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1.
Gregory Tassey 《Research Policy》2005,34(3):287-303
Technology and the process that produces it, research and development (R&D), are typically characterized as homogeneous entities. In reality, the typical industrial technology is composed of three elements: a generic technology base, supporting infratechnologies, and proprietary market applications (innovations). The first two have public good characteristics, and therefore, explicitly modeling them is essential for public policy purposes. The fundamental relationships among these elements require a technology production function that captures the supporting roles of the public good elements in creating proprietary applied technology. These critical quasi-public technology goods are supplied to a significant extent by exogenous (external) sources: central corporate research labs, government labs, and increasingly, universities. The expanding university role beyond basic research complicates the structure and functioning of the national R&D establishment and increases the need for a more accurate model of technological change to better inform R&D policy.Moreover, in assessing the resulting applied technology's impact on economic growth, both the general and partial equilibrium literatures enter the technology variable into a production function with the common “production” assets (physical capital and labor). Such models obscure an important distinction between technology and these production assets—namely, the fact that technology is primarily a “demand-shifting” asset. As such, its role is correctly specified only when combined with the other major demand-shifting asset, marketing. Allocations to these two assets vary across competing firms implying a spatial model of competition, while still providing traceability to the exogenous sources of public good technology elements, such as universities. 相似文献
2.
政策绩效评价是全面展现科技创新政策实施效果的重要手段。本文以江苏高校“科技改革30条”及配套制度等科技创新政策为研究对象，综合采用AHP-熵值法和K-means聚类分析法，从动态和静态两个角度对江苏五种不同类型高校“科技改革30条”政策绩效进行评价。结果显示，江苏高校“科技改革30条”政策实施取得良好成效，但高校间政策绩效存在较大不均衡性，部属高校和江苏高水平大学重点支持高校政策绩效水平远高于其他类型高校；科研评价和科技成果转化机制仍是江苏高校科技创新政策改革的重点和难点。基于以上研究，从坚持体制机制改革和差异化发展战略两个层面，提出政策优化建议。 相似文献
3.
如何通过制定科学的科技政策提高科研水平是中国高校科技政策制定的重要目标。通过对欧盟研发框架计划缘起、演变的分析及其分阶段计划比较,提出对中国高校科技政策创新的启示及建议：以资金投入为保障,强化在战略优先领域或优势学科中的支撑引领作用;以发展基础研究设施为前提,推动跨学科合作与释放创新人才潜力;以协同创新机制为纽带,提升全球资源配置能力;以科研人员分层激励为前提,加速高层次研究人员的层次晋升;以人员培训与交流为重要措施,培养科研人员的合作创新能力;以科学与社会的融合为重要目标,提高应对社会挑战的能力。以期为高校科技政策创新提供借鉴与范式。 相似文献
4.
Siri Brorstad Borlaug 《普罗米修斯》2013,31(2):139-152
European universities have been increasingly pressured since the late 1990s to make a more visible contribution to economic development. This policy interest has produced an increasing focus on knowledge transfer generally, and more specifically on measures to promote a research culture which values patenting and firm formation. This paper presents results from an interview study of academic faculty views on knowledge transfer and commercialisation at five public universities in Sweden. Our results show that, despite the retention of inventor ownership at Swedish universities, there is a high degree of knowledge transfer of all kinds. The overriding driver of entrepreneurial behaviour among faculty appears to be the low level of direct funding for research in universities. We find that attitudes to firm formation vary from positive to ambivalent, and that faculty from the humanities and social sciences engage in a higher level of entrepreneurial and policy adaptive behaviour than they report. We conclude that faculty at Swedish universities perceive the role of public servant and entrepreneurial academic as conflicting. This perceived conflict may be one reason for reluctance to report instances of commercialisation of research. 相似文献
5.
Ronald Brickman 《Research Policy》1977,6(2):128-151
The role of university research in France is examined in the light of recent science policy shifts and structural changes at both the national and university levels. The efforts of the government to develop a science policy and to make that policy serve social and economic goals have eroded the traditional conception of the individual university scientist autonomously pursuing his own research on funds routinely channeled through the administrative hierarchy. The growth of contractfunding, the proliferation of public sources of financing, the elevation of higher education affairs to ministerial status, the call for universities to devise distinctive research profiles and policies, the shifting, overlapping responsibilities of national agencies and departments, and the general leveling off of public expenditure in R&D -all these are factors contributing to increased tension in the university research community. The interaction of these developments with persistent patterns of behavior and influence of the university scientific community in local and national decision-making has produced a series of contradictions and conflicts in university research policy which recently announced decisions are unlikely to dispel. 相似文献
6.
