共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
《Research Policy》2004,33(6-7):921-938
Recent policies to promote biotechnology are motors of broader R&D reform in Germany and Japan. The idiosyncrasies of biotechnology commercialization could not be readily accommodated by these countries’ traditional technology policies, thus prompting reforms in institutions governing the commercialization of basic scientific research. These reforms provide a novel perspective on the nature of innovation in biotechnology; while previous research has underlined factors such as the national science base, industry–university links, entrepreneurship and venture capital, the German and Japanese cases highlight the importance of other mediating variables such as the level of public governance within national research institutions, the autonomy of the university/research sector, and the historical role of the public sector generally. 相似文献
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科学学学科发展态势及重点研究领域 《科学学研究》2018,36(12):2154-2159
党的十九大明确提出要加快建设创新型国家,要瞄准世界科技前沿、建设科技强国。这就需要科学学界能够为国家科技政策制定和重大科技决策部署提供更多理论支撑和决策咨询。经过近40年的发展,当前我国科学学研究正在重新走向繁荣,但仍然存在着不容忽视的危机和困难。本研究在回顾我国科学学学科发展历程的基础上,从科学学理论拓展、科学计量学深化以及科技政策学兴起三个方面分析总结国外科学学系统化、融合化、科学化的发展趋势。针对科学学研究越来越多“卷入”与社会、公众及政府关联的这一现实,进一步就我国科学学作为独立学科发展和应当把握的重点领域给出相应建议。 相似文献
3.
《Research Policy》2022,51(4):104468
Since 2000 and the launch of Science Foundation Ireland, Irish policymakers have been involved in a large-scale national science policy programme. Starting from a position with little pre-existing research infrastructure beyond its traditional higher education system, Ireland allocated significant public resources to rapidly develop an extensive research centres programme. These centres are designed to harness knowledge embedded in the national science base to impact firm-level Research and Development (R&D). Each research centre focuses on basic and applied research (as opposed to development), targeted at prioritised sectors of the economy. Using a novel panel dataset (2007–2017), our analysis provides the first evaluation of these research centres. Results indicate that research centre collaborations increase firm-level R&D, and, over time, re-orientate collaborating firms' R&D towards more applied research. We also consider how impacts vary depending on the firms’ characteristics (size and sector), and research centre characteristics. Our findings demonstrate that Ireland's policy programme improved firms' R&D profile, and suggest key policy lessons for other economies who might consider adopting a similar strategy. 相似文献
4.
国家科技发展目标影响一个国家包括大学研究开发在内的科技活动。讨论改革开放以来我国科技发展的国家目标的变化,分析现代科学技术发展强调国家目标的原因和科学技术活动自身的特点对国家目标的有效性的影响,探讨国家目标对科技活动的双重影响,认为国家科技发展目标的制定和实施也要处理好政府和市场的关系。对于包括大学研究开发在内的科学技术活动来说,除了近市场的技术创新活动需要充分发挥市场的导向作用之外,不与市场接轨、具有溢出效应和公共产品特征、需要政府干预的科学领域还要处理好政府干预与科学技术自身的发展规律、大学自身特点的关系。 相似文献
5.
纵向科研项目对于高校进行基础研究具有重要意义。以某典型煤炭行业高校近10年的2 648个纵向项目为样本,研究行业高校纵向科研项目结构构成、项目负责人年龄结构、入职时长以及实际到款关系。研究表明:国家科技计划改革对高校纵向科研影响很大,急需协同创新;科研发展结构性矛盾突出,帕累托法则效应明显,加大青年教师培养力度;国家自然科学基金已成为校纵向科研的重要经费来源,更加注重为基础研究创造条件;急需建立与提升科技创新能力相适应的人才制度;行业工科高校在社科领域的研究薄弱,急需政策引导激励。 相似文献
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Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Bhaven N. Sampat 《Research Policy》2006,35(6):772-789
The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public - and what private - lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research. 相似文献
8.
Ingemar N.H. Dörfer 《Research Policy》1974,3(2):133-155
Sweden's technological development based on big science supporting high politics is turning to more welfare-oriented technologies. The tension between the university reform performed by an inward-looking government and industrial innovation carried out by an outward-looking business community is discussed.The paper covers the time span of the quiet postwar years, the attempt to institutionalize science policy in the 1960's and the sectoral approach to science and technology advocated in the 1970's. The implications of the polarization of science policy between the government and the technological community at a time of European integration is discussed. 相似文献
9.
