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1.
Representations are used extensively in mathematics and translation ability is highly correlated with success in mathematics education. The authors investigate the translation ability of university students as far as the concept of function is concerned. The research focuses on the relationship between success in, solving direct translation tasks and success in solving problems by articulating different representations of the concept of function. Furthermore, it examines the relationship between student performance and the nature of the representation included in the translation task. The ability to pass from one representation to another was associated with success in problem solving. These results indicate that translation ability should be considered as an important factor in problem solving. Percentages are lower when an iconic representation is included in the translation task. This could be partly attributed to the holistic nature of iconic representations and to the way the concept of function is taught at secondary schools. 相似文献
2.
Problem solving abilities are critical components of contemporary Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. Research in the area of problem solving has uncovered much about the representation, processes and heuristic approaches to problem solving. However, critics claim this overemphasis on the process of solving problems has led to a dearth in understanding of the earlier stages such as problem conceptualization. This paper aims to address some of these concerns by exploring the area of problem conceptualization and the underlying cognitive mechanisms that may play a supporting role in reasoning success. Participants (N?=?12) were prescribed a series of convergent problem-solving tasks representative of those used for developmental purposes in STEM education. During the problem-solving episodes, cognitive data were gathered by means of an electroencephalographic headset and used to investigate students’ cognitive approaches to conceptualizing the tasks. In addition, interpretive qualitative data in the form of post-task interviews and problem solutions were collected and analyzed. Overall findings indicated a significant reliance on memory during the conceptualization of the convergent problem-solving tasks. In addition, visuospatial cognitive processes were found to support the conceptualization of convergent problem-solving tasks. Visuospatial cognitive processes facilitated students during the conceptualization of convergent problems by allowing access to differential semantic content in long-term memory.
相似文献3.
问题表征与学科问题解决的研究现状及启示 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
问题表征的过程是将外部刺激转化成内部的心理符号,从而有助于问题解决。学科问题表征体现出明显的层次性和动态性。目前,学科问题解决主要关注问题表征的影响因素、问题表征的方式与策略的关系以及表征的发展性研究等几方面。在教学中,要重视专门知识的作用,启发学生运用多样化的表征方式以促进学生对问题的理解与解决。 相似文献
4.
Naoyuki Takeuchi Takayuki Mori Yoshimi Suzukamo Shin‐Ichi Izumi 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2019,13(3):167-175
Metacognitive functions are important for both teachers and students to facilitate teaching and learning. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a proven role in metacognition. As a pilot study, we evaluated the PFC activity of teachers and students using near‐infrared spectroscopy devices to explore the neural mechanism of PFC underlying metacognitive function during teaching and problem‐solving processes. In 14 student‐teacher pairs, participants in the teacher role gave hints via a tablet screen to facilitate solving of a tangram puzzle task by participants in the student role. The PFC activity of teachers increased after giving hints but not while planning hints. The PFC activity of students increased upon task solving after receiving hints. The PFC of teachers might play a metacognitive role in monitoring their own teaching results. The PFC activity of students might be related to the creativity process after gaining insights, as well as metacognitive process for monitoring their own behavior. 相似文献
5.
Iliada Elia Areti Panaoura Anastasia Eracleous Athanasios Gagatsis 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2007,5(3):533-556
The present study explores pupils’ constructed definitions of the concept of function in relation to their abilities in dealing
with tasks of functions involving different forms of representations and problem solving tasks. A major concern is also to
examine the interrelations between these three ways of thinking about or dealing with the concept of function. The sample
of the study consisted of secondary school pupils in Cyprus. A test was developed which involved seven items: one item requested
pupils to provide a definition of what function is and the other six items were developed in order to investigate pupils’
ability to transfer information from one representation to another and to solve problems on function. Findings revealed pupils’
difficulties in giving a proper definition for the concept of function and resolving problems on functions involving conversions
between diverse modes of representation. Several inconsistencies among pupils’ constructed definitions, their competence to
use different representations of functions and their problem solving ability, were also uncovered, indicating lack of flexibility
between different ways of approaching functions. 相似文献
6.
