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1.
ABSTRACT

According to the Community of Inquiry (CoI) model (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000 Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2/3), 87–105. doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]), an enriching educational experience online in a collaborative learning environment requires three interdependent elements: social presence, teaching presence, and cognitive presence. Social presence provides interaction in the online environment that allows students to feel like they are in a supportive and open environment. Teaching presence refers not just to teacher-student interaction during the lesson or course duration, but also to a teacher's ability to design an effective learning environment. Cognitive presence in the CoI model is knowledge generated from collaborative interaction. This model has been well-studied in the literature, and has been shown to be a meaningful framework for course development. However, more exploration of CoI in relation to library distance instruction is needed. This article describes the Community of Inquiry model and provides information about the three presences and how they can improve online educational environments.  相似文献   

2.
《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):287-310
Collaborative partnerships developed via text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC) commonly shift interactions to alternative formats. Extant research indicates that shifting from one modality to another, or “modality switching,” can have profound positive and negative effects on relational outcomes. Drawing on social presence theory (Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976 Short, J., Williams, E. and Christie, B. 1976. The social psychology of telecommunications, London: Wiley.  [Google Scholar]) and social information processing theory (SIPT; Walther, 1992 Walther, J. B. 1992. Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research, 19: 52–89. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1996 Walther, J. B. 1996. Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23: 3–43. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the present study examined the influence of meeting FtF after varying lengths of time interacting via CMC on relational communication. Consistent with predictions, remaining online yielded greater intimacy and social attraction than the other conditions in which FtF contact occurred. With respect to the CMC conditions, modality switching modestly enhanced relational outcomes in the “early” switching partnerships but more strongly dampened those of “late” switching ones.  相似文献   

3.
The 2002 hostage drama John Q. triggered a discussion among journalists, the public, and the policy community about the proper relationship between politics and entertainment. In this debate the criteria for good journalism and good political discourse were frequently invoked to evaluate this Hollywood film. This discussion, which spilled out of the film criticism pages into news and commentary pages, shows how public-sphere models of political discourse are privileged even though they may not be a good fit for fictional media. John Q.’s success in triggering public discussion and awareness about health policy issues seems to illustrate DeLuca & Peeples’s (2002) DeLuca, K. M. and Peeples, J. 2002. From public sphere to public screen: Democracy, activism, and the “violence” of Seattle. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2): 125–151. [CROSSREF][Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] claim that the “public screen” is a more useful metaphor for thinking about politics than the public sphere (Habermas, 1989 Habermas, J. 1989. The structural transformation of the public sphere, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.  [Google Scholar]). John Q. seemed to particularly raise the ire of critics because of its unambiguous critique of domestic policy and its implicit suggestion that collective solutions are needed.  相似文献   

4.
Americans are increasingly concerned about video games, presumably due to the amount and graphicness of violence they contain. Social Cognitive Theory suggests that people are more likely to imitate characters they see as attractive or similar to self. To date, however, little research has examined attributes of violent characters in video games related to this issue. This content analysis examined 10 minutes of play from 60 of the most popular video games. Adapting the coding scheme from the National Television Violence Study (Smith et al., 1998 Smith, S. L., Wilson, B. J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Potter, W. J., Colvin, C. M. and Donnerstein, E. 1998. National Television Violence Study: Vol. 3. Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study, 5–220. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.  [Google Scholar]; Wilson et al., 1997 Wilson, B. J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Potter, W. J., Donnerstein, E.Smith, S. L. 1997. National Television Violence Study: Vol. 1. Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study, 3–268. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  [Google Scholar], 1998 Wilson, B. J., Kunkel, D., Linz, D., Potter, W. J., Donnerstein, E.Smith, S. L. 1998. National Television Violence Study: Vol. 2. Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara, 3–204. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.  [Google Scholar]), various demographic and contextual features of violent characters and violent interactions were assessed. The results show that violent game characters have attributes that are likely to increase the extent to which some players perceive them as attractive and similar. Moreover, these violent characters engage in aggression that is presented as justified or graphic.  相似文献   

5.
This study examined 393 organizational members' reported communication load, job satisfaction, and interdepartmental communication satisfaction in relation to their experience of time along eleven dimensions—flexibility, linearity, pace, punctuality, delay, scheduling, separation, urgency, scarcity, and future and present time foci. Results indicate that organizational members who experienced their time as more delayed, more flexible, and more oriented toward the future tended to report higher levels of communication load. Additionally, members who characterized their work as more punctual and oriented toward the future were more satisfied with their jobs, while those who experienced work as faster paced were less satisfied. Finally, the organizational members most satisfied with communication among departments reported their work patterns as more linear and more strongly oriented toward the future, while members who reported their work as more delayed were least satisfied with such interdepartmental interactions.  相似文献   

