suggests practical and research implications in promoting educational play using the children's cognitive style. 相似文献
3.
The proposed development of extended schools in England is part of an international movement towards community‐oriented schooling, particularly in areas of disadvantage. Although on the face of it this movement seems like a common‐sense approach to self‐evident needs, the evaluation evidence on such schools is inconclusive. In order to assess the likelihood that community‐oriented schooling will have a significant impact on disadvantage, therefore, this paper analyses the rationale on which this approach to schooling appears to be based. It argues that community‐oriented schools as currently conceptualised have a focus on ‘proximal’ rather than ‘distal’ factors in disadvantage, underpinned by a model of social in/exclusion which draws attention away from underlying causes. They are, therefore, likely to have only small‐scale, local impacts. The paper suggests that a more wide‐ranging strategy is needed in which educational reform is linked to other forms of social and economic reform and considers the conditions which would be necessary for the emergence of such a strategy. 相似文献
4.
对于湘西民族地区高校英语专业学生来说,对语言能力培养的影响因素是多方面的,既有客观的社会因素,也有主观的人为因素。学习者的年龄,所处社会阶层、民族、民族文化、认知风格等,均影响着学习者对二语的吸纳与产出。该文旨在分析以上影响因素并提出相应的解决方案,以期能够为高校英语教师及英语专业学生,特别是湘西民族地区的高校英语专业学生提供一些建设性建议与帮助。 相似文献
5.
This paper reports on school readiness (SR) and its predictors in five‐ to six‐year‐old children from a prospective, longitudinal study of children from eight months to seven years (the Early Language in Victoria Study – ELVS). The ELVS children came from a representative sample of children recruited though the State Government Infant and Child Health Centres at the age of eight months who were studied at yearly intervals with a combination of parent surveys and face‐to‐face assessments. The study had a focus on language, pre‐literacy and behavioural development. In pre‐school and preparatory grade, teachers of the children completed a brief questionnaire rating SR characteristics, including cognitive, language and personal/social competencies. The data bank on these children provided a set of hypothesised child and family predictors of the SR score which were tested via factor analysis and regression analyses. Significant predictors of SR in the equation were evident from two years of age, and were all related to language and pre‐literacy factors from two to six years. Twelve per cent of the children showed language impairment (LI) at five years according to their scores on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 4th edition (CELF‐4). In an additional analysis we found that these children were significantly lower on SR; they were also of lower social class compared with the remainder of the sample. The most influential factors in readiness for school were child language competencies and pre‐literacy capacities, including phonemic awareness and letter knowledge. Preparation for school involving systematic emphasis on language and pre‐literacy enrichment is recommended for all children before school entry and particularly for children at risk, including those coming from socio‐economic disadvantage and those with delayed and impaired early language development. This addition to pre‐school programmes can have lasting positive effects into pre‐school and beyond, and prevent early school failure. 相似文献
6.
Social cognitive theory (SCT) is an important heuristic for understanding the complexity of bullying behaviors and the social nature of involvement in bullying. Bullying has been heralded as a social relationship problem, and the interplay between the individual and his or her social environment supports this conceptualization. SCT has been used to help guide the development of an individualized intervention for bully perpetrators, which will be described in this article. Intervening directly with those who bully others helps understand individual variation in bullying, as well as teaches bully perpetrators alternative, prosocial ways of interacting with others. Students who bully others exhibit a complex array of psychological, cognitive, and social characteristics. In this article, we argue that to truly reduce bullying, interventions must address these psychological, cognitive, and social contributing factors. Only when interventions target these constructs will individuals be able to transform their bullying behaviors into prosocial interactions. 相似文献
7.
This study examined a multicultural group experience on students' (N= 94) ethnic identity development and social‐cognitive maturity. Although no differences were identified between treatment and comparison group participants, group therapeutic factors scores were predictive of ethnic identity development and social‐cognitive maturity. Implications for counselor educators and future research are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Kevin Downing Richard Ho Kristina Shin Lilian Vrijmoed Eva Wong 《Educational studies》2007,33(1):1-13
It is now largely accepted that social and cultural factors have a significant impact on cognitive development in children. Piaget acknowledged the impact of social factors and peer interaction on cognitive development. However, there has been relatively little work on the impact of social and cultural factors on the development of metacognition in first‐year university students. Using the Learning and study strategies inventory (LASSI) as a measure of metacognition, this study samples first‐year undergraduates in Hong Kong (N = 1815) and identifies significant differences in metacognitive abilities between students living in their home environment and those who have moved away from their family and, in some cases, culture, to pursue undergraduate education. 相似文献
9.
