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1.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):327-369
Abstract

The restoration of the Hedin altar in Rothenburg o.d.T., dated 1466, is described. The polychromed sculptures were cleaned and loose paint was fixed. Methods and materials used in the restoration of the paintings, the areas polychromed in various techniques and the brocade reliefs are mentioned. The altar was protected from direct sunlight. The construction of the shrine and the technique of carving are extensively discussed. Sculptures made from one piece of lime wood were hollowed out and closed with a plank. Traces of rough finishing are visible. Shrine and predella were polychromed after a preliminary assembly of the sculptures. The various techniques used in the undisfigured polychromy are described as they are observed with the unaided eye. It can be shown that the working methods were rational. The fabrication of relief brocades and the various patterns used are discussed in detail. The treatment of the various paintings on the wings, the predella and the reverse of the shrine is reported. The question is raised to what extent the painter Herlin can also have been responsible for the polychromy.  相似文献   

2.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):94-101
Abstract

The Weisz ring oven technique is a rapid and sensitive yet simple method for the qualitative analysis of pigments and other inorganic materials of interest in conservation. Ions can be both separated and concentrated prior to spot-testing. The method possesses several advantages over the conventional spot plate tests.  相似文献   

3.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):125-134
Abstract

A small but significant proportion of the archaeological iron objects in the British Museum collection have been problematic in that some of them have required repeated treatment. The deterioration of iron objects during storage was studied using microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and ion chromatography. A total of 125 iron objects, including 56 from two British Roman sites and 69 from three Anglo-Saxon sites, were studied. Both surface corrosion and corrosion layers on polished cross-sections were investigated. The study revealed that the present condition of the iron objects varies; some are in a stable condition and others have been deteriorating, with pitting and weeping present on the surface. No treatment method had stopped corrosion for every object, although the alkaline sulphite treatment seemed to be more effective than the other methods. The results also showed that chloride ions can be present at the interface of the metal and inner corrosion layers. It is recommended that iron objects which have been mechanically cleaned without desalination treatments are kept in a dry environment to prevent further deterioration.  相似文献   

4.
《期刊图书馆员》2013,64(1-2):279-287
Summary

Format integration has achieved some goals: Seriality of nonprint materials can be expressed. Materials in several physical formats can be described. Archival control of non-print materials can be designated. Content designation has been standardized. Validation routines have been simplified or eliminated. Documentation has been much reduced. Format integration also brings new problems and issues. Bibliographic records are more complex, partly due to the nature of the material, but also due to new fields. Format specialists must learn new cataloging rules and content designation. Optional fields can impede shared cataloging. Local systems may be unable to correctly use some of the new codes. Format integration runs counter to the proposed use of a single record for multiple versions. Catalogers have a great deal to consider in formulating policies.  相似文献   

5.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):370-400
Abstract

An account is given of the examination of the polychromed sculpture in the Hedin altarpiece (1466) in Rothenburg old T. (W Germany). Analytical methods used, such as microscopy, wet chemical analysis, infrared spectrophotometry, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography are briefly described. Criteria for identification are summarized. Pigments identified are azurite, indigo, verdigris, green earth, madder, vermilion, red lead, lead white and carbon black. The binding medium is glue in matt areas. In other parts paints are mostly based on a resinous medium with varying amounts of oil. The materials identified in the applique relief brocades are compared with recipes described in the Liber Illuministarius from Tegernsee. Silver foil is used in producing translucent paint.  相似文献   

6.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):138-139
Abstract

The Oddy test is an 'accelerated' corrosion test employed by museums to evaluate the suitability of materials proposed for use in display and storage cases, The standard Oddy test requires a 28-day test period, and the results are assessed by visual observation. This paper describes an improved test method, which could reduce the length of the test period by half The improved method uses metal films as substitutes for the traditional metal coupons posing as 'surrogate art object', The new test results are then evaluated by computer with digital image processing for more objective selection of less corrosive materials.  相似文献   

7.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):245-255
Abstract

The Minimalist work of Donald Judd exemplifies modern and contemporary works of art that utilize the appearance of bare metal as an integral component of the artist's intent. Decades after fabrication, disfiguring patterns have appeared on the surfaces of many such works. These patterns are not related to the formation of tarnish or other corrosion effects caused by improper storage, display, or transportation and handling; rather, they are associated with the initial processing of the metal sheets and subsequent fabrication of the art objects. Due to the challenges of obtaining analytical data directly from works of art, the authors present results from industrial sheet metal coupons prepared to simulate materials and techniques used in Donald Judd's copper and brass artworks. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy carried out on each side of 55 coupons indicated the presence of organic materials such as long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, and ethers, consistent with the types of compounds used in industrial lubricants. In addition to conducting the first systematic instrumental analysis of these residues, the authors propose the use of specific solvents for their removal as an alternative to abrasive methods, which cause removal of original surface from the objects.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

