共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Donald Siegel 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):128-131
The purpose of this study was to determine how the manipulation of movement duration affects components of fractionated reaction time and presumably motor programming. Twelve subjects, in a simple reaction time paradigm, responded to an auditory signal by executing an elbow flexion movement in the sagittal plane through a range of motion of 100° in 150, 300, 600 and 1200 ms. Results indicated no changes in motor time but small increments in premotor and reaction time through the 600 ms condition. At 1200 ms, reaction time increased faster than premotor time, and this appeared to be predominantly a consequence of an increment in motor time. These data were interpreted to be supportive of the notion that movement duration is related to response complexity and the time required for motor programming. 相似文献
2.
Abstract It is well documented that simple reaction time (RT) varies inversely with stimulus intensity, but there is disagreement as to which stimulus modality produces the fastest simple RT. An investigation was conducted to equate two stimulus modalities, auditory (A) and electrocutaneous (EC), using varying stimulus intensities in a simple RT protocol. A second investigation was then conducted to examine neuromotor characteristics of stimulus-evoked responses using previously equated A and EC stimuli of varying intensity from the first investigation. Results showed that RT, premotor time (PMT), and motor time (MT) were all inversely related to stimulus intensity, while maximum displacement (MAXD) was directly related to stimulus intensity, and movement time was not affected by stimulus intensity. We conclude that: (a) both central and peripheral components of RT are altered by varying stimulus intensities, and (b) rapid movements are enhanced by increasing stimulus intensity. 相似文献
3.
Abstract Two experiments were conducted to identify the response elements responsible for the complexity effect found by Henry and Rogers (1960). An attempt was made to determine if these elements were affecting the premotor time component of simple reaction time (SRT). If they were, a strong case could be made for the argument that neuromotor programming time was affected because premotor time is a more exact estimate of it than SRT. The results revealed that premotor time was unaffected by a forward change in movement direction, but increased as the number of movement parts increased from one to two and as the demand for movement accuracy increased. Thus, increasing the (1) number of parts and (2) accuracy demands were identified as elements of response complexity which increase programming time and support Henry and Rogers (1960) hypothesis that the time to initiate a response becomes longer as the programming process become more complex. 相似文献
4.
Preparation and control of rapid, multisegmented responses in simple and choice environments 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Research investigating the preparation and control of rapid, multisegmented responses typically has assumed complete programming of the response occurring prior to movement initiation and has made use of a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. A notable exception is Rosenbaum's work which proposed the Hierarchical Editor (HED) model that is specifically directed toward the control of movements in the choice environment. The purposes of this study were to investigate the assumption of complete programming prior to movement initiation and to compare predictions of the HED model with other programming models. Three experiments are reported in which subjects were required to tap either one, two, or three plates as rapidly as possible in either a simple or choice RT situation. The results were very consistent in these experiments even with several modifications in apparatus and methodology. Of particular interest were effects of movement complexity on RT and movement time (MT) for the first and second segments of the movement (M1 and M2). Choice RT (CRT) results consistently showed no increases in RT as the number of movement segments increased but showed significant increases in M1. For simple RT situations, however, there were small but consistent increases in RT as well as increases in M1 with increases in the number of movement parts. For both CRT and SRT results, small but nonsignificant increases were noted for M2. These results provide evidence for incomplete programming prior to response initiation. Although the SRT data can be accommodated by Henry's theory, the HED model appears to offer the best overall fit for the results. 相似文献
5.
Although a generally positive effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance has been demonstrated, the specific nature of the relationship between exercise-induced arousal and cognitive performance remains unclear. This study was designed to identify the relationship between exercise-induced arousal and cognitive performance for the central and peripheral components of a response time task at two different levels of task difficulty. Sixteen male participants performed both simple and choice response time tasks at eight different arousal levels (from 20% to 90% heart rate reserve). Performance on the simple and choice response time tasks was examined after fractionating the response time into its central component, premotor time, and peripheral components, motor, and movement time. A priori trend analysis was used to test both linear and quadratic relationships. Results indicated that exercise-induced arousal has a positive influence on the peripheral components of response time tasks; however, it has a limited impact on the central components of these tasks. 相似文献
6.