《Research Policy》2021,50(10):104362
Producing actionable science to improve social and environmental well-being enables the scientific enterprise to uphold expectations that accompany public funding for science. While innovations in the management of science funding may help overcome institutional hurdles to generating actionable science, the role of program managers in implementing such changes is relatively underexamined. Using sustainability science and related fields as a case, this study examines program documents (n = 33) and interviews of program management staff (n = 61) from public science funding programs in the United States and Europe. The results illuminate program management perspectives on the changing relationship between science and society and their own role in shaping it. In many instances, program managers in both regions are actively experimenting with practices that may strengthen links between knowledge and action. In certain contexts, program manager discretion may also amount to a form of science policy formation. However, program managers may still be limited in their ability to enact changes due to capacity constraints and still prevalent norms expressed by the research community. These results provide a window, and basis for future research, into the contemporary practice of science funding program management and its implications for sustainability and the social contract for science. 相似文献
10.
科学与治理的兴起及其意义 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
“科学与治理”(scienceandgovernance)议题在近年来日益引起国际政策界和学术界的广泛关注和深入研究,正在成为一个蓬勃发展的前沿课题。本文以发达国家经验为基础,分析了“科学与治理”兴起和发展的动因,把其核心内容归纳为:制度化的咨询、信息公开和预防原则、公众参与以及对研究的规范。科学与治理的兴起表明,要使科学技术对人民生活和社会发展长期有益,一个国家科学技术的发展战略与政策就不再只是包括科学和创新两方面的内容,还要加入第三个因素———“社会”或“公众”,实现科学技术、经济和社会三者的协调发展。 相似文献
11.
This research examines the influence of commercialization on support for scientific research. It compares the effects of the funding source with the type of organization on public support for stem cell research. Using a national Australian telephone survey (n = 1000), the results reveal that support drops significantly when scientific research is funded by private rather than public interests, and even more so when it is conducted in a private company rather than a public university. Respondents' preference for university research was enhanced if they trusted universities, distrusted major companies and believed that the research would be beneficial. A preference for public funding was also associated with lower trust in companies and a belief that the research would benefit people. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the challenge of maintaining public support in an increasingly commercialized research environment. 相似文献
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以研究科学技术政策的国际权威期刊《Research Policy》（科研政策）于1974-2016年刊载的2855篇文献作为数据样本,运用科学知识图谱方法,获取国际科技政策研究成果的机构、国家、区域分布;通过高频主题词分析,确定国际科技政策研究的热点领域;通过检测词频变动趋势显著的主题词确定国际科技政策研究的前沿领域与发展趋势变化,分析科技政策国际研究的演变历程。研究表明,科技政策国际研究在过去42年间发生了明显的变化,主要体现为：研究范围由早期零星的“科技政策”相关探索发展到目前注重“科技政策学”的科学规范化研究,研究视角由国家层面的宏观研究向微观倾斜,研究热点由知识管理、国家创新系统等扩展到开放式创新、三螺旋创新、团队知识创造等多样化研究。同时发现,科技政策国际研究在早期主要受到纳尔逊（RR Nelson）国家创新系统理论和波特（ME Porter）国家竞争优势理论的影响,而当前主要受到开放式创新理论、三重螺旋创新理论的影响。本文的研究为更加全面地了解科技政策国际研究的发展脉络和演化进程,把握该领域的知识基础、研究热点与发展方向提供了新的参考及依据。 相似文献
14.
Entrepreneurial transformations in the Swedish University system: the case of Chalmers University of Technology 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Since the beginning of the 1990s, Sweden has been transforming its national research policy into policy for innovation. One of the bottom up responses to this top d initiative has been an attempt on the part of some Swedish universities to transform themselves into entrepreneurial institutions. This paper uses a case study of one particular Swedish University; Chalmers University of Technology’s transformation process to reflect on the new research policy. Chalmers’ journey is examined against the backdrop of the changing national climate for universities as well as local factors within the university itself.The case confirms existing knowledge in that it shows that creating an entrepreneurial university takes several years as both infrastructural and cultural changes are necessary to achieve success. The case also shows that despite the long history of public-private in Sweden, the new emphasis on commercialisation and commodification of knowledge creates some degree of role uncertainty for universities. The paper concludes that one of the elements required for Swedish innovation policy is macro (policy vision and implementation) and micro (university organisation) level flexibility and diversity. 相似文献
15.