The climate of change in music reference represents a challenge to librarians. The three issues in the library literature that probably have the greatest impact on music reference service and are the subject of this paper are changes in users, sources, and modes of access to sources. These three issues are certainly related, as users need to use sources, and they need to know how to access them in order to use them. Reference librarians are called upon to mediate this process. Music library collections have their own peculiarities, however. Because they contain a wider variety of materials than many other kinds of library collections, reference librarians for music collections must be aware of the format, content, and intended uses of these materials, as well as the research patterns of their patrons. In the recent past, as cultural norms have changed with the paradigm of Western culture, users have wanted to use music libraries in new ways, and librarians are challenged to accommodate them. The musical genres used and requested by today's library patrons are different than they once were, both for listening and for academic study. Musical reference sources are being issued in electronic formats, and this represents a challenge for some users. The expanded use of interlibrary loan and electronic access to materials represents new opportunities and challenges. Music librarians are being called upon to provide services to patrons they may never see.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

This paper examines the materials acquired during a consortial PDA pilot; which of the books are still being used, by which institutions, whether the size of a participating institution or the subject of a book have impact on the continued use of the books, and if there is a relationship between the schools that triggered a PDA purchase and the schools that have gone on to use a given title. Findings suggest that models involving some library mediation may be more effective in meeting the various needs of participating institutions.  相似文献   

10.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):118-122
Abstract

This paper deals with the materials used in conservation treatments in the first half of the twentieth century for the preservation and consolidation of wooden art objects from the Saxony region in Germany. The use of such materials must be seen as early attempts to find a conservation treatment for wood. The documentation of conservation treatments provides a reference to the application of oils and oil–resin mixtures. The results from the chemical analysis of samples of historic preservatives from the beginning to the middle of the twentieth century (so-called 'Puckelin') carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirm the use of tung oil as a drying oil, whereas the use of linseed oil cannot be excluded. Colophony and, probably, amber varnish were used as resinous constituents. There are indications that a conservation material dating from the second half of the twentieth century most likely contained rapeseed oil.  相似文献   

11.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(2):134-153
Abstract

A broad outline of the considerations which arise with regard to the conservation of a museum collection of tapestries is given in this paper. The various types of damage to, and deterioration of, tapestries is discussed.

Various methods of washing and dry cleaning, and the equipment necessary for these procedures, are reviewed, and a caution is included as to the necessity of testing all dyes for colour fastness in both water and any solvent used for dry cleaning. The equipment, materials and techniques of repair are discussed; three methods of repair being currently used in museums and specialist workshops — re-weaving, stitching on to a backing and the use of synthetic resins for impregnation and adhesion to a woven support. It is suggested in conclusion that the optimum method of repair in museums is stitching on to a backing. More research must be undertaken into the use of synthetic resins, and re-weaving usually alters the original appearance of the tapestry.

Finally, the need for specialised conservation staff in a museum with a tapestry collection is emphasised.  相似文献   

12.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):101-109
Abstract

A very heavily corroded Egyptian bronze statuette of Amon was cleaned by handpicking and found to be composed of six separately cast parts: two elements of head, two arms, the torso with legs, and the beard. Such cases do not seem to be unusual but are rarely observed because of beautifully concealed joins. Technical details of the mechanical methods of cleaning are given and some critical comments included on chemical and electrolytic methods: it has to be remembered that cleaning is an irreversible process. Attention is also given to analytical problems in heterogeneous objects such as this.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
Abstract

This paper attempts to shed some light on the scientific communication behavior of Arab authors in library and information science by studying the characteristics of the literature used by these authors. A bibliometric study by way of citation analysis was conducted on the articles published from 1978 to 1988 in Maktabat Al-Idarah, an elite Arab scholarly journal in the field. It was concluded from this study that English literature is the main source of information for Arab authors in library and information science. They rely on English literature that is between 5 and 15 years of age more than on their own literature and use books more than any other form of publication. They cover almost all areas of the field with special emphasis on technical services as represented by cataloging, classification and aquisition, library administration and library education. Local materials published in their own country were also important.  相似文献   

