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The term informatics is used as an umbrella term to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of information systems, information management and information technology. The current paper is part of a series which documents an overarching attempt to develop a clearer and more sophisticated systematics for the area. It examines one of the foundation concepts of informatics – that of information – and aims to provide a definition for this concept based upon ideas from semiotics and communication theory. For this purpose we introduce the concept of a sign-system and consider the role such a system plays in human communication. We also highlight the fundamental difference between a communication system and an information system. To help ground our discussion and provide a necessary distance from the present-day concern with digital computing and communication networks we engage with the historiography of information. We consider the use of information in Neolithic times and describe the case of clay tokens in Ancient Sumeria as one of the earliest examples of information representation and manipulation. Examination of this case allows us to propose a number of universal features of information and ‘information technology’. 相似文献
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This paper is part of a series examining the fundamental nature of informatics: a term used as a convenient umbrella term to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of information systems, information management and information technology. The aim of the current paper is to consider some of the universal features of information technology. This is accomplished in terms of a conceptual framework established in previous work. We ground the discussion in a significant historical case: that of Hollerith's electric tabulating system which constituted one of the earliest examples of automatic data processing. Through examination of this case and the technologies used we establish an interpretation of the essence of information technology in terms of formative acts of data representation and processing. 相似文献
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A considerable body of literature has demonstrated-- empirically as well as analytically--that information systems need to be situated to the local context of use. Yet for infrastructural information systems that span numerous contexts spread out globally, this is literally prohibitive. For these systems to work, it is necessary to strike a balance between sensitiveness to local contexts and a need to standardize across contexts. We analyze a key element in this, namely, spelling out the (largely invisible) "costs" that the different actors pay to achieve working solutions. Empirically, we draw from an ongoing case study. We analyze the attempts of a maritime classification company with 5500 employees located in 300 sites in 100 countries to develop an infrastructural information system to support the surveying of ships globally. We elaborate design implications and concepts relevant to developing information infrastructures that also apply to the context of developing countries. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]梳理近年来国际上医学信息学研究动态和发展趋势,为科研人员提供相关的文献信息,为科研课题的选择及信息研究提供有力的依据,为我国未来医学信息学发展提供建议。[方法/过程]以Web of Science中10种医学信息学核心期刊近十年的文献为信息源,利用BICOMB、TDA、SPSS、UCINET等统计分析工具,并结合文献计量方法,对检索出来的文献数量、国家、机构、核心作者、关键词等进行统计并可视化分析。[结果/结论]2008-2017年Web of Science数据库中十种医学信息学核心期刊总收录相关文献11 823篇,文献量逐年持续增长,美国在该方面的研究处于领导地位,哈佛大学在该领域的研究产出占比最高,核心作者之间联系密切,形成一定规模的小团体。研究发现,近十年国际医学信息学研究重点体现在4个方面：卫生信息系统的开发与管理,卫生信息分析方法的对象与实际应用,人工智能、数据挖掘技术在临床诊疗中的应用与挑战及医学信息学新技术的应用与发展。 相似文献
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This paper describes part of a larger body of theoretical work which provides a new perspective on the nature of informatics, an umbrella term used to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of Information Systems, Information Management and Information Technology. We argue for an area of interest located at the intersection of signs and systems, which involves the enactment of forma (the substance of a sign), informa (the content of a sign) and performa (the use of signs within coordinated action). This conceptual scheme is reflected against work not traditionally covered by theory-making within informatics: that of animal communication. We use the well-documented case of the dance of the European honeybee to help ground our discussion. This examination leads to an understanding of the central position of communication amongst organisms as well as the place of human communication in the broad evolution of communication systems. This allows us to highlight crucial features of the concept of a data system as well as the important distinction between persistent and non-persistent data systems within communication processes. 相似文献
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Ruey-Shun Chia-Ming Marilyn M. Wen-Jang 《International Journal of Information Management》2008,28(5):366-378
Strategic alignment involves the development and reconfiguration of information technology (IT) to support business strategies. This paper applies the dynamic capabilities perspective to analyze the strategic information system alignment process. The paper further argues the approach is constructive in understanding and overcoming difficulties in achieving and sustaining alignment. From a longitudinal case study of a semiconductor company in Taiwan, the results show an unaligned strategic information system (with an implemented IT strategy that varies from the intended IT strategy) impedes the development of IT. Path dependence, or the implications of prior IT decisions, is another barrier for alignment. A broader view of intended alignment, focusing on IT combined with clear business vision, can be beneficial for adding future IT resources. In addition, dynamic capabilities, which are critical for the creation and strength of IT resources, positively influence the alignment process and its future implementation success. 相似文献