Gregory Tassey 《Research Policy》2005,34(3):287-303
Technology and the process that produces it, research and development (R&D), are typically characterized as homogeneous entities. In reality, the typical industrial technology is composed of three elements: a generic technology base, supporting infratechnologies, and proprietary market applications (innovations). The first two have public good characteristics, and therefore, explicitly modeling them is essential for public policy purposes. The fundamental relationships among these elements require a technology production function that captures the supporting roles of the public good elements in creating proprietary applied technology. These critical quasi-public technology goods are supplied to a significant extent by exogenous (external) sources: central corporate research labs, government labs, and increasingly, universities. The expanding university role beyond basic research complicates the structure and functioning of the national R&D establishment and increases the need for a more accurate model of technological change to better inform R&D policy.Moreover, in assessing the resulting applied technology's impact on economic growth, both the general and partial equilibrium literatures enter the technology variable into a production function with the common “production” assets (physical capital and labor). Such models obscure an important distinction between technology and these production assets—namely, the fact that technology is primarily a “demand-shifting” asset. As such, its role is correctly specified only when combined with the other major demand-shifting asset, marketing. Allocations to these two assets vary across competing firms implying a spatial model of competition, while still providing traceability to the exogenous sources of public good technology elements, such as universities. 相似文献
16.
科技类社会组织是科技人员基于学术自由、平等交流、互动自主机制自愿结合而成的非盈利社会组织,在参与国家治理方面具有其他社会组织不能比拟的天然优势。 秉持多元包容、协同互惠的新时期科技产业价值,顺应国家建设科技强国的战略要求,科技社团作为社会组织的组成之一,有能力也有理由更加积极地参与国家治理。本文聚焦新冠疫情期间中外科技社团参与疫情应对的程度和方式,通过多案例比较研究方法具体分析了对科技社团参与社会治理的情况进行了国际比较,并得出探讨了我国科技社团参与社会治理的优势和不足,并对此从科技社团自身、政策环境和科技社团与上级部门的关系三个角度提出相应建议。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》1986,15(3):149-156
This paper deals with the general problem of public support of R&D at the national level. After a survey of public research policy in Italy, the fundamental theoretical aspects of a public research strategy are analyzed and discussed. Then attention is focused on the possibilities of defining and implementing policies able to induce a multiplier effect on reality. The third aspect examined concerns management at micro-level. i.e. administrative sophistication, financial efficiency and coordination among public agencies. Finally, conclusions and recommendations to strengthen management of public research policy are drawn. 相似文献
18.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(4):249-266
ABSTRACTThe discourse of openness has proved to be a very powerful instrument for promoting new research policies and the (neoliberal) reforms of higher education in all so-called ‘advanced economies’. It has triggered positive democracy-, transparency-, and accountability-related associations when used in the context of politics, fair resource distribution when used in the sphere of public service, and free access to information and knowledge when used in the field of science and higher education. At the same time, international research shows that university autonomy is increasingly being attacked, reduced, and marginalized by the same policies. Power instances outside academia impose new criteria, such as ‘accountability,’ ‘performance,’ ‘quality assurance,’ and ‘good practice.’ They also impose ideas about what good research is, which scientific method is to be prioritized, and what good data are. The process of the de-professionalization, polarization, and proletarianization of the academic profession is increasingly affecting academia. However, none of this has much in common with the open-access discourse. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how this discussion applies to Sweden. Courses, forces, and discourses of the national research infrastructure development policy in general, and qualitative data preservation policy in particular, are described and deliberated. 相似文献
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文章以全国众创空间政策为研究对象,建立了众创空间政策“供给-需求”分析评估模型,并采取政策工具量化分析手段,研究政策工具供给结构的有效性,并以全国6959家众创空间统计数据为基础,运用SPSS层次回归模型,从价值发现、企业初创、成长创造、财务绩效四个方面对中国众创空间政策效果进行实证分析。研究结果发现,政策工具供给覆盖面较广,但政府介入力度较强的政策工具偏多,部分有效的政策工具使用不足,自由放任型、部分参与型、策略引导型和政府主导型四类政策工具,对价值发现、企业初创、成长创造和财务绩效发挥不同的作用效果,有些政策工具甚至产生抑制作用。文章提出如下建议：应不断优化众创空间政策供给体系,建立政策效果跟踪反馈机制,完善众创空间政策实施保障体系。 相似文献
