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Yanhua Qu Chunhai Chen Ying Xiong Huishang She Yong E Zhang Yalin Cheng Shane DuBay Dongming Li Per G P Ericson Yan Hao Hongyuan Wang Hongfeng Zhao Gang Song Hailin Zhang Ting Yang Chi Zhang Liping Liang Tianyu Wu Jinyang Zhao Qiang Gao Weiwei Zhai Fumin Lei 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(1):113
Known as the ‘third polar region’, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment. 相似文献
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The article analyzes user–IR system interaction from the broad, socio-cognitive perspective of lessons we can learn about human brain evolution when we compare the Neanderthal brain to the human brain before and after a small human brain mutation is hypothesized to have occurred 35,000–75,000 years ago. The enhanced working memory mutation enabled modern humans (i) to decode unfamiliar environmental stimuli with greater focusing power on adaptive solutions to environmental changes and problems, and (ii) to encode environmental stimuli in more efficient, generative knowledge structures. A sociological theory of these evolving, more efficient encoding knowledge structures is given. These new knowledge structures instilled in humans not only the ability to adapt to and survive novelty and/or changing conditions in the environment, but they also instilled an imperative to do so. Present day IR systems ignore the encoding imperative in their design framework. To correct for this lacuna, we propose the evolutionary-based socio-cognitive framework model for designing interactive IR systems. A case study is given to illustrate the functioning of the model. 相似文献
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科学技术——人类社会文明进化的基因组图谱 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
人类社会就象生物和人类自身一样同样具有生命现象,同样具有新陈代谢,生殖发育,遗传变异,进化分化等生命现象,我们把这种生命现象称之谓类生命现象。本文就是从人类社会的类生命现象入手,对人类社会文明发展的遗传基因组———“科学技术体系”进行全面系统地研究,并根据生物遗传学原理和生物类比方法发现并提出了“科学技术遗传信息传递的中心法则”以及“科技规范因子（ 基因） 的自由分离组合规律”和“科技遗传信息的矩阵分布规律”。据此对人类社会文明的遗传与变异、进化与分化的本质性问题进行了初步分析 相似文献
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BackgroundProcambarus clarkii produces high-quality, delicious meat that is high in protein, low in fat, and rich in calcium and phosphorus. It has become an important aquatic resource in China. Our objectives are (i) to analyze the level of genetic diversity of P. clarkii populations; (ii) to explore the genetic differentiation (Gst); and (iii) to propose appropriate strategies for the conservation.ResultsIn this study, Shannon's index (I) and Nei's gene diversity index (H) for P. clarkii were high (I = 0.3462 and H = 0.2325 on average and I = 0.6264, H = 0.4377 at the species level) based on the SSR markers. The expected heterozygosity value of 17 microsatellite loci in 25 crayfish populations was 0.9317, the observed heterozygosity value was 0.9121, and the observed number of alleles per locus was 2.000; and the effective number of alleles per locus was 1.8075. Among the P. clarkii populations, the inbreeding coefficient within populations (Fis) was 0.2315, overall inbreeding coefficient (Fit) was 0.4438, genetic differentiation coefficient among populations (Fst) was 0.3145 and gene differentiation (Gst) was 0.4785 based on SSR analyses. The cluster analysis results obtained by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and STRUCTURE analysis were similar. A mantel test showed that the isolation-by-distance pattern was not significant.ConclusionsThe high Gst among P. clarkii populations is attributed to genetic drift and geographic isolation. The results indicated that more P. clarkii populations should be collected when formulating conservation and aquaculture strategies.How to citeLiu F, Qu Y-K, Geng C, et al. Analysis of the population structure and genetic diversity of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China using SSR markers. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.06.007. 相似文献
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Juan G Roederer 《Endeavour》1979,3(3):99-103
The scientific method reflects some fundamental characteristics of the information-acquisition and information-analysis modes of the brain, which impose a priori boundary conditions upon how science can develop and how the physical universe can be ‘understood’. The objective of this article is to discuss the relationship between the functional properties of the human brain and the evolution of scientific thought. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2020,57(1):102126
We analyze a data-set including more than 4.5 million tweets related to four highly emotional riot events. In particular, we examine statistically significant structural patterns that emerge as humans directly engage in an exchange of emotional messages with other humans on Twitter. Furthermore, we compare typical human-to-human communication patterns with those that emerge as bots engage in an emotional message-exchange with human users. To this end, we apply the novel concept of emotion-exchange motifs. We found that a) human-to-human conversations results in a variety of motifs that contain reciprocal edges and self-loops, b) bots predominantly contribute to the emergence of message broadcasting, single-way message sending behavior, c) in contrast to previous findings we found that in certain events bots frequently engage in direct message exchanges with humans, d) during riot events bots tend to direct fear-conveying messages to human users. 相似文献