完善和发展军民科技政策制度建设是推动军民科技协同创新深度发展的基本保障和重要助力。现阶段,国家和地方相关机构在多个领域内出台了军民科技的顶层设计和配套政策,然而政策衔接性不强、系统性不足、时效性不清、配套性政策缺失、政策执行效果弱化等问题普遍存在。基于以2010年1月至2019年12月的67份“国家-省-地市”军民科技政策,利用扎根理论,建立了基于PMC指数模型的军民科技政策评价指标体系。利用PMC指数雷达图、曲面图及CONTOUR图对军民政策进行评价,系统分析了现行军民科技政策体系存在的主要问题。研究从政策体系完善、深化政策更新、完善执行细则、丰富激励措施等4方面提出了政策建议。以期为完善我国军民科技政策内容、优化政策措施、提升政策执行质量提供决策依据。 相似文献
7.
从创新生态系统理论视角分析高校科技育人外部环境、政策支持以及校内科技资源,并将广东省某医科大学作为案例高校。分别设计教师版与学生版高校科技育人现状调查问卷,通过问卷调查分析案例高校教师的科技育人理念认同、教学实践、科技资源教学转化、环境支持相关情况,以及本科生的科研需求、学习方式、环境支持相关情况。研究发现:创新型人才需求变得更为迫切,科技育人政策关注度显著提升,但省级层面予以高校科技育人政策支持的细化程度不足,高校层面推动科技育人的措施不成体系,高校内部科技资源较为丰富但教学转化率低,本科生科研实践程度不足。最后依据创新生态系统理论,从顶层制度设计、整合育人要素、革新组织架构、建设师资队伍4个方面对构建高校科技育人模式提出建议。 相似文献
8.
Public procurement has been at the centre of recent discussions on innovation policy. We embed it into the broader framework of public policies to stimulate innovation: regulations, R&D subsidies and basic research at universities. We synthesize the characteristics of all four instruments conceptionally and quantitatively compare their effects on innovation success for 1100 firms in Germany. We find that public procurement and knowledge spillovers from universities propel innovation success equally. The benefits of university knowledge apply uniformly to all firms. However, public procurement is especially effective for smaller firms in regions under economic stress and in distributive or technological services. 相似文献
9.
高校专利数据可以较好地反映高校科技创新活动的变化。通过对山东省高校的专利数量、专利质量等数据进行调查分析,可以有效地把握高校科技创新活动的本质与规律,为促进山东省高校培养科技创新人才发展提出对策,便于相关部门及时了解高校科技创新动态,为出台扶持高校发展的政策提供科学依据和决策参考,从而进一步促进国家科技创新体系建设。 相似文献
10.
基于对专业知识的强烈需求,公共决策越来越需要熟悉科技发展趋势、懂得科技运行规律的科学家提供专家咨询,科学家和科技智库得以广泛而深入地介入决策过程。在系统梳理国内外关于科学与政治的关系、科学家和科技智库在公共决策中的角色与作用、科学家和科技智库开展决策咨询的制度和程序研究的基础上,提出推动科学家及科技智库有效开展决策咨询工作的建议:保持科学家及科技智库的独立性以提升决策咨询质量,增加科学家及科技智库与公众的互动以提升决策咨询水平,完善科技智库运行管理机制以提升决策咨询能力。 相似文献
11.
中国大学响应“拜杜法案”的特征及逻辑框架 《科学学研究》2021,39(11):2044-2052
高校科技成果转化问题长期困扰着科技与创新领域，新修订的科技成果转化法（中国版“拜杜法案”）下放收益处置权，以激励大学科技成果转化，大学对此如何响应关系到政策的激励效果。通过政策文献计量与访谈调研的质性方法，基于113份中国研究型大学出台的科技成果转化收益处置办法，分析了大学针对中国版“拜杜法案”的政策响应特征；研究结果发现，中国大学出台的科技成果处置收益在内部利益主体分配方案上呈现异质性特征，相比于以“985“、“211”工程为代表的高水平大学，中国的地方性大学对科技成果转化政策的回应更“积极”，科技成果转化意愿更高。进一步，基于中国特色的政策过程理论及大学自组织性理论，尝试提出了中国大学响应科技成果转化激励政策表现的解释框架，一是“自上而下”的顶层设计及组织体系给予的“压力性”回应，二是基于大学的使命定位、自身特征产生的内生性动力，两者合力导致了大学的政策响应特征。激励大学科技成果转化需要充分考虑大学的内在自主性，并关注地方性大学在技术扩散与应用中发挥的作用。 相似文献
12.
《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104646
While technology transfer at universities has received considerable attention in the innovation and entrepreneurship literature, we know much less about technology transfer at national/federal labs and (non-university) public research institutes. In this article and the related special section, we aim to fill this void. We provide a rationale for our special section on technology transfer from national/federal labs and public research institutes, summarize the papers in the special section, highlight research questions, theories, data and methods, key findings and conclusions. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for multi-level research on agents, institutions, and regions to improve our understanding of the managerial and public policy implications of technology transfer from these institutions. 相似文献
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14.
高等学校不但是高级人才的培养基地,而且是国家科技创新体系的重要组成部分。阐述了高校科技创新体系的基本框架,剖析了我国科技创新的资源优势和目前高校科技工作中存在的问题,从而提出了构建高校科技创新体系相关的对策和措施。 相似文献
15.