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关于公安情报学与情报学的关系学术界存在两种截然相反的观点:一是公安情报学是情报学的分支学科;二是公安情报学与情报学无从属关系,公安情报学应完全脱离情报学进行专业建设。文章从学科名称、产生背景、历史渊源、研究对象、研究内容、学科定位、学科重点、实践工作、方法技术、基础学科与学科建制等多方面对两者异同与关系作了分析,据此指出:两种观点各有其合理性,但也有失偏颇,公安情报学与情报学关系密切亦有较大区别,公安情报学不宜作为情报学的分支学科而应作为公安学的分支学科进行建设,但也不能完全脱离情报学,情报学是公安情报学重要的基础学科。 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(1):160-179
The Chairman of the Australian Law Reform Commission identifies science and technology as one of the main factors necessitating reform of the law in Australia. The way in which informatics, one of the most dynamic technologies of today, has penetrated Australian society is described. The implications of this technology for two major projects before the Australian Law Reform Commission are then outlined. The first is the design of new laws to protect privacy of the individual in the growing computerisation of personal data. The second is the adaptation of the law of evidence, from a system highly dependent on oral testimony to one responsive to computer and computer generated testimony. The author then outlines a number of future issues concerning the interface between informatics and the law. He proposes the establishment of permanent machinery to examine the mosaic of computer law topics. Finally, he examines impediments to the computerisation of land information systems – as a species of the way in which the growth of informatics will present challenges to lawmakers, administrators and law reformers in Australia. 相似文献
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This article discusses xenotransplantation (XTP: the surgical role of nonhuman tissues, organs, and cells for human transplantation) and examines the way its scientific promoters have defended their technology against potentially damaging public representations. The authors explore the criteria used to legitimate the selection of the pig as the best species from which to "harvest" transplant tissues in the future. The authors' analysis shows that scientists and medical practitioners routinely switch between scientific and cultural repertoires. These repertoires enable such actors to exchange expert identities in scientific discourse for public identities in cultural discourse. These discourses map onto similarities and differences between animal donors and human hosts. Finally, the case is used to comment on a number of related approaches where the dynamics of medical and scientific authority are discussed. 相似文献
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In a previous paper we used the backdrop of the Inca Empire for consideration of an appropriate locus for the discipline of informatics. The term informatics is used as a convenient umbrella term to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of Information Systems, Information Management and Information Technology. In this paper we consider one element from this case in more detail: that of the quipu. This enigmatic group of artefacts, consisting of complex assemblages of knotted cord, has been the subject of much debate. In this paper we interpret the case of the quipu as a non-familiar example of a data structure. This interpretation allows us to propose a number of essential or universal characteristics of data. It also permits us to provide greater clarity to the distinction between data and information. 相似文献
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Why space matters in technological innovation systems—Mapping global knowledge dynamics of membrane bioreactor technology 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Studies on technological innovation systems (TISs) often set spatial boundaries at the national level and treat supranational levels as a geographically undifferentiated and freely accessible global technological opportunity set. This article criticizes this conceptualization and proposes instead to analyze relevant actors, networks and processes in TIS from a relational perspective on space. It develops an analytical framework which allows investigating innovation processes (or ‘functions’) of a TIS at and across different spatial scales. Based on social network analysis of a co-publication dataset from membrane bioreactor technology, we illustrate how the spatial characteristics of collaborations in knowledge creation vary greatly over relatively short periods of time. This finding suggests that TIS studies should be more reflexive on system boundary setting both regarding the identification and analysis of core processes as well as in the formulation of policy advice. 相似文献
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Learning About Information Technologies and Social Change: The Contribution of Social Informatics 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Rob Kling 《The Information Society》2000,16(3):217-232
