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1.
Observational measures of instructional quality are used in both research and evaluation contexts. In European school evaluation systems, one main intended use of classroom observation results is to inform schools' instructional improvement efforts. This study examined the quality of such diagnostic information in the context of a school evaluation system in Germany. The factor analytic results indicate that the empirical structure of the observation instrument lacks correspondence with its original normative model but does mirror a five-factor model based on recent literature, including classroom management, two different aspects of student orientation, cognitive activation, and classroom assessment. The generalizability analyses show that both indicators and observers represent important sources of measurement error. Additionally, their magnitude is larger for shorter observations (lesson segments). At least two, sometimes three, observers and between five and ten indicators per dimension are needed to achieve sufficiently reliable results, but results importantly depend on which dimension of instructional quality is being assessed. 相似文献
2.
Carollee Howes Allison Sidle Fuligni Sandra Soliday Hong Yiching D. Huang Sandraluz Lara-Cinisomo 《Early education and development》2013,24(3):273-291
Research Findings: The purpose of this article is to examine how dimensions of the preschool instructional context predict child–teacher relationship quality. A total of 118 low-income, predominantly Latino/a children and their teachers participated in this study. Children were observed in their 1st preschool classroom. Measures of instructional context included the classroom instructional climate and teacher instructional strategies with individual children. Measures of child–teacher relationships included both observed and teacher-perceived child–teacher relationship quality. Our findings suggest that aspects of classroom instructional context do influence child–teacher relationships. Children are more likely to have secure, positive relationships with teachers who are more skilled at setting up appropriate classroom environments and giving children high-quality feedback to stretch their emerging knowledge and skills. Practice or Policy: These data provide preliminary support for the notion that high-quality early education can and should develop children's academic skills in a context that is deeply rooted in positive and supportive social interactions. 相似文献
3.
The current study leveraged a professional development programme for engineering faculty at a large research university to examine the impact of instructional improvement on student engagement. Professors who participated in the professional development were observed three times and rated using an existing observation protocol. Students in courses with instructors who participated and did not participate in the professional development were surveyed about their classroom engagement. The responses were used to conduct quasi-experimental comparisons. Results indicated that students in courses with professors who participated in the professional development self-reported 3% more behavioural and 2% more cognitive engagement than students with professors who did not participate. Within professional development group, follow-up comparisons showed that students in courses with the highest rated instructors self-reported 7% more cognitive engagement than students with lower ranked professors. Thematic coding of the qualitative data suggests that the highest rated instructors may have achieved these gains through the use of three domain general instructional strategies: activating prior knowledge, facilitating classroom interaction and promoting reflection. Findings are contextualised within extant literature reporting similar effect sizes, and implications for future engagement research from a classroom systems perspective are discussed. 相似文献
4.
It is argued that fundamental changes in instructional planning, design, and implementation are required to make schools more responsive to the needs of individual learners. It is suggested that the desired changes are possible through the use of processes growing out of a four-stage teaching model operating on the total instructional climate of schools. The resulting instructional systems would make use of multidisciplinary teams of instructional agents drawing on and contributing to a growing scientific and technological base for instructional practice, and would lead to the development of a new field called instructional technology. Suggestions are outlines for changes in the roles of teachers, psychologists, and guidance personnel, as well as for the kind of technological support required for such instructional systems.
OISE 相似文献
Résumé Les auteurs soutiennent que des changements fondamentaux concernant instructionnellement la planification, les modèles, et la mise en oeuvre sont essentiels pour que les écoles répondent mieux aux besoins de chaque individu. En employant un modèle de l'enseignement qui a quatre phases et qui embrasse le milieu total de l'école, on pourra effectuer les changements desirés. Les systèmes d'instruction qui en résulteraient emploieraient des équipes multidisciplinaires d'agents instructionnels qui contribueraient à une base scientifique et technologique croissante pour la pratique instructionnelle. Une nouvelle matière-la technologie instructionnelle-en résultera. Les auteurs suggèrent des changements dans le rôle des professeurs, des psychologues, et des conseillers pédagogiques, aussi bien que dans le genre de soutien technologique sur lequel ces systèmes instructionnels dépendent.
OISE 相似文献
5.