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BackgroundMeretrix petechialis is one of the commercially important marine bivalves. In this study, we selected six highly polymorphic EST-derived microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity and population differentiation on nine wild populations of Meretrix petechialis.ResultsThe number of alleles detected per locus ranged from 4 to 30 (mean NA = 27.5) with a total of 165 alleles. The mean value of observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.717 to 0.861 and from 0.797 to 0.856, respectively. Meanwhile, the result of Neighbor-joining and overall FST = 0.214 (P < 0.01) reveled that M. petechialis populations from GX are the farthest populations, a certain degree of genetic variation among individuals in each population and the genetic differentiation is significant.ConclusionsGX population has high genetic diversity among individual, and there are certain differences in genetic characteristics among different populations. This study will provide a basis for the domestication and cultivation of genetic diversity of M. petechialis population and the protection of clam germplasm resources.How to citeXu Q, Zheng J, Yan X, et al. Genetic diversity and differentiation of nine populations of the hard clam (Meretrix petechialis) assessed by EST-derived microsatellites. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.09.003 相似文献
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Lian Deng Chao Zhang Kai Yuan Yang Gao Yuwen Pan Xueling Ge Yaoxi He Yuan Yuan Yan Lu Xiaoxi Zhang Hao Chen Haiyi Lou Xiaoji Wang Dongsheng Lu Jiaojiao Liu Lei Tian Qidi Feng Asifullah Khan Yajun Yang Zi-Bing Jin Jian Yang Fan Lu Jia Qu Longli Kang Bing Su Shuhua Xu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(6):1201
Human genetic adaptation to high altitudes (>2500 m) has been extensively studied over the last few years, but few functional adaptive genetic variants have been identified, largely owing to the lack of deep-genome sequencing data available to previous studies. Here, we build a list of putative adaptive variants, including 63 missense, 7 loss-of-function, 1,298 evolutionarily conserved variants and 509 expression quantitative traits loci. Notably, the top signal of selection is located in TMEM247, a transmembrane protein-coding gene. The Tibetan version of TMEM247 harbors one high-frequency (76.3%) missense variant, rs116983452 (c.248C > T; p.Ala83Val), with the T allele derived from archaic ancestry and carried by >94% of Tibetans but absent or in low frequencies (<3%) in non-Tibetan populations. The rs116983452-T is strongly and positively correlated with altitude and significantly associated with reduced hemoglobin concentration (p = 5.78 × 10−5), red blood cell count (p = 5.72 × 10−7) and hematocrit (p = 2.57 × 10−6). In particular, TMEM247-rs116983452 shows greater effect size and better predicts the phenotypic outcome than any EPAS1 variants in association with adaptive traits in Tibetans. Modeling the interaction between TMEM247-rs116983452 and EPAS1 variants indicates weak but statistically significant epistatic effects. Our results support that multiple variants may jointly deliver the fitness of the Tibetans on the plateau, where a complex model is needed to elucidate the adaptive evolution mechanism. 相似文献
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BackgroundTransmembrane protein 95 (TMEM95) plays a role in male fertility. Previous studies showed that genes with a significant impact on reproductive traits can also affect the growth traits of livestock. Thus, we speculated that the genetic variation of TMEM95 gene may have effects on growth traits of cattle.ResultsTwo SNPs were genotyped. The rs136174626 and rs41904693 were in the intron 4 and 3′-untranslated region, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium analysis illustrated that these two loci were not linked. The rs136174626 was associated with six growth traits of Nanyang cattle, four traits of Luxi cattle, and three traits of Ji’an cattle. For rs41904693 locus, the GG individuals had greater body height and abdominal girth in Ji’ an cattle than TT and TG individuals. In Jinnan cattle, GG and TT individuals had greater body height, height at hip cross, body length, and heart girth than TG individuals. The potential splice site prediction results suggest that the rs136174626 may influence the splicing efficiency of TMEM95, and the miRNA binding site prediction results showed that the rs41904693 may influence the expression of TMEM95 by affecting the binding efficiency of Bta-miR-1584 and TMEM95 3′-UTR.ConclusionsThe findings of the study suggested that the two SNPs in TMEM95 could be a reliable basis for molecular breeding in cattle.How to cite: Guo X, Zhang S, Yang H, et al. Bovine TMEM95 gene: Polymorphisms detecting in five Chinese indigenous cattle breeds and their association with growth traits. Electron J Biotechnol 2021;51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.03.004 相似文献