6.
Book Reviews     

The Invention of Journalism JEAN K. CHALABY, 1998 London, Macmillan pp. x, 212

Grub Street and the Ivory Tower: literary journalism and literary scholarship from Fielding to the Internet JEREMY TREGLOWN and BRIDGET BENNETT, eds, 1998 Oxford, Oxford University Press

Gramophone, Film, Typewriter FRIEDRICH A. KITTLER, 1999 GEOFFREY WINTHROP‐YOUNG and MICHAEL WUTZ, trans. Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press pp. xli, 315

Writing and Society: literacy, print and politics in Britain 1590–1660 NIGEL WHEALE, 1999 London and New York, Routledge  相似文献   

7.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):83-88
Abstract

By using X-ray powder diffraction to identify the crystalline constituents of ceramics, especially porcelains, a considerable amount of information can be obtained from a very small sample. The characteristic mineral in hard-paste porcelains, stonewares and highfired earthenwares is shown to be mullite, an aluminium silicate, 3Al2O3. 2SiO2, (A.S:T.M. 15–776); where there is a high calcium content aluminium silicates may occur e.g. anorthite, CaO. Al2O3. 2SiO2, (A.S.T.M.10–379) and gehlenite 2CaO. Al2O3. SiO2, (A.S.T.M.9–216). Among the soft-paste porcelains, whitlockite, β calcium orthophosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, (A.S.T.M. 9–169), is typical of those containing bone-ash, and enstatite, magnesium meta silicate, MgO. SiO2 (A.S.T.M.7–216) is typical of those containing soapstone. The glassy-frit porcelains generally contain a calcium silicate, wollastonite or pseudowol1astonite, CaO. SiO2, (A.S.T.M.10–487 and 10–486). In addition, silica–either as α quartz or cristobalite–may occur in varying proportions in all these bodies.  相似文献   

8.
HIV remains a significant health concern entering the fourth decade of the epidemic [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. HIV basics. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html], and people living with HIV continue to grapple with stigma. This study uses Leary and Schreindorfer's [1998 Leary, M. R., &; Schreindorfer, L. S. (1998). The stigmatization of HIV and AIDS: Rubbing salt in the wound. In V. J. Derlega &; A. P. Barbee (Eds.), HIV and social interaction (pp. 12–29). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Google Scholar]. The stigmatization of HIV and AIDS: Rubbing salt in the wound. In V. J. Derlega &; A. P. Barbee (Eds.), HIV and social interaction (pp. 12 Lekas, H. M., Siegel, K., &; Schrimshaw, E. W. (2006). Continuities and discontinuities in the experiences of felt and enacted stigma among women with HIV/AIDS. Qualitative Health Research, 16, 1165–1190. doi:10.1177/1049732306292284[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]–29 Lekas, H. M., Siegel, K., &; Schrimshaw, E. W. (2006). Continuities and discontinuities in the experiences of felt and enacted stigma among women with HIV/AIDS. Qualitative Health Research, 16, 1165–1190. doi:10.1177/1049732306292284[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage] conceptualization of stigma to explore prior stigmatization on reasons for and against future disclosures. We interviewed HIV+ individuals (N?=?59) and used a combination of deductive and inductive coding to analyze participants’ responses. Deductive codes consisted of four stigma characteristics (pose a threat to others’ health and safety, deviate from group standards, create negative emotional reactions in others, and failure to contribute), experiences of feeling stigmatized due to HIV status (yes or no), and the degree to which HIV stigma was a concern (major, minor, or no concern). Inductive coding identified examples of perceived and experienced stigma and stigma concerns on future disclosure decision-making. Practical implications discuss individual, institutional, and societal stigma-reduction interventions and programs.  相似文献   