Abstract This study evaluated the effects of a three-year exercise program on motor performance and cognitive processing speed of previously sedentary older women, ages 57–85. Variables tested were simple and choice reaction time (CRT), balance, sit and reach flexibility, shoulder flexibility, and grip strength. Subjects participated three times a week in exercise performance classes designed to meet American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. Results indicate that performance was significantly improved on all measures during the course of the study (p < .01) except for the sit and reach test (SRT), where significance was approached (p < .027), but not reached. A comparison of the exercise subjects with a comparable group of nonexercising control subjects revealed significant interactions between treatment and time on all variables except CRT and grip strength. Pretest to posttest scores of the exercise subjects tended to improve over the three-year period, whereas the scores of the control subjects declined. Improved reaction time indicated exercise is effective in reversing or at least slowing certain age-related declines in motor performance and in speed of cognitive processing. 相似文献
7.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare reaction time (RT) and fractionated RT components (premotor and motor times) between normal and postcontraction conditions. Twelve participants performed 20 trials each of control and postcontraction RT conditions. For the control condition, participants executed a learned, rapid, knee-extension contraction response to an auditory stimulus. The postcontraction condition was identical to the control condition except that the participants performed a 3-s isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles prior to an auditory stimulus. Muscle activity was recorded from the quadriceps muscle group. Results indicated that the postcontraction condition was significantly faster than the control condition for the average RT, premotor time, and motor time. It was concluded that reaction time, processing time, and muscle contraction time for a learned task could be significantly reduced following an isometric contraction. 相似文献
8.
Abstract The present study sought to determine whether individuals could be trained to attenuate the visual dominance effect by selecting a proprioceptive stimulus for attention. Using a reaction time (RT) task, subjects received either: (a) visual (V), (b) proprioceptive (P), or (c) combined V and P (VP) stimuli during the first four days. Each subject was then tested under all three stimuli conditions. Results showed that reaction time to the P cue was always faster than that to V or combined VP stimuli. The order in which subjects were tested under each stimulus modality significantly affected the results such that those subjects who received initial exposure to the V stimulus produced the slowest premotor time scores but the fastest motor time scores. These results suggest that the nature of the stimulus which initiates the volitional task can affect both the central processing requirements to initiate the response, and the qualitative manner in which the motor command is executed. 相似文献
9.
《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):364-371
Abstract The aim of the present work is to examine the differences between two groups of fencers with different levels of competition, elite and medium level. The timing parameters of the response reaction have been compared together with the kinetic variables which determine the sequence of segmented participation used during the lunge with a change in target during movement. A total of 30 male sword fencers participated, 13 elite and 17 medium level. Two force platforms recorded the horizontal component of the force and the start of the movement. One system filmed the movement in 3D, recording the spatial positions of 11 markers, while another system projected a mobile target over a screen. For synchronisation, an electronic signal enabled all the systems to be started simultaneously. Among the timing parameters of the reaction response, the choice reaction time (CRT) to the target change during the lunge was measured. The results revealed differences between the groups regarding the flight time, horizontal velocity at the end of the acceleration phase, and the length of the lunge, these being higher for the elite group, as well as other variables related to the temporal sequence of movement. No significant differences have been found in the simple reaction time or in CRT. According to the literature, the CRT appears to improve with sports practice, although this factor did not differentiate the elite from medium-level fencers. The coordination of fencing movements, that is, the right technique, constitutes a factor that differentiates elite fencers from medium-level ones. 相似文献
10.
The purpose of this study was to compare reaction time (RT) and fractionated RT components (premotor and motor times) between normal and postcontraction conditions. Twelve participants performed 20 trials each of control and postcontraction RT conditions. For the control condition, participants executed a learned, rapid, knee-extension contraction response to an auditory stimulus. The postcontraction condition was identical to the control condition except that the participants performed a 3-s isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscles prior to an auditory stimulus. Muscle activity was recorded from the quadriceps muscle group. Results indicated that the postcontraction condition was significantly faster than the control condition for the average RT, premotor time, and motor time. It was concluded that reaction time, processing time, and muscle contraction time for a learned task could be significantly reduced following an isometric contraction. 相似文献
11.