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BackgroundSargassum liebmannii is widely distributed throughout rocky, coastal upwelling areas in the tropical Mexican Pacific. This brown algae is of great environmental and industrial importance. However, no information is available that documents the genetic or phenotypic variability of the species, which is needed to determine how it may react to environmental variation related to climate change. In this study, S. liebmannii specimens were collected from the coast of Jalisco, Mexico, and molecular and morphological characterization was conducted. Intraspecific variability was estimated according to the study areas.ResultsThe inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers indicated a polymorphism percentage of 95%. The Shannon index and Nei index showed relatively low values among the populations (0.3569 and 0.081, respectively). On the other hand, the genetic differentiation coefficient indicated inter- and intrapopulation values of 36.69% and 63.31%, respectively. The Jaccard similarity coefficient was used to determine the degree of similarity among individuals by geographical area. The morphological characteristics and environmental variables that were used to correlate phenotypes and genotypes indicated that S. liebmannii showed low genetic flow because of the presence of geographical barriers due to substrate that was not optimal for algal development.ConclusionsThe ISSR markers were useful for detecting genetic differences among S. liebmannii individuals. The results indicate that a coupled genotypic-phenotypic study is beneficial for documenting the variation present in the little-studied algal species. These studies may be used in future research to clarify taxonomic controversies while generating additional genomic information.How to cite: Jung-Kim HW, Hernández-Herrera RM, Enciso-Padilla I, et al. Genetic variability of Sargassum liebmannii on the coast of Jalisco in the central Mexican Pacific revealed by molecular markers and morphological traits. Electron J Biotechnol 2021;54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.08.003 相似文献
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Mi-Cai Zhong Xiao-Dong Jiang Guo-Qian Yang Wei-Hua Cui Zhi-Quan Suo Wei-Jia Wang Yi-Bo Sun Dan Wang Xin-Chao Cheng Xu-Ming Li Xue Dong Kai-Xue Tang De-Zhu Li Jin-Yong Hu 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2021,8(12)
Prickles act against herbivores, pathogens or mechanical injury, while also preventing water loss. However, whether prickles have new function and the molecular genetics of prickle patterning remain poorly explored. Here, we generated a high-quality reference genome assembly for ‘Basye''s Thornless’ (BT), a prickle-free cultivar of Rosa wichuraiana, to identify genetic elements related to stem prickle development. The BT genome harbors a high level of sequence diversity in itself and with cultivar ‘Old Blush’ (R. chinensis), a founder genotype in rose domestication. Inheritance of stem prickle density was determined and two QTL were identified. Differentially expressed genes in QTL were involved in water-related functions, suggesting that prickle density may hitchhike with adaptations to moist environments. While the prickle-related gene-regulatory-network (GRN) was highly conserved, the expression variation of key candidate genes was associated with prickle density. Our study provides fundamental resources and insights for genome evolution in the Rosaceae. Ongoing efforts on identification of the molecular bases for key rose traits may lead to improvements for horticultural markets. 相似文献
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Dong-Dong Wu Cui-Ping Yang Ming-Shan Wang Kun-Zhe Dong Da-Wei Yan Zi-Qian Hao Song-Qing Fan Shu-Zhou Chu Qiu-Shuo Shen Li-Ping Jiang Yan Li Lin Zeng He-Qun Liu Hai-Bing Xie Yun-Fei Ma Xiao-Yan Kong Shu-Li Yang Xin-Xing Dong Ali Esmailizadeh David M Irwin Xiao Xiao Ming Li Yang Dong Wen Wang Peng Shi Hai-Peng Li Yue-Hui Ma Xiao Gou Yong-Bin Chen Ya-Ping Zhang 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(6):952
Abundant and diverse domestic mammals living on the Tibetan Plateau provide useful materials for investigating adaptive evolution and genetic convergence. Here, we used 327 genomes from horses, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and dogs living at both high and low altitudes, including 73 genomes generated for this study, to disentangle the genetic mechanisms underlying local adaptation of domestic mammals. Although molecular convergence is comparatively rare at the DNA sequence level, we found convergent signature of positive selection at the gene level, particularly the EPAS1 gene in these Tibetan domestic mammals. We also reported a potential function in response to hypoxia for the gene C10orf67, which underwent positive selection in three of the domestic mammals. Our data provide an insight into adaptive evolution of high-altitude domestic mammals, and should facilitate the search for additional novel genes involved in the hypoxia response pathway. 相似文献