9.
A series of studies report the development of empirically derived instruments that measure student interest and engagement. The first study inductively develops an initial item pool through open-ended questionnaire data. A second study subjects the measures to exploratory factor analysis to ascertain an underlying factor structure. The third study deductively tests the measures through confirmatory factor analysis and examines associations among teacher communication behaviors, student emotional and cognitive interest, and engagement. A fourth study offers discriminant validity evidence, suggesting that the new measures are distinct from scales that assess similar yet divergent constructs. Guided by prior theory (Mottet, Frymier, & Beebe, 2006 Mottet, T. P., Frymier, A. B. and Beebe, S. A. 2006. “Theorizing about instructional communication”. In Handbook of instructional communication, Edited by: Mottet, T. P., Richmond, V. P. and McCroskey, J. C. 255–282. Boston, MA: Pearson.  [Google Scholar]) and research (Harp & Mayer, 1997 Harp, S. F. and Mayer, R. E. 1997. The role of interest in learning from scientific text and illustration: On the distinction between emotional interest and cognitive interest. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89: 92–102. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), the instruments developed here possess heuristic potential for instructional communication research. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
From a sociolinguistic and discourse-analytic perspective, news stories have often been considered as operating within a similar structural framework to oral narratives (Labov, 1972 Labov, W. 1972. Language in the inner city, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.  [Google Scholar]), sharing formal elements with narratives produced in other contexts (although as Bell (1991) Bell, A. 1991. The language of news media, Oxford: Blackwell.  [Google Scholar] has demonstrated in relation to print news, these elements occur in temporal disorganization). In this paper, in line with other recent treatments of news stories, we suggest that news does not conform to this kind of “narrative” structure as such. Examining data taken from print and live-broadcast TV news through a Sacksian (1995) lens, we argue that it is possible to simplify the analysis of news structure by approaching the news as “stories,” where the story elements are organized around the notions of category, action, and reason rather than as a series of narrative clauses involving orientation, complicating actions, evaluation, and resolution (Bell, 1991 Bell, A. 1991. The language of news media, Oxford: Blackwell.  [Google Scholar]; van Dijk, 1988 Van Dijk, T. A. 1988. News as discourse, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.  [Google Scholar]).  相似文献   

11.
This article extends the discussion of McDonald (2005) McDonald, S. 2005. Studying actions in context: A qualitative shadowing method for organizational research. Qualitative Research, 5: 455–473. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar] concerning the use of shadowing as a research technique for studying actions in organizational contexts. It addresses McDonald's observation that the few studies that refer to this technique do not make any attempt to discuss their methodological choices or their epistemological standpoints. In this paper, we intend to contribute to this emerging debate in two ways. First, we explore and discuss some contrasting applications of shadowing in the organizational literature in order to render explicit the researcher's ontological and epistemological standpoints. Second, we present our own application of shadowing starting with the redefinition of organization as a plenum of agencies (Cooren, 2006 Cooren, F. 2006. “The organizational world as a plenum of agencies”. In Communication as organizing: Practical approaches to research into the dynamic of text and conversation, Edited by: Cooren, F., Taylor, J. R. and Van Every, E. J. 81–100. Mahwah, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  [Google Scholar]) that emerges from communication (Taylor & Van Every, 2000 Taylor, J. R. and Van Every. 2000. The emergent organization: Communication as its site and surface, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  [Google Scholar]). Considering these theoretical grounds we propose, inspired by Latour's (2005) Latour, B. 2005. Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press.  [Google Scholar] motto “follow the actors,” to shadow the hybrid character actions. This implies, from a methodological point of view: 1) documenting the flows that compose these actions, over the course of which a set of objects are mobilized in series of interactions, (2) applying an equivalent analytical strategy to whatever actor we are studying, and (3) grasping both the material and discursive dimension of communication as action.  相似文献   

12.
This study investigates disposition-formation processes in entertainment by predicting perceptions of media heroes and villains by their behavior in specific moral domains. Participants rated self-selected heroes and villains from television and film along the moral domains of care, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity (Haidt & Joseph, 2007 Haidt, J. & Joseph, C. (2007). The moral mind: How 5 sets of innate moral intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. In P. Carruthers S. Laurence & S. Stich (Eds.), The innate mind (Vol. 3, pp. 367–391). New York, NY: Oxford.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) as well as along dimensions of warmth, competence, and duplicity used in impression-formation research (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002 Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P. & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.878[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Results show that heroes violate moral norms in domains of authority and purity, whereas villains violated moral norms in the domains of caring and group loyalty. Furthermore, these moral violations are associated with personality dimensions of warmth and competence differently for each character type, such that impressions of heroes are driven by their work in the care domain (i.e., saving or protecting people), whereas for villains, violation of purity norms is most strongly associated with subsequent impression formation processes.  相似文献   