Social informatics is the body of research that examines the design, uses, and consequences of information and communication technologies in ways that take into account their interaction with institutional and cultural contexts. This article serves as a brief introduction to social informatics. Examples such as computer networks, scientific communication via electronic journals, and public access to the Internet are used to illustrate key ideas from social informatics research. Some of the key themes include the importance of social contexts and work processes, sociotechnical networks, public access to information, and social infrastructure for computing support. The article draws upon 25 years of systematic analytical and critical research about information technology and social change. 相似文献
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This is the second paper in a series examining the fundamental nature of informatics. The aim of the current paper is to provide a more detailed account of the concept of an information system based upon an earlier paper entitled Informatics and the Inca. The paper also builds upon the content of the first paper in this series entitled Neolithic Informatics: The Nature of Information. We ground the discussion in a significant case from the Second World War: that of the Warning Network. The Warning Network was a system that contributed to victory of the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain. Through examination of this case we establish the idea of an information system as a semi-formal ‘language’ necessary for the coordination and control of activity in various forms of human organization. 相似文献
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Documents circulating in paper form are increasingly being substituted by its electronic equivalent in the modern office today so that any stored document can be retrieved whenever needed later on. The office worker is already burdened with information overload, so effective and efficient retrieval facilities become an important factor affecting worker productivity. This paper first reviews the features of current document management systems with varying facilities to manage, store and retrieve either reference to documents or whole documents. Information retrieval databases, groupware products and workflow management systems are presented as developments to handle different needs, together with the underlying concepts of knowledge management. The two problems of worker finiteness and worker ignorance remain outstanding, as they are only partially addressed by the above-mentioned systems. The solution lies in a shift away from pull technology where the user has to actively initiate the request for information towards push technology, where available information is automatically delivered without user intervention. Intelligent information retrieval agents are presented as a solution together with a marketing scenario of how they can be introduced. 相似文献
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关于情报学学科的名称 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
信息与情报各有其特定的涵义,两者不能等同。“科技情报”更名为“科技信息”不是一次成功的举措。作为主要研究科技情报规律性的情报学有其独特的研究对象和研究领域,目前这一学科的名称不宜改动。 相似文献
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Pablo J. Boczkowski 《The Information Society》2013,29(4):255-267
This article argues that a mutual shaping lens enables a more encompassing account of the joint processes of technological and social change in new media than the diffusion of innovations and social shaping of technology perspectives. Drawing from recent work in sociology and history of technology, organization studies, social informatics, and computer-supported cooperative work, this article suggests that the shaping and diffusion of media artifacts are so intimately tied that they should be seen as the two sides of the same innovation coin. Using examples from the history of videotex newspapers in the United States, the analysis shows that actors simultaneously pursued interdependent technological and social transformations, that this was an ongoing process in which partial outcomes in the technological domain influenced social events at a later phase—and vice versa—and that such process was influenced by historical developments. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2023,60(2):103160
The healthcare industry suffers from poor interoperability due to its fragmented communication systems. Each medical institution has a communication system that is not necessarily compatible with the other systems on the same network. Poor communication has serious implications for patients, resources, and costs. The literature proposes blockchain technology as a governance data management system that optimizes the flow of information between multiple organizations by providing a trust component. However, much of the literature is conceptual and addresses blockchain in healthcare in a very general way. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting the use of Hyperledger Fabric in healthcare to improve information flow and solve the fragmentation problem between two medical institutions. In addition, two rate controllers on Hyperledger Caliper are used to evaluate the performance of our network: fixed and linear. We believe that our work will be useful for those working in value chains in healthcare and academia. 相似文献
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数字化转型已经成为当前很多传统企业的战略选择。然而,已有文献对数字化转型的过程与内在机理缺乏深入研究。借助科技给予与意义建构理论视角,通过对典型企业——双星集团的案例研究,文章对数字化转型的过程与内在机理进行了探索性分析。文章发现传统企业的数字化转型是一个自上而下的过程,包含转型发起、形成共识与转型实现三个阶段。在每一个阶段,由行为主体和数字化技术形成的二元结构是数字化转型给予形成（即阶段性转型认知）的社会基础。文章进一步揭示了支撑企业转型的四种数字转型给予,包括：数字化战略给予、共享的数字化战略给予、数字化业务战略给予与数字化业务战略实现。意义建构是促进转型给予形成的主要机制;意义解构和意义给赋是高层次主体影响低层主体意义建构的主要方式,也是实现过程转换的主要机制。文章打开了数字化转型过程黑箱,对IT驱动的组织转型研究和相关理论进行了有效补充,也为我国传统企业转型与新旧动能转换提供了有益借鉴。 相似文献