With growing interest in the role of teachers as the key mediators between educational policies and outcomes, the importance of developing good measures of classroom processes has become increasingly apparent. Yet, collecting reliable and valid information about a construct as complex as instruction poses important conceptual and technical challenges. This article summarizes the results of two studies that investigated the properties of measures of instruction based on a teacher‐generated instrument (the Scoop Notebook) that combines features of portfolios and self‐report. Classroom artifacts and teacher reflections were collected from samples of middle school science classrooms and rated along 10 dimensions of science instruction derived from the National Science Education Standards; ratings based on direct classroom observations were used as comparison. The results suggest that instruments that combine artifacts and self‐reports hold promise for measuring science instruction with reliability similar to, and sizeable correlations with, measures based on classroom observation. We discuss the implications and lessons learned from this work for the conceptualization, design, and use of artifact‐based instruments for measuring instructional practice in different contexts and for different purposes. Artifact‐based instruments may illuminate features of instruction not apparent even through direct classroom observation; moreover, the process of structured collection and reflection on artifacts may have value for professional development. However, their potential value and applicability on a larger scale depends on careful consideration of the match between the instrument and the model of instruction, the intended uses of the measures, and the aspects of classroom practice most amenable to reliable scoring through artifacts. We outline a research agenda for addressing unresolved questions and advancing theoretical and practical knowledge around the measurement of instructional practice. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 38–67, 2012 相似文献
6.
This article describes the inter‐relationship between school organization and classroom instructional style. Two distinct models of school organization, the bureaucratic and open‐systems models, are characterized in terms of three major dimensions of school life; a. the behavior of administrators, teachers and students, b. work design and tasks, and c. space‐time allocations. It is shown that the bureaucratic model of school organization parallels, and sustains, the traditional whole‐class method of teaching in all of the three dimensions. An open‐systems model of staff organization at the school level is required to sustain an alternative form of classroom instruction such as cooperative learning. The approach presented here emphasizes the inter‐relatedness of all three dimensions of schooling at the organizational and classroom levels. It also claims that the implementation of genuine instructional change, that entails new patterns of interpersonal relations in the classroom, is contingent upon similar changes being made at the level of the school as an organization. Lack of attention to school organizational change may explain why efforts at changing instruction at the classroom level frequently fail to yield results. 相似文献
7.
教学本位的坚守、教师角色的认同、教学与科研的共融,迫切要求青年教师提升教学能力。实践性培训项目匮乏是当前教学能力培训质量难以提升的原因之一。问题意识凸显、模拟情景构建、适度评价设置,阐释了教学培训范式的逻辑理路。高校应着眼于体验式学习理论视角,以打造具体体验的课程为主,以教学观摩、教学研讨、教学诊断、教学准入、课堂实践为实践培训五维度,重塑实践与理论和谐有度的培训范式。 相似文献
8.
Barry J. Fraser 《Research in Science Education》1976,6(1):109-120
Summary and conclusion The present study has reported the use of a set of nine classroom climate dimensions both as predictor and criterion variables
in research related to ASEP. When the climate dimensions were employed as independent variables, it was found that the climate
variables contributed an appreciable amount to the variance explained in various learning outcomes over and above that explained
by instructional and aptitudinal variables alone. When the climate measures were employed as dependent variables, it was found
that ASEP and control pupuls had significantly different perceptions of their classrooms along a number of the classroom dimensions. 相似文献
9.
Jamie N. Mikeska Tamara Shattuck Steven Holtzman Daniel F. McCaffrey Nancy Duchesneau Yi Qi 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(18):2594-2623
ABSTRACTIn order to create conditions for students’ meaningful and rigorous intellectual engagement in science classrooms, it is critically important to help science teachers learn which strategies and approaches can be used best to develop students’ scientific literacy. Better understanding how science teachers’ instructional practices relate to student achievement can provide teachers with beneficial information about how to best engage their students in meaningful science learning. To address this need, this study examined the instructional practices that 99 secondary biology teachers used in their classrooms and employed regression to determine which instructional practices are predictive of students’ science achievement. Results revealed that the secondary science teachers who had well-managed classroom environments and who provided opportunities for their students to engage in student-directed investigation-related experiences were more likely to have increased student outcomes, as determined by teachers’ value-added measures. These findings suggest that attending to both generic and subject-specific aspects of science teachers’ instructional practice is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms that result in more effective science instruction in secondary classrooms. Implications about the use of these observational measures within teacher evaluation systems are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Nathan Stoller Gerald S. Lesser Philip I. Freedman 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1964,12(2):177-197
Summary This study tested the hypothesis that different techniques of classroom observation result in different degrees of learning
by teachers-in-training. Specifically, it was predicted that kinescope recordings (prepared in advance) provide a more effective
medium of observation than closed-circuit television and that TV observation is in turn more effective than the traditional
procedure of direct observation in the classroom. The logical theoretical basis for this hypothesis and the special conditions
of experimentation used in this study were elaborated.