13.
Recently, the margins between gaming and feminism have become increasingly contentious (Salter & Blodgett, 2012 Salter, A., & Blodgett, B. (2012). Hypermasculinity & Dickwolves: The contentious role of women in the new gaming public. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 56, 401–416. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.705199[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar]). This article addresses a cultural moment where masculine gaming culture became aware of and began responding to feminist game scholars by analyzing GamerGate conspiracy documents and social media discussions related to the now infamous “DiGRA fishbowl.” Worries about the opacity of academic practices and a disparaging of feminist knowledge-making practices dominate these documents. By looking at these discussions and practices through the lens of conspiracy theories (Fenster, 2008 Fenster, M. (2008). Conspiracy theories: Secrecy and power in American culture (2nd edition). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar]; Hofstadter, 1952 Hofstadter, R. (1952). The paranoid style in American politics and other essays. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]) and counterknowledge (Fiske, 1994 Fiske, J. (1994). Blackstream knowledge: Genocide. In Media matters: Everyday culture and political change. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. [Google Scholar]) we consider the broader meaning of GamerGate's attention to academia.  相似文献   

14.
Reliability is an important bottleneck for content analysis and similar methods for generating analyzable data. This is because the analysis of complex qualitative phenomena such as texts, social interactions, and media images easily escape physical measurement and call for human coders to describe what they read or observe. Owing to coders inescapable individual differences in background, the data they generate for subsequent analysis are prone to errors not typically found in mechanical measuring devices. However, most agreement measures designed to indicate whether data are sufficiently reliable to warrant subsequent analysis do not differentiate among kinds of disagreement that make data unreliable. This paper distinguishes two kinds of disagreement, systematic disagreement and random disagreement, and suggests measures of them in conjunction with the agreement coefficient α (alpha) (Krippendorff, 2004a Krippendorff, K. 2004a. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology, 2nd, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  [Google Scholar], pp. 211–256). These measures, previously proposed for interval data (Krippendorff, 1970 Krippendorff, K. 1970. Estimating the reliability, systematic error and random error of interval data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30: 61–70. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), are here developed for nominal data. Their importance lies in their ability to not only aid the development of reliable coding instructions but also warn researchers about two kinds of errors they face when using imperfect data.  相似文献   

15.
This article critically reviews scholarship on structural pluralism (Tichenor, Donohue, & Olien, 1973 Tichenor , P. J. , Donohue , G. A. , & Olien , C. N. ( 1973 ). Mass communication research: The evolution of a structural model . Journalism Quarterly , 50 , 419 – 425 .[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 1980 Tichenor , P. J. , Donohue , G. A. , & Olien , C. N. ( 1980 ). Community conflict & the press . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage . [Google Scholar]) in journalism and media studies. Relying partly on a concept explication and theory construction process (McLeod & Pan, 2004 McLeod , J. M. , & Pan , Z. ( 2004 ). Concept explication and theory construction . In S. Dunwoody , L. B. Becker , D. M. McCleod , & G. M. Kosicki (Eds.), The evolution of key mass communication concepts honoring Jack M. McLeod (pp. 13 – 76 ). Cresskill , NJ : Hampton . [Google Scholar]), the article explicates structural pluralism as a multifaceted concept with multiple dimensions and indicators. While reviewing relationships or hypotheses between structural pluralism and various outcomes, the article then discusses and proposes issues and agendas for future studies.  相似文献   

16.
This study presents automated methods for predicting valence and quantifying valenced thoughts of a text. First, it examines whether Wordscores, developed by Laver, Benoit, and Garry (2003 Laver, M., Benoit, K. and Garry, J. 2003. Extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data. The American Political Science Review, 97(2): 311–331. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), can be adapted to reliably predict the valence of open-ended responses in a survey about bioethical issues in genetics research, and then tests a complementary and novel technique for coding the number of valenced thoughts in open-ended responses, termed Affective Intonation. Results show that Wordscores successfully predicts the valence of brief and grammatically imperfect open-ended responses, and Affective Intonation achieves comparable performance to human coders when estimating number of valenced thoughts. Both Wordscores and Affective Intonation have promise as reliable, effective, and efficient methods when researchers content-analyze large amounts of textual data systematically.  相似文献   

17.
Oblinger and Oblinger (2005) described the Net Generation or Net Gen, who have never known life without the Internet. They note the incremental nature of change: “One generation's technology is taken for granted by the next” (p. 2.1). In a world increasingly dominated by technology, the academic library has become a place to learn that is constantly adapting and changing, reflecting “what the student does” (Biggs, 2007 Biggs, J. 2007. Teaching for quality learning at university: what the student does, , 3rd ed, Maidenhead: Open University Press.  [Google Scholar]). Pathfinder funding from the Higher Education Academy has enabled Bournemouth University (BU) to explore the pedagogies of learning in a hybrid environment and consider how Web 2.0 technologies within a virtual learning environment contribute to the acquisition and development of academic literacy skills. Good library design demonstrates agility and adaptability in the use of space (Heppel et al., 2004 Heppel, S., Chapman, C., Millwood, R., Constable, M. and Furness, J. 2004. Building learning futures. A research project at Ultralab within the CABE/RIBA “Building Futures” programme 〈http://rubble.heppell.net/cabe/final_report.pdf〉 (accessed 24 July 2008) [Google Scholar]). Virtual environments enable integration of resources within the unit of study. Subject librarians, academics, and learning technologists are developing new ways of working together to deliver resources. The rate of change is exponential but is full of opportunity (“Libraries Unleashed,” 2008). In 2009 Bournemouth University will open a new library for postgraduate business students without any books, but with each student equipped with an e-book reader. This article will discuss the academic skills and learning spaces students will need to read for a degree in an environment that is predominantly electronic.  相似文献   