Dana E. Johnson Megan R. Gunnar 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2011,76(4):92-126
Children within institutional care settings experience significant global growth suppression, which is more profound in children with a higher baseline risk of growth impairment (e.g., low birth weight [LBW] infants and children exposed to alcohol in utero). Nutritional insufficiencies as well as suppression of the growth hormone–insulin‐like growth factor axis (GH‐IGF‐1) caused by social deprivation likely both contribute to the etiology of psychosocial growth failure within these settings. Their relative importance and the consequent clinical presentations probably relate to the age of the child. While catch‐up growth in height and weight are rapid when children are placed in a more nurturing environment, many factors, particularly early progression through puberty, compromise final height. Potential for growth recovery is greatest in younger children and within more nurturing environments where catch‐up in height and weight is positively correlated with caregiver sensitivity and positive regard. Growth recovery has wider implications for child well‐being than size alone, because catch‐up in height is a positive predictor of cognitive recovery as well. Even with growth recovery, persistent abnormalities of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal system or the exacerbation of micronutrient deficiencies associated with robust catch‐up growth during critical periods of development could potentially influence or be responsible for the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional sequelae of early childhood deprivation. Findings in growth‐restricted infants and those children with psychosocial growth are similar, suggesting that children experiencing growth restriction within institutional settings may also share the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome in adulthood (obesity, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease). Psychosocial deprivation within any caregiving environment during early life must be viewed with as much concern as any severely debilitating childhood disease. 相似文献
10.
Previous research suggests that social–cognitive factors mediate the association between social–environmental risk and aggression in high‐risk samples, but less is known about the relation among these factors in suburban youth. The present study examined whether such an association occurred for suburban youth exposed to low levels of social rejection and community violence. Using data from 184 adolescents (mean age = 14.97 years, SD = .84) and their homeroom teachers, analyses with structural equation modeling revealed a significant relation between relatively mild levels of social–environmental risk and aggression. This association was partially mediated by negatively biased social–cognitive factors (i.e., general knowledge structures and social information processing). Findings suggest that even relatively low levels of social rejection and community violence exposure characterizing suburban youth (in contrast to urban youth) put them at an increased risk for problems with aggression. 相似文献
11.
武婷 《南通职业大学学报》2013,27(1):28-31
运用社会认知理论研究服装设计活动。分析了个体、行为及社会环境对服装设计活动的综合影响,认为设计师个体因素及社会环境因素都会影响设计师的设计行为,同时探讨了服装社会认知理论在服装设计行为过程中的指导作用。 相似文献
12.
This paper offers some aims for education at the university level for middle‐age and older adults. A review of the scope of knowledge and practice in this field is presented along with a brief analysis of some factors leading to the growing interest in this area, in which a lack of empirical knowledge and clear philosophy is evident. Research findings from life‐span developmental studies on the cognitive, personality, and motivational characteristics of older people are discussed in terms of their implications for higher education. In the light of these considerations, suggestions for planning academic programs for older adults are presented. Academic programs must be rooted in curricula that concurrently foster age integration at the university while attending to the special needs of middle‐age and older adults. Academic programs require programs of action research and training for educators and students of adult development. This is seen as essential to promote future progress in this area. 相似文献
13.
When processing information about their world, people systematically reduce objective complexity. This is true not only of cognitive problem‐solving, but also other everyday situations, for example where decisions are required in situations relevant to morality. The developmental psychological perspective suggests that the adequate handling of situations like these requires, on the one hand, an age‐related, increasing differentiation in social cognition and, on the other hand, an ever more effective structuring and integration of information. However, the operation of the latter developmental process might carry the risk that complexity reduction (in the sense of oversimplification) substitutes for adequate psychosocial development. Undue emphasis on complexity reduction may suggest situation‐specific action alternatives, which though inappropriate, are ‘easier to handle’. In an empirical study using 176 pupils from Polytechnic High Schools in (East) Berlin, we test the hypothesis that a tendency towards oversimplification in (fictitious) situations of moral relevance is systematically related to deviant behaviour at school. Results show that students exhibiting deviant behaviour do indeed have a stronger tendency to oversimplify social cognition. It can also be shown that the frequency of complex social cognitions generally increases with age. This trend, however, is found for non‐deviant students only. For deviant students a decrease in complex social cognitions with increasing age was found. Furthermore, it can be shown that these results are not confounded with the effects of gender or academic grade. 相似文献
14.