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文章以转基因作物为例讨论了转基因的生物安全。转基因作物在带来经济利益的同时,其对环境和健康的安全性也成为研究的焦点。从目前转基因生物安全主要争论的内容出发,包括转基因逃逸及其生态学后果、对非靶标生物影响、害虫的抗性进化等方面,结合相关的案例综合介绍了近年来的主要进展和存在的问题。对那些科技界争论较多,引起强烈社会反响事件的起因和主要结论进行了客观的评述,以期为进一步的科学研究提供依据。根据中国的实际情况,考虑到生物安全的要求,为保护生物多样性的可持续利用,提出相关的建议和对策:(1)以生物安全相关的科学问题为主,具体的目标生物为辅,开展系统的实验研究;(2)加强生物安全的监测与监管,鉴别重要生态功能区和生态脆弱区,适当设立转基因保护区,禁止种植转基因作物;(3)重视公众知情权,不仅宣传转基因生物带来的惠益,也应告知其风险及管控措施,促进公众的理解和认可。 相似文献
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《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2022,359(12):5960-5990
This paper proposes a fuzzy non-fragile finite frequency H∞ control algorithm for the active suspension system (ASS) of the electric vehicles driven by in-wheel motors with an advanced dynamic vibration absorber (DVA). Firstly, an interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model is established to formulate the nonlinear time-delay ASS with the uncertainties of sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension stiffness, and tire stiffness. Secondly, a differential evolution (DE) algorithm is adopted to optimize the parameters of vehicle suspension and DVA. Thirdly, a non-fragile finite frequency H∞ control controller is developed under the consideration of controller perturbation and input delay to improve the comprehensive performance of the chassis under the finite frequency external disturbances. Finally, simulation tests are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller. 相似文献
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理解和促进人类心理发展是科学研究的重要使命。近10余年来,发展心理学与神经科学、遗传学、分子生物学日益交叉融合,衍生了新兴的发展认知神经科学,为理解人类心智的起源、发展变化规律、神经生理和社会心理机制提供了崭新的视角,并为有效促进人类心智的发展带来了前所未有的可能。研究者主要在大脑结构、功能发育与心理行为发展、遗传与环境对个体心理行为发展的交互影响、心理行为发展个体差异的神经机制等方面取得了重要进展。由于发展认知神经科学研究具有重要的科学价值与现实意义,我国应积极主动地把握新学科的发展机遇,结合国家人口素质提升的重大战略需求,从国家科技的宏观布局、以问题为导向的大型联合攻关项目的开展以及理论体系与人才培养体系等多个层面,大力促进发展认知神经科学的发展,使我国这一领域在国际上占据前沿位置,并为满足国家人口战略的重大需求提供坚实的科学与技术基础。 相似文献
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Shoudong Wang Shulin Liu Jie Wang Kengo Yokosho Bin Zhou Ya-Chi Yu Zhi Liu Wolf B Frommer Jian Feng Ma Li-Qing Chen Yuefeng Guan Huixia Shou Zhixi Tian 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2020,7(11):1776
Soybean accounts for more than half of the global production of oilseed and more than a quarter of the protein used globally for human food and animal feed. Soybean domestication involved parallel increases in seed size and oil content, and a concomitant decrease in protein content. However, science has not yet discovered whether these effects were due to selective pressure on a single gene or multiple genes. Here, re-sequencing data from >800 genotypes revealed a strong selection during soybean domestication on GmSWEET10a. The selection of GmSWEET10a conferred simultaneous increases in soybean-seed size and oil content as well as a reduction in the protein content. The result was validated using both near-isogenic lines carrying substitution of haplotype chromosomal segments and transgenic soybeans. Moreover, GmSWEET10b was found to be functionally redundant with its homologue GmSWEET10a and to be undergoing selection in current breeding, leading the the elite allele GmSWEET10b, a potential target for present-day soybean breeding. Both GmSWEET10a and GmSWEET10b were shown to transport sucrose and hexose, contributing to sugar allocation from seed coat to embryo, which consequently determines oil and protein contents and seed size in soybean. We conclude that past selection of optimal GmSWEET10a alleles drove the initial domestication of multiple soybean-seed traits and that targeted selection of the elite allele GmSWEET10b may further improve the yield and seed quality of modern soybean cultivars. 相似文献
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Ikram Khan Anil Prabhakar Chloe Delepine Hayley Tsang Vincent Pham Mriganka Sur 《Biomicrofluidics》2021,15(2)
Organoids are biological systems grown in vitro and are observed to self-organize into 3D cellular tissues of specific organs. Brain organoids have emerged as valuable models for the study of human brain development in health and disease. Researchers are now in need of improved culturing and imaging tools to capture the in vitro dynamics of development processes in the brain. Here, we describe the design of a microfluidic chip and bioreactor, to enable in situ tracking and imaging of brain organoids on-chip. The low-cost 3D printed microfluidic bioreactor supports organoid growth and provides an optimal imaging chamber for live-organoid imaging, with drug delivery support. This fully isolated design of a live-cell imaging and culturing platform enables long-term live-imaging of the intact live brain organoids as it grows. We can thus analyze their self-organization in a controlled environment with high temporal and spatial resolution. 相似文献
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Barbka Repic Lampret Simona Murko Marusa Debeljak Mojca Zerjav Tansek Petja Fister Tadej Battelino 《Biochemia medica : ?asopis Hrvatskoga dru?tva medicinskih biokemi?ara / HDMB》2015,25(2):279-284