18.
This paper is a part of a line of research designed to develop and validate a reliable easy-to-administer self-report indicator of individual differences in motivational activation. Previous research began the process with the development of the Motivational Activation Measure (MAM) (A. Lang, Shin, & Lee, 2005 Lang, A., Shin, M. and Lee, S. 2005. Sensation seeking, motivation, and substance use: A dual system approach. Media Psychology, 7: 1–29. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; A. Lang, Bradley, Sparks, & Lee, 2007 Lang, A., Bradley, S. D., Sparks, J. V. Jr. and Lee, S. 2007. The Motivation Activation Measure (MAM): How well does MAM predict individual differences in physiological indicators of appetitive and aversive activation?. Communication Methods and Measures, 1: 113–136. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). To calculate MAM, participants view and rate 90 emotional images selected from the International Affective Picture System. The ratings from 35 of those 90 pictures are used to calculate MAM. In this paper, two short versions of the MAM measure, called miniMAM, are developed and their validity assessed. In the first version, participants viewed and rated only the 35 pictures used to calculate MAM. In the second version, participants viewed the 35 pictures used to calculate MAM plus three high arousing negative and three moderately arousing positive pictures chosen from the original MAM measure. The second version is found to be a suitable substitute for MAM when time matters. A third experiment assesses the test re-test reliability of the measure. The results show that motivational reactivity remains stable over time within individuals over a several month period and appears to assess a trait not a state level.  相似文献   

19.
Coefficients that assess the reliability of data-making processes, that is, coding text, transcribing interviews, or categorizing observations into analyzable terms, are mostly conceptualized in terms of the agreement a set of coders, observers, judges, or measuring instruments exhibit. When variation is low, reliability coefficients reveal their dependency on an often neglected phenomenon, the amount of information that reliability data provide about the reliability of the coding process or the data it generates. This paper explores the concept of reliability, simple agreement, three conceptions of chance to correct that agreement, and sources of information deficiency, and it develops two measures of information about reliability, akin to the power of a statistical test, intended as a companion to traditional reliability coefficients, especially Krippendorff's (2004 Krippendorff, K. 2004. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology, 2nd, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.  [Google Scholar], pp. 221–250; Hayes & Krippendorff, 2007 Hayes, A. F. and Krippendorff, K. 2007. Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1: 77–89. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) alpha.  相似文献   

20.
This study offers a critical analysis of ways women were represented during the peak of protests associated with the Tunisian civil resistance campaign in North Africa from late 2010 through early 2011 among newspapers, wire services, and blogs—launch of the Arab Spring (or Arab Awakening). Theoretical underpinning includes norm theory (Kahneman &; Tversky, 1982 Kahneman , D. , &; Tversky , A. ( 1982 ). The simulation heuristic . In D. Kahneman , P. Slovic , &; A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases (pp. 201 – 208 ). New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) and gender role congruity theory (Eagly &; Karau, 2002 Eagly , A. H. , &; Karau , S. J. ( 2002 ). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders . Psychological Review , 109 , 573 – 598 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), as well as Gans's (1979 Gans , H. J. ( 1979 ). Deciding what's news . New York , NY : Pantheon . [Google Scholar]) concept of social order as an enduring news value. Enjoined, these frameworks facilitate interrogation of print and visual texts to reveal characterizations of women and how the outcomes may have shaped public opinion on the global stage. Seven themes describe media representations of women among written and photographic reportage: Female Victims, Comparatively Lucky Women, Frivolous Girls, Female Culprits, Invisible Women, Women as Agentic Leaders, and Female Patriotic Citizens. Results underscore how print and wire media consistently clung to traditional female gender stereotypes, representing women as emotional, communal, and nurturing mothers and wives, whereas blog content represented women as fully engaged agentic leaders and citizens.  相似文献   

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