Christina M. Rinaldi Allison D. Kates Christine Welton 《Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties》2013,18(2):127-140
Many social interactions between school‐age children contain both competitive and cooperative elements. In order to gain a better understanding of how students at risk for emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD) negotiate social exchanges in cooperative and competitive‐related tasks in comparison with non‐EBD students: (a) prosocial; (b) negative; and (c) conflict behaviours were assessed. Fifty‐seven children at risk for EBD and 57 comparison children participated in three different social tasks with non‐target partners. Both students and teachers completed a standardised behaviour checklist. Social ability and sex differences were considered. Results are discussed from a social‐cognitive framework, and practical implications will be highlighted. 相似文献
15.
言语失误是口语交际中出现的一种必然现象,它表现为停顿、重复、改正、失言,用词错误等多个方面,它的产生原因是言语的产生中编码与发送的同时进行,而且受到认知因素、心理因素、社会因素、语言因素的影响。本文从言语失误个案——"He-She,His-Her的使用情况来分析英语学习过程中的认知因素和心理机制,对口语教学提出些许建议,以促进英语口语教学。 相似文献
16.
Jean Whyte 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1993,8(3):325-340
The findings from this study of 100 Belfast boys, from age 4 to age 21, carried out from 1975 to 1991 relate to the long-term effects of language intervention on reading, the rates of progress of children who make a poor start and of those who make a good start, the relationship of cognitive and social variables both to the acquisition of reading skill and the use made of reading and the outcomes at age 19–21 for those found to have been good and poor readers at age 6.5. It found that the outcomes of instruction can vary substantially between individuals, suggesting that other factors must be impinging on the outcome. Degrees of social disadvantage can influence preschool development in crucial areas such as vocabulary and language development and familiarity with print. Failure at an early stage in the process can have devastating effects on attitudes and influence future progress. 相似文献
17.
王帆 《中国教育技术装备》2011,(6):11-14
我国MMOGs产业发展迅猛,然而它关系到广大青少年健康成长,家庭、学校、社会的和谐发展。严肃视角关注学生在MMOGs中的认知发展,以MMOGs的研究现状为出发点,揭示出MMOGs的认知过程中社会性因素影响的重要性,在此基础上提出七大研究方向,并设计相应的实验方案。 相似文献
18.
This study used longitudinal data from the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) to examine the role of neighbourhood quality, assessed when cohort members were aged five, in boys’ and girls’ school leaving age. It was expected that, since context is in general more strongly predictive of boys’ rather than girls’ behaviour, neighbourhood quality would be more strongly related to men’s than women’s school leaving age. Results showed that, as expected, even after controlling for cognitive ability, parental socio‐economic disadvantage and social class, family structure, and maternal education, age and depressed mood, neighbourhood quality was more strongly related to men’s than women’s school leaving age. To rule out the possibility that neighbourhood quality is simply picking up individual level social class the study also explored the interaction of neighbourhood quality with parental social class. It was found that, compared to cohort members of high social class groups, cohort members of lower social class groups were less likely to stay in education after the minimum school leaving age in both neighbourhood groups, but being in the lower social class groups was more of a disadvantage for children living in well‐to‐do rather than average or poor neighbourhoods at age five. 相似文献
19.
异龄互动是在一段时间内,一个或多个幼儿与其他异龄幼儿之间的相互接触,它对幼儿的认知、情感和社会性发展具有重要的作用,因此,对异龄互动的研究就显得相当必要了。本文首先从认知学派、社会学习理论以及人类发展生态学等几个理论流派中为异龄同伴关系寻找到了存在的依据。其次,探讨了异龄同伴关系的影响因素,它包括:幼儿的外貌、年龄差异、熟悉程度、发展水平差异以及共同的爱好兴趣;幼儿不同的行为特点和交往目的;物质环境的创设、材料的特征以及教育者。最后,从家长和教师两个方面就怎样促进异龄互动的发生,发展稳定的异龄同伴关系给出了建议。 相似文献
20.
Constituting the workplace curriculum 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Stephen Billett 《课程研究杂志》2013,45(1):31-48
This paper advances some bases for a workplace curriculum. These are premised on conceptions of curriculum as intents directed to individuals’ progression towards full and effective workplace performance, yet whose enactment is shaped by workplace factors and is ultimately experienced by workers as learners. So whether the intentions will be realized is likely premised on the support (affordances) for their enactment by interests within the workplace. Workplace affordances, like those in educational institutions, emphasize the role that the norms and social practices that comprise workplaces play in regulating individuals’ engagement in and learning through work. The degree to which these affordances invite, structure, support, and guide participation, and are likely to engage workers in the kinds of thinking, acting, and learning required for effective workplace performance, is important for developing effective vocational practice. The conception of an ideal curriculum directed towards full participation is subject to the affordances of the interests of managers, co‐workers, and factors affecting production, as well as the intentionalities of worker‐learners themselves. These concepts may well provide ways of thinking about curriculum more broadly as participatory practices. 相似文献