技术的快速发展及其治理是满足能源、环境和气候变化挑战前提下实现可持续发展的唯一途径,然而技术治理缺乏一个清晰的概念框架。以协同治理为理论基础,基于技术治理问题"结构-过程-关系"研究框架,认为该框架隐含"价值"要素的后置情境,特别在中国背景下,价值后置给技术政策过程实施产生冲击和扭曲。因此,提出"价值-结构-过程-关系"技术协同治理框架与机制,以解释协同治理主体结构间如何调节、塑造治理技术的形式以及多元主体参与治理网络的角色与关系,以期提高技术政策可接受度。研究结果认为技术协同治理框架应包括科技人员、科协、政府、企业、高校、金融部门、中介等社会组织及公众、国外部门八个主体;技术协同治理机制应包括问责机制、参与机制、评价机制、交流机制以及共享机制。研究结果建议技术协同治理框架与机制可以应用、复制类似的政府治理问题,以供例如我国生态环境协同治理、城市化协同治理提供参考与借鉴。 相似文献
16.
利用数据包络分析方法(DEA)对2009—2016年我国不同区域高校科研投入产出绩效进行实证研究,进而采用Tobit模型探究影响区域高校科研投入产出绩效的主要因素。研究结果表明,2009—2016年我国区域高校科研绩效整体水平不高且地区分布差异明显,区域经济发展水平和地区政策环境对科研投入产出绩效没有明显影响,而各地区科研环境、教师职称结构以及区域教育投入力度等因素,对于区域高校科研投入产出绩效具有显著影响。在此基础上,从高校内部科研管理体制以及高校外部经济和政策环境两个层面,提出提升不同区域高校科研投入产出绩效的政策建议。 相似文献
17.
The paper draws upon a national study to analyze two issues relevant to the future effectiveness of the American agricultural technology system: (1) linkages between research and technology transfer activities; and (2) relationships between the public and private sectors. Increased commitments to basic research by the US Department of Agriculture and the state agricultural experiment stations have served to exacerbate existing strains between research and technology transfer functions and units. Both the feasibility and desirability of having USDA's Agricultural Research Service simultaneously seek to strengthen its basic research capabilities and its commitment to technology transfer have been questioned. Within the landgrant universities, multiple pressures have served to attenuate traditional ties among agricultural researchers, extension specialists, and county extension agents.Private sector activity in agricultural research and the provision of technical information has increased following the expansion in the domains of knowledge over which firms can establish property rights and the concentration of production in a smaller number of economic units. Adjustments in the activities of the public sector in response to these changes can be seen. Still, the optimal mix of public-private sector activities in both research and technology transfer has yet to be fully analyzed. Current analyses (and public policy) are excessively constrained by the “property rights” approach to technological change. 相似文献
18.
【目的/意义】高校网络舆论场是矛盾风险放大器,也是意识形态交锋最前沿。深入探究5G智媒时代高校网络舆论传播的生态变化、主要挑战和应对策略,对高校、社会和国家均具有重要意义。【方法/过程】综合分析技术迭代背景下高校网络舆论场新变,结合现实观察与理论分析归纳演绎风险应对的四大挑战,从联动治理体系和核心管控策略两个层面提出科学精准的对应机制。【结果/结论】传播环境的多样性与跨屏化,传播工具的智能化与即时性,传播内容的情绪化与碎片性,“网生代”的先锋性与管理部门的滞后性,是5G智媒时代高校网络舆论管控的主要挑战。高校要革新观念与机制,重塑联动管理团队,从政治引领、工具使用、内容管理、时空规律四个维度优化管控举措,强化人机结合智能监测管控。【创新/局限】紧跟技术前沿分析5G智媒时代高校网络舆论特点,提出了针对性、可操作的应对方法。研究偏重于趋势研判和策略研究,具体落地举措和应用成效还需在实践中加以完善和验证。 相似文献
19.
近年来我国雾霾污染天气频发,大气污染越来越严重,因此支持雾霾防治类中小企业的技术创新工作势在必行,但这类企业面临自身规模不大,资金投入有限,融资渠道单一,专业技术人才缺乏等多种条件限制,其技术创新工作亟需相关政策的大力支持。文章把我国支持雾霾防治类中小企业技术创新政策体系分为财政、税收、金融、技术、人才和公共服务几个部分;探讨了支持雾霾防治类中小企业技术创新政策的积极作用;分析了目前我国支持雾霾防治类中小企业技术创新政策存在财政支持不足,税收政策不完善,金融扶持政策缺乏针对性,技术政策落实不到位,人才激励政策存在缺陷,国际合作技术创新政策缺位等问题,并针对这些问题给出了相应的解决方案。 相似文献
20.
Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Bhaven N. Sampat 《Research Policy》2006,35(6):772-789
The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public - and what private - lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research. 相似文献