Marcos Gutiérrez-Dávila Matteo Caletti Raquel Antonio Enrique Navarro 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(10):1100-1107
Abstract The aim of this study was to test the effect that changing targets during a simple long lunge attack in fencing exerts on the temporal parameters of the reaction response, the execution speed, and the precision and the coordination of the movement pattern. Thirty fencers with more than 10 years of experience participated in this study. Two force platforms were used to record the horizontal components of the reaction forces and thereby to determine the beginning of the movement. A three-dimensional (3D) system recorded the spatial positions of the 9 markers situated on the fencer plus the epee, while a moving target was projected on a screen, enabling the control of the target change. The results indicated that when a target change is provoked the reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), and the time used in the acceleration phase of the centre of mass (CM) increases significantly with respect to the attack executed with a straight thrust. The speed and horizontal distance reached by the CM at the end of the acceleration phase (VX(CM) and SX(CM), respectively) significantly decreased, while the errors increased. However, the temporal sequence of the movement pattern did not appreciably change. 相似文献
12.
Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine if two levels of task similarity influenced acquisition, retention, and transfer performance of three simple motor skills. Sixty right-handed subjects were randomly assigned to one of five (n = 12) experimental conditions. Each subject performed 72 trials during acquisition. Twenty-four trials were recorded for each movement task. Following a 5-min unfilled retention interval, subjects performed 4 trials on each task before completing 12 transfer trials of a novel movement. Contextual interference effects for acquisition and retention were supported for low but not high similarity tasks. Further, the results suggest that a different memory representation exists for high and low similarity tasks. 相似文献
13.
Mary Lou Norrie 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):457-467
Abstract The effect of practice on individual differences and intra-individual variability in reaction and movement times were studied for simple and complex, discrete, motor tasks. Changes with practice for intertrial correlations of adjacent trials and the effects of an increasing number of interpolated trials on intertrial correlations were also observed. For both tasks and for both reaction and movement times, the intra-individual variability decreased with practice. The true score variability for reaction time on both tasks and for movement time on the simple task shows little change with practice. On the complex task, true score variability for movement time decreases with practice. For movement time, adjacent trial correlations increase during the early practice trials then remain stable. For reaction time adjacent trial correlations increase throughout practice. Remoteness effects on intertrial correlations were found for both movement and reaction times for both tasks. 相似文献
14.
Effects of a three-year exercise program on motor function and cognitive processing speed in older women 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
This study evaluated the effects of a three-year exercise program on motor performance and cognitive processing speed of previously sedentary older women, ages 57-85. Variables tested were simple and choice reaction time (CRT), balance, sit and reach flexibility, shoulder flexibility, and grip strength. Subjects participated three times a week in exercise performance classes designed to meet American College of Sports Medicine guidelines. Results indicate that performance was significantly improved on all measures during the course of the study (p less than .01) except for the sit and reach test (SRT), where significance was approached (p less than .027), but not reached. A comparison of the exercise subjects with a comparable group of nonexercising control subjects revealed significant interactions between treatment and time on all variables except CRT and grip strength. Pretest to posttest scores of the exercise subjects tended to improve over the three-year period, whereas the scores of the control subjects declined. Improved reaction time indicated exercise is effective in reversing or at least slowing ceratin age-related declines in motor performance and in speed of cognitive processing. 相似文献
15.
Ronald G. Marteniuk 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(4):1025-1031
Abstract Forty-six subjects were each tested on a ball-snatch task at five different preliminary tension levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 pounds). It was hypothesized that motor performance would follow an inverted U-curve trend with increases in muscular tension. Reaction time followed the hypothesized trend; 15 pounds of tension produced the fastest response. Movement time, however, was not facilitated; instead there was a linear trend toward slower speed with increasing tension. 相似文献
16.