Measures of two dependent variables were used to test this hypothesis. One measure of the students’ response to these observational
techniques, an objective multiple-choice measure of information about methods of teaching, failed to confirm the hypothesis,
but did show systematic variation with several other experimental variables. The other measure, an essay examination assessing
ability to evaluate an observed classroom lesson critically, revealed strong confirmation of the hypothesis.
Several other results emerged. One significant finding indicated that when used by certain instructors, the differential effect
of the observational condition can outweigh the very great importance of general scholastic ability as a correlate of gain
in learning. Interpretations of these data were made to clarify the role of classroom observation in the teacher training
process.
This research was supported by a grant from the Educational Media Branch of the U.S. Office of Education. 相似文献
11.
Al-Abdali Nasser S. Al-Balushi Sulaiman M. 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2015,14(2):251-268
This classroom observation study explored how science teachers (N = 22) teach for creativity in grades 5–10 in Oman. We designed an observation form with 4 main categories that targeted the instructional practices related to teaching for creativity: questioning strategy, teacher’s responses to students’ ideas, classroom activities to support creativity, and whole-lesson methods that foster creativity. An open-ended survey was also designed to explore participants’ justifications for their instructional decisions and practices. The findings indicate that the overall level of teaching for creativity was low and that participants’ performance was the highest for teacher’s responses to students’ ideas category and the lowest for classroom activities to support creativity category. We observed that a teacher-centered approach with instructional practices geared toward preparing students for examinations was dominant and that these science teachers were bound to the textbook, following cookbook-style activities. Participants believed that they did not have enough time to cover the content and teach for creativity and that they were not prepared to teach for creativity. Based on these findings, we recommend that programs be developed to prepare science teachers to teach for creativity.
相似文献12.
Cynthia S. Puranik Stephanie Al Otaiba Jessica Folsom Sidler Luana Greulich 《Reading and writing》2014,27(2):213-236
The objective of this exploratory investigation was to examine the nature of writing instruction in kindergarten classrooms and to describe student writing outcomes at the end of the school year. Participants for this study included 21 teachers and 238 kindergarten children from nine schools. Classroom teachers were videotaped once each in the fall and winter during the 90 min instructional block for reading and language arts to examine time allocation and the types of writing instructional practices taking place in the kindergarten classrooms. Classroom observation of writing was divided into student-practice variables (activities in which students were observed practicing writing or writing independently) and teacher-instruction variables (activities in which the teacher was observed providing direct writing instruction). In addition, participants completed handwriting fluency, spelling, and writing tasks. Large variability was observed in the amount of writing instruction occurring in the classroom, the amount of time kindergarten teachers spent on writing and in the amount of time students spent writing. Marked variability was also observed in classroom practices both within and across schools and this fact was reflected in the large variability noted in kindergartners’ writing performance. 相似文献
13.