The research issue in this study is how to structure collaborative learning so that it improves solving physics problems more than individual learning. Structured collaborative learning has been compared with individual learning environments with Schoenfeld’s problem‐solving episodes. Students took a pre‐test and a post‐test and had the opportunity to solve six physics problems. Ninety‐nine students from a secondary school in Shanghai participated in the study. Students who learnt to solve problems in collaboration and students who learnt to solve problems individually with hints improved their problem‐solving skills compared with those who learnt to solve the problems individually without hints. However, it was hard to discern an extra effect for students working collaboratively with hints—although we observed these students working in a more structured way than those in the other groups. We discuss ways to further investigate effective collaborative processes for solving physics problems. 相似文献
7.
Dake Zhang Yi Ding Joanna Stegall Lei Mo 《Learning disabilities research & practice》2012,27(4):167-177
Students who struggle with learning mathematics often have difficulties with geometry problem solving, which requires strong visual imagery skills. These difficulties have been correlated with deficiencies in visual working memory. Cognitive psychology has shown that chunking of visual items accommodates students’ working memory deficits. This study investigated the effects of visual‐chunking representation as a testing accommodation for improving students’ geometry problem‐solving performance. Participants were four third‐graders with difficulties in mathematics. An adapted reversal design was employed to examine the students’ performance changes during standard testing conditions and accommodated testing conditions. During the accommodated condition, students were presented with visual‐chunking images. Results suggested that the visual‐chunking representation accommodation improved students’ performance on geometry problem‐solving tasks, and an interview confirmed students’ preference for the visual‐chunking representation approach. 相似文献
8.
Realistic considerations in solving problematic word problems: Do Japanese and Belgian children have the same difficulties? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aim of this study was to compare Japanese and Belgian elementary school pupils' (lack of) activation of real-world knowledge during understanding and solving arithmetic word problems in a school context. The word problem test used in a study by Verschaffel, De Corte, and Lasure (1994) was collectively administered to 91 Japanese fifth graders. Besides standard problems which can be modeled in a straightforward way by one or two basic arithmetic operations with the given numbers, this test contained a series of problematic items which cannot be modeled and solved in such a way, at least if one seriously takes into account the realities of the context evoked by the problem statement. The results of the study revealed that Japanese pupils, similarly to Belgian children, have a strong tendency to neglect commonsense knowledge and realistic considerations during their solution of word problems. Moreover, a comparison of Japanese pupils with and without extra hints aimed at improving the disposition towards more realistic mathematical problem solving revealed that these extra hints had only a small effect. 相似文献
9.
高中学生运用FDI认知方式解决数学应用问题的表征及策略关系研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
国内外关于问题解决中表征和策略的研究成果不少，但涉及高中数学应用题解决中的问题表征及其与解题策略关系的研究不多。高中学生运用FDI认知方式解决数学应用问题有5个表征层次--文字表征、具体表征、抽象表征、形象表征和数学表征，4种解决策略--盲目搜索策略、情景推理策略、原理统率策略和数学模型策略。高中解决数学应用问题时的表征程度决定了其问题解决策略的选取，表征程度的学生倾向于选择相对优化的策略。 相似文献
10.
University Students' Strategies for Constructing Hypothesis when Tackling Paper-and-Pencil Tasks in Physics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jenaro Guisasola Mikel Ceberio José Luis Zubimendi 《Research in Science Education》2006,36(3):163-186
The study we present tries to explore how first year engineering students formulate hypotheses in order to construct their own problem solving structure when confronted with problems in physics. Under the constructivistic perspective of the teaching–learning process, the formulation of hypotheses plays a key role in contrasting the coherence of the students' ideas with the theoretical frame. The main research instrument used to identify students' reasoning is the written report by the student on how they have attempted four problem solving tasks in which they have been asked explicitly to formulate hypotheses. The protocols used in the assessment of the solutions consisted of a semi-quantitative study based on grids designed for the analysis of written answers. In this paper we have included two of the tasks used and the corresponding scheme for the categorisation of the answers. Details of the other two tasks are also outlined. According to our findings we would say that the majority of students judge a hypothesis to be plausible if it is congruent with their previous knowledge without rigorously checking it against the theoretical framework explained in class. 相似文献
11.