Karyn R. Nelson Jerry R. Thomas Jack K. Nelson 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(1):105-108
Abstract Twenty-four male subjects were used to study effects upon successive hand reaction times when the interval between paired visual stimuli was manipulated over the range 50 to 1,000 mseconds. Subjects were divided into fast and slow groups on the basis of well-practiced simple reaction time measures. Results indicated that both simple reaction time and initial paired response reaction time were unrelated to delays in the second response due to the psychological refractory period. It was suggested that a serious reappraisal of the single channel response system theory merits consideration and that ability to execute fast, consecutive paired responses may represent a new component in motor skills. 相似文献
17.
Franklin M. Henry 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):459-468
Abstract College men and women were tested as to reaction time and speed of an arm movement using both motor-oriented and stimulus-oriented set. The results confirmed a hypothesis based on neuromotor coordination theory that predicted slower movement and greater reaction latency when the motor set was used. However, the 20 percent of subjects who had a natural motor set tendency moved faster with an enforced motor set than with an enforced sensory set. The conditions of enforced set caused a moderate positive correlation between reaction and movement times. Women subjects reacted and moved slower than men, but were similarly influenced by the two enforced set conditions. Their natural set tendency was definitely stimulus-oriented, while men tended to have a neutral orientation. 相似文献
18.
Carlton R. Meyers William Zimmerli S. David Farr Norbert A. Baschnagel 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(2):332-337
Abstract This study was concerned with the effect of bench-stepping in the Harvard Step Test upon finger and foot reaction time and, secondarily, with ascertaining the relationship, if any, between these reaction times and scores on the Harvard Step Test. The subjects were university freshman males. Reaction times were taken before, immediately after, and four minutes after the stepping exercise for 80 subjects. Thirty-six subjects served as controls, involving the reaction times and pulse counts at the prescribed intervals but without exercise. The findings failed to divulge any discernible effect of stepping exercise upon reaction time, or any apparent relationship between reaction time and the sum of the recovery pulse counts following the exercise. In view of these findings it is suggested that study be directed to two related aspects — the effect of exercise to exhaustion on reaction time, and the effect of strenuous and exhaustive exercise upon speed of movement. 相似文献
19.
Kathleen H. Miles Bradley Clark Julien D. Périard Roland Goecke Kevin G. Thompson 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(8):934-941
The primary aim of this study was to determine whether facial feature tracking reliably measures changes in facial movement across varying exercise intensities. Fifteen cyclists completed three, incremental intensity, cycling trials to exhaustion while their faces were recorded with video cameras. Facial feature tracking was found to be a moderately reliable measure of facial movement during incremental intensity cycling (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.65–0.68). Facial movement (whole face (WF), upper face (UF), lower face (LF) and head movement (HM)) increased with exercise intensity, from lactate threshold one (LT1) until attainment of maximal aerobic power (MAP) (WF 3464 ± 3364mm, P < 0.005; UF 1961 ± 1779mm, P = 0.002; LF 1608 ± 1404mm, P = 0.002; HM 849 ± 642mm, P < 0.001). UF movement was greater than LF movement at all exercise intensities (UF minus LF at: LT1, 1048 ± 383mm; LT2, 1208 ± 611mm; MAP, 1401 ± 712mm; P < 0.001). Significant medium to large non-linear relationships were found between facial movement and power output (r2 = 0.24–0.31), HR (r2 = 0.26–0.33), [La?] (r2 = 0.33–0.44) and RPE (r2 = 0.38–0.45). The findings demonstrate the potential utility of facial feature tracking as a non-invasive, psychophysiological measure to potentially assess exercise intensity. 相似文献
20.
This paper describes an experiment which examined the effects of anxiety on choice reaction time and movement time. A balanced repeated measures design was adopted in which eight female subjects performed a six‐choice visual reaction task in ‘no anxiety’ and ‘anxiety’ conditions. The anxiety condition required subjects to jump from a balcony 15 feet (4.57 m) into a foam‐filled pit below. Subjects in the anxiety condition demonstrated significantly higher levels of cognitive anxiety and longer reaction times than those in the no anxiety condition. The analysis of the reaction time data also revealed a significant interaction between anxiety and block. No significant effects emerged in the case of movement time. 相似文献