Benjamin Piper Joseph Destefano Esther M. Kinyanjui Salome Ong’ele 《Journal of Educational Change》2018,19(3):293-321
Many successful piloted programs fail when scaled up to a national level. In Kenya, which has a long history of particularly ineffective implementation after successful pilot programs, the Tusome national literacy program—which receives funding from the United States Agency for International Development—is a national-level scale-up of previous literacy and numeracy programs. We applied a scaling framework (Crouch and DeStefano in Doing reform differently: combining rigor and practicality in implementation and evaluation of system reforms. International development group working paper no. 2017-01, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2017. https://www.rti.org/publication/doing-reform-differently-combining-rigor-and-practicality-implementation-and-evaluation) to examine whether Tusome’s implementation was rolled out in ways that would enable government structures and officers to respond effectively to the new program. We found that Tusome was able to clarify expectations for implementation and outcomes nationally using benchmarks for Kiswahili and English learning outcomes, and that these expectations were communicated all the way down to the school level. We noted that the essential program inputs were provided fairly consistently, across the nation. In addition, our analyses showed that Kenya developed functional, if simple, accountability and feedback mechanisms to track performance against benchmark expectations. We also established that the Tusome feedback data were utilized to encourage greater levels of instructional support within Kenya’s county level structures for education quality support. The results indicated that several of the key elements for successful scale-up were therefore put in place. However, we also discovered that Tusome failed to fully exploit the available classroom observational data to better target instructional support. In the context of this scaling framework, the Tusome literacy program’s external evaluation results showed program impacts of 0.6–1.0 standard deviations on English and Kiswahili learning outcomes. The program implemented a functional classroom observational feedback system through existing government systems, although usage of those systems varied widely across Kenya. Classroom visits, even if still falling short of the desired rate, were far more frequent, were focused on instructional quality, and included basic feedback and advice to teachers. These findings are promising with respect to the ability of countries facing quality problems to implement a coherent instructional reform through government systems at scale. 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACTUsing data from multiple evaluation instruments to evaluate university teachers’ teaching quality has been popular in practice; however, the inconsistency of these evaluation results has not received sufficient attention. This study intended to fill the gap by investigating the main reasons for the discrepancy in teaching performance that resulted from student evaluation surveys and classroom observations of two administrators from the English department in one of the largest universities in Vietnam. Student evaluation surveys (n = 604) suggested that teachers performed better in activities that focused on instructional techniques than when promoting classroom interaction and student engagement. Structural equation models further showed that activities that engaged them in learning and promoted classroom interaction had a strong positive effect on their overall satisfaction with their teachers’ performances. However, interviews with administrators from the department revealed the conflicting finding that they felt that teachers whose teaching performance was less satisfactory should focus primarily on instructional techniques. 相似文献
15.
16.
《学校用计算机》2013,30(3-4):147-160
Summary The current shift to mediated and WWW-based teaching and learning requires both teachers and learners to adapt established classroom practice to the new online environment. Many of the electronic systems currently on offer fail to support the complexity of interaction necessary to facilitate deep learning. This paper identifies the instructional strategies or “micro-genres” that form the essence of successful classroom teaching, and describes an online system, WebTeach(tm), that attempts to provide structured teacher-learner interactions that build on the familiar activities and strategies of the classroom. Through access to these “micro-genres” in an online classroom, both teacher and learner can reduce the cognitive demands of learning new processes while focusing on strategies for deep learning related to the content of the course. 相似文献
17.
18.
This paper considers various approaches to classroom observation that combine generic and mathematics content-specific dimensions of instructional quality. Using results from previous research in which three research teams each analysed the same three mathematics lessons (from fourth-grade mathematics classrooms in the USA) using different frameworks, we compare features of the frameworks and assess the extent to which these lead to convergent, divergent or complementary assessments of instructional quality. These findings inform reflections on how a synthesis of existing conceptualisations of instructional quality captures shared aspects of different frameworks but may be differentially useful than individual frameworks depending upon the purposes of observations. Specifically, single frameworks may be particularly useful within specific contexts and for professional development and accountability, but a synthesis of frameworks can foster more coherent cross-cultural understandings of instructional quality. We argue that establishing international networks of scholars can facilitate collaborations aiming to investigate and understand instructional quality. 相似文献
19.
Recent investigations into the education production function have moved beyond traditional teacher inputs, such as education, certification, and salary, focusing instead on observational measures of teaching practice. However, challenges to identification mean that this work has yet to coalesce around specific instructional dimensions that increase student achievement. I build on this discussion by exploiting within-school, between-grade, and cross-cohort variation in scores from two observation instruments; further, I condition on a uniquely rich set of teacher characteristics, practices, and skills. Findings indicate that inquiry-oriented instruction positively predicts student achievement. Content errors and imprecisions are negatively related, though these estimates are sensitive to the set of covariates included in the model. Two other dimensions of instruction, classroom emotional support and classroom organization, are not related to this outcome. Findings can inform recruitment and development efforts aimed at improving the quality of the teacher workforce. 相似文献
20.
The relative efficiency of several observational sampling plans for assessing classroom behavior in an individualized classroom was investigated. A criterion measure was obtained by cumulating all of the recorded activity measurements on a class of thirty-three pupils over twenty class periods. Various designs were built through sampling the “pool” of activity measurements on the following dimensions: 1.) the length of the observation period; 2.) the time interval between recordings; 3.) the number of days (replications) of observing; and, 4.) the number of pupils observed each day. The combinations or designs that evolved from manipulating these four variables were then compared to the criterion measure, thus permitting an examination of the relative offerings of the different sampling plans. 相似文献