Craig W. Bowen 《科学教学研究杂志》1990,27(4):351-370
Graduate students taking a course in synthetic organic chemistry were asked to think aloud while solving several synthesis tasks. Analysis of the protocols indicated that subjects used different types of representations while problem solving. Subjects constructed solutions and communicated them through seven systems: Verbal, Pictorial, Methodological, Principles-Oriented, Literary, Laboratory-Oriented, and Economic. Beyond the Pictorial and Verbal systems, the most often used system was Methodological in nature—subjects believed the purpose of organic synthesis is to apply rules in a proper order until the task is solved. Subjects considered utilizing other systems of representation if they judged their results to be ambiguous when based on the Methodological system. 相似文献
12.
Research on the counterintuitive Monty Hall dilemma (MHD) and analogous problems has shown that correct reasoning is rarely observed, even with the help of certain hints. Making the causal structure explicit or presenting probabilities by means of natural frequencies seem to enhance performance, but only to a moderate degree. The present experiments aimed to analyze the usefulness of these hints for solving an analogous MHD in more detail. Results showed that, compared to relative frequencies, natural frequencies improved reasoning, but this effect depended on previous numerical skills. On the other hand, a graph representing the causal structure had no effect, suggesting that numerical representations are more critical for solving the dilemma. Furthermore, success in solving the dilemma strongly correlated with participants’ skill in representing probabilities. Hence, an adequate numerical representation seems to be particularly relevant for understanding counterintuitive probabilistic problems. 相似文献
13.
Dr. Richard Lowe 《Research in Science Education》1992,22(1):283-290
The current relative lack of detailed knowledge about how learners interact with the types of diagrams used in instructional
materials is partly due to the research difficulties in characterising the cognitive structures and processes involved in
these interactions. One of these difficulties arises from the lack of research tools specifically designed for the collection
and meaningful analysis of relevant data. This paper describes computer-based approaches developed to analyse and characterise
graphic output produced during diagram processing tasks.
Specializations: Mental representation and processing of scientific diagrams, characteristics of explanatory diagrams, visual aspects of
problem solving, instructional design. 相似文献
14.
The ontologies of complexity and learning about complex systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper discusses a study of students learning core conceptual perspectives from recent scientific research on complexity
using a hypermedia learning environment in which different types of scaffolding were provided. Three comparison groups used
a hypermedia system with agent-based models and scaffolds for problem-based learning activities that varied in terms of the
types of text based scaffolds that were provided related to a set of complex systems concepts. Although significant declarative
knowledge gains were found for the main experimental treatment in which the students received the most scaffolding, there
were no significant differences amongst the three groups in terms of the more cognitively demanding performance on problem
solving tasks. However, it was found across all groups that the students who enriched their ontologies about how complex systems
function performed at a significantly higher level on transfer problem solving tasks in the posttest. It is proposed that
the combination of interactive representational scaffolds associated with NetLogo agent-based models in complex systems cases
and problem solving scaffolding allowed participants to abstract ontological dimensions about how systems of this type function
that, in turn, was associated with the higher performance on the problem solving transfer tasks. Theoretical and design implications
for learning about complex systems are discussed. 相似文献
15.
问题解决作为心理学一个重要的理论概念,对于处理师生冲突有重要的启发意义。将师生冲突看作是问题来解决,其影响因素有专家与新手的区别、知识表征方式、定势、功能固着、教师处理冲突的动机、教师的情绪、师生之间的关系等七个方面,师生冲突的处理过程可以借助问题解决的步骤来进行,同时问题解决过程中所运用的策略也有助于师生冲突的处理。 相似文献
16.