15.
《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(60):127-138
Summary

Many patrons in an academic setting have preconceived attitudes regarding the use of particular formats of indexes and other materials. These attitudes can frequently interfere with a patron's more successful retrieval of needed resources because of the use of their preferred format rather than the use of the best means of access for their information need. The impact of these preconceived views is explored in terms of providing reference service in the present day.  相似文献   

16.
Aim:The purpose of this study is to identify and describe the citing behavior of geomatics postgraduate students at the Wuhan University in China. These students constitute one of the main user groups of Wuhan University Library and the analysis of their use of literature (through the means of citation analysis) can yield valuable insights against which to benchmark and inform collection development policy and other services at the Information Technology Library (ITL) at Wuhan University.Design/methodology/approach:In this project, 9317 citations in 21 PhD and 180 MSc theses submitted at the Wuhan University in the years of 1988, 1996, and 2004 were analyzed. All cited materials were divided by output format (monographs, proceedings, journal articles) and the more in-depth analysis was conducted for all cited journals. The following characteristics of the cited journal literature were analyzed: subject, age, language, and dispersion of journal titles.Findings:An increased use of journal literature in bibliographies of geomatics theses was observed over time. A trend to increase citations to international conference proceedings was also noted as well as a trend to cite more journals in disciplines other than surveying and mapping. It was also noted that, over time, citations to documents in languages other than Chinese and English have significantly decreased (in some cases, disappeared). Large dispersion among the most frequently cited journals in different time periods (only 25% of titles were repeated in 1988, 1996, and 2004 top ranking journal lists) was also noted. It was also noted that the core of geomatics literature is expanding (it now takes 42% of journal titles to cover 80% of all citations).Practical implications:By analyzing citation patterns of the graduate students of geomatics in China, we can track the developments and changes within that discipline in China and can compare these trends internationally (e.g. increased role of a journal, the importance of conference proceedings, domination of the English-language sources, dispersion of journal literature, and increasing multidisciplinarity of the discipline). The techniques and methods used in this study can be replicated to study other disciplines. Also, it is hoped that the findings of this research will inform collection development planning, development of reference services, and information literacy training.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

Nearly every library where the dominant language is English also has materials that are written in other languages. These materials can present unique challenges for catalogers. Many non-English language materials are located in the array of collections of the Special Collection Department of Mississippi State University (MSU). To properly process and catalog these materials, the cataloger used online tools which provided a greater understanding of the materials, allowing a higher cataloging standard. The author discusses the various tools and methods that were used to catalog these materials.  相似文献   

18.
none 《文物保护研究》2013,58(4):253-266
Abstract

The use of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) as a corrosion inhibitor for wet archeological metal objects presents potential advantages of near neutral pH, low concentration, effectiveness on several metals, and compatibility with organic materials. The effectiveness of NaNO2 as a corrosion inhibitor for storage of chloride-containing marine archeological metal objects from the wreck of the USS Monitor was evaluated using marine-corroded carbon steel analogs. The samples were tested in varying concentrations of NaNO2 and evaluated visually and by monitoring solution chemistry using ion chromatography (IC). It was found that a concentration of 1000 ppm NaNO2, replaced four times, was effective at protecting corroded carbon steel in the presence of chlorides. Nitrite solutions were no more rapid than sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at extracting chlorides from marine steel at equal concentrations and were considerably slower than 2% NaOH. IC analyses indicated that NO2 does not easily oxidize to NO3 under normal conditions, but does so readily when a polarizing current is applied, making nitrites unsuitable for electrolytic reduction treatments. Sodium nitrite does show promise as a storage solution prior to desalination of marine metals or after desalination to prevent flash corrosion during rinsing baths.  相似文献   

19.
《文物保护研究》2013,58(3):152-157
Abstract

When pottery vessels are fired, they acquire a magnetization that is uniformly parallel with the ambient field in which they cool. If the vessels are subsequently broken, each shard retains its original magnetization which can be used either to supplement jigsaw fitting, particularly if several hundred shards are available from the same vessel, or to evaluate the shape of the original vessel when only a few, non-adjacent shards are available.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

In South Africa the education system for black children is fraught with problems. These problems are the direct result of apartheid and have been compounded by poverty and illiteracy. In this article the problem of poorly qualified or unqualified teachers is discussed especially with regard to the teaching of map skills to children in their fifth school year. The project team needed to develop affordable materials which could be used in large classes by teachers after a very short period of training. Books and other materials which are available commercially were examined, but for various reasons were found to be unsuitable for local conditions. After determining the extent of the problem, the project team followed a grassroots process of developing a flip chart which teachers learnt to use with confidence and which enabled pupils to master the concepts and skills necessary for understanding a map.  相似文献   

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