Murad Eid Jurdak 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2006,63(3):283-301
This study describes and contrasts theoretically and empirically problem solving of situated problems in school and the real world at the macro level as a social-cultural activity system and analyzes the process of solving situated problems by high school students at the micro level as an activity. Three potentially experiential problem tasks were given to 31 last year high School science students. Action map, a concept derived from activity theory, was used to represent the solutions. Qualitative methods were used to analyze the data obtained from the written solutions as well as interviews with the participants. Leont'ev's activity theory and Engeström's activity system were used as frameworks to analyze and interpret the data. The results indicate that there are fundamental identifiable differences among the activities and the activity systems of problem solving in the real world, situated, and school contexts. 相似文献
17.
正确的问题表征也就意味着寻找到了正确的解决路径,因此外部表征对问题解决来说是特别重要的。帮助学习者能更清晰准确地识别表征问题,也就更好地支持了学习者的问题解决。文章从问题表征的心理学研究入手,分析了问题表征的信息来源和支持策略,并在此基础上设计了结合支持式表征和自主式表征两种支持模式的问题表征支持系统。 相似文献
18.
Charlotte Larmuseau Jan Cornelis Luigi Lancieri Piet Desmet Fien Depaepe 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2020,51(5):1548-1562
To have insight into cognitive load (CL) during online complex problem solving, this study aimed at measuring CL through physiological data. This study experimentally manipulated intrinsic and extraneous load of exercises in the domain of statistics, resulting in four conditions: high complex with hints, low complex with hints, high complex without hints and low complex without hints. The study had a within-subject-design in which 67 students solved the exercises in a randomized order. Self-reported CL was combined with physiological data, namely, galvanic skin response (GSR), skin temperature (ST), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). Multiple imputation was used for handling missing data from resp. 16 and 19 students for GSR/ST and HR/HRV. First, differences between conditions in view of physiological data were examined. Second, we investigated how much variance of self-reported CL and task performance was explained by physiological data. Finally, we investigated which features can be used to assess (objective) CL. Results revealed no significant differences between the manipulated conditions in terms of physiological data. Nonetheless, HR and ST were significantly related to self-reported CL, whereas ST to task performance. Additionally, this study revealed the potential of ST and HR to assess high CL. 相似文献
19.
Chronoula Voutsina 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2012,79(2):193-214
This study analysed the different types of arithmetic knowledge that young children utilise when solving a multiple-step addition
task. The focus of the research was on the procedural and conceptual changes that occur as children develop their overall
problem solving approach. Combining qualitative case study with a micro-genetic approach, clinical interviews were conducted
with ten 5–6-year-old children. The aim was to document how children combine knowledge of addition facts, calculation procedures
and arithmetic concepts when solving a multiple-step task and how children’s application of different types of knowledge and
overall solving approach changes and develops when children engage with solving the task in a series of problem solving sessions.
The study documents children’s pathways towards developing a more effective and systematic approach to multiple-step tasks
through different phases of their problem solving behaviour. The analysis of changes in children’s overt behaviour reveals
a dynamic interplay between children’s developing representation of the task, their improved procedures and gradually their
more explicit grasp of the conceptual aspects of their strategy. The findings provide new evidence that supports aspects of
the “iterative model” hypothesis of the interaction between procedural and conceptual knowledge and highlight the need for
educational approaches and tasks that encourage and trigger the interplay of different types of knowledge in young children’s
arithmetic problem solving. 相似文献
20.
Henk J. Pol Egbert G. Harskamp Cor J. M. Suhre Martin J. Goedhart 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2008,17(4):410-425
Many students experience difficulties in solving applied physics problems. Most programs that want students to improve problem-solving
skills are concerned with the development of content knowledge. Physhint is an example of a student-controlled computer program
that supports students in developing their strategic knowledge in combination with support at the level of content knowledge.
The program allows students to ask for hints related to the episodes involved in solving a problem. The main question to be
answered in this article is whether the program succeeds in improving strategic knowledge by allowing for more effective practice
time for the student (practice effect) and/or by focusing on the systematic use of the available help (systematic hint-use
effect). Analysis of qualitative data from an experimental study conducted previously show that both the expected effectiveness
of practice and the systematic use of episode-related hints account for the enhanced problem-solving skills of students. 相似文献