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1.
ABSTRACT

During recent conservation work carried out on the Etruscan mural paintings in the Tomba degli Scudi, (Tarquinia, 4th C. BCE), the study of the execution techniques led to an amazing discovery: human figures were composed using templates of single body parts. In the Tomba degli Scudi, the perfect overlap of limbs, chests, and heads was confirmed after processing rectified photogrammetric images of the wall paintings with photo editing software. The study also highlighted that such templates were probably made of rigid material and each one had three different sizes, in order to represent the hierarchical organization of the painted characters. In the past, scholars have demonstrated that templates were used to realize a number of Etruscan wall paintings. However, they had reported that only whole figures were reproduced. The notion that such templates consisted of single anatomical parts purposely created to portray figures in different poses never occurs in their studies. In fact, the use of modular templates, also called patroni and antibola, is acknowledged only from the Middle Ages onwards both in western and eastern art. Earlier evidence had never been found. This article aims to predate the use of modular shapes by about ten centuries, thus changing our knowledge of technologies whose tradition spans from the Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Consequently, a new approach to the study of transfer techniques of preparatory drawings in Etruscan wall paintings is established. Furthermore, this article shows that, as in the Middle Ages, the size of such templates was scaled up or down to create hierarchies among the painted characters.  相似文献   

2.
Increasingly, some — but not all — urban history museums are facing the challenges of reaching out to and serving growingly diversified populations. Described here is the Museum of London's The Peopling of London, which recognizes the history and contributions of immigrant communities and their descendants. Planning for the exhibition required an about face from the museum's traditional in-house method of exhibition development — involving members of minority communities. Both the planning process and the resulting exhibition serve as a model for consideration and possibly emulation as urban history museums look at the growing diversification of the populations they serve.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

This study examines information about the display of early Soviet visual anti-religious propaganda in the past in order to conceptualize its re-presentation in the digital future. Based on recent research conducted in the Hoover Institution Library and Archive and other American and Russian collections, it considers printed visual images of the 1920s–1930s, including posters. It also investigates the theory and practices that guided their display detailed in the specialized literature and disseminated in the anti-religious periodicals Bezbozhnik and Bezbozhnik u stanka. These materials make it possible to recover the structures and contents of historic propaganda displays and to replicate and re-exhibit them virtually with digital technologies.  相似文献   

4.
This article elaborates on media-induced nostalgia as a mixed emotion elicited by remembering past media content and characters. It argues that social components of media consumption such as parasocial relationships (PSRs) play an important part in the elicitation of nostalgia. In an online study, participants (N = 96) remembered their individual media use and preferred media characters as children. Results show that media-induced nostalgia is significantly associated with PSRs to characters in the past. These findings are evaluated concerning their implications for future research on nostalgia and PSRs.  相似文献   

5.

Children from ages 4 to 9 watched segments from Sesame Street and answered questions about television reality. Factor analysis produced three reality dimensions: (a) Sesame Street really exists, (b) television characters can see and hear us, and (c) what you see is inside the television set. For preschoolers, age was the most important variable in regard to television reality. There were other background variables for older children: Children from working‐class backgrounds were more apt to believe that television characters can see and hear us and that they reside inside the television set than their middle‐ and upper‐class age peers.  相似文献   

6.
An increasing volume of information exists only in digital form. It can be scanned material; material actually created as digital publications; or material created as part of the day‐to‐day business of an organization. In The Netherlands, initiatives such as the ‘Memory of The Netherlands’ have emerged, creating a demand for good‐quality digital materials to support them. Many other digitization initiatives are constantly being announced. The digital form offers many advantages but presents challenges in respect of preservation and of changes in platforms and software.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

For centuries, the only painting materials used in stained-glass production were grisaille and yellow (silver) stain. At the end of the fifteenth century, stained-glass painters began to use a new material, sanguine. This paint is mainly produced with iron oxide particles, usually haematite, and allowed to obtain a colour that can vary from yellowish to brownish-red due to the nature and particle size of the iron oxide. A translucent sanguine was mostly applied as flesh and hair colour, with an opaque sanguine used for drapery, architectural motifs, and heraldry. The main goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between historic sources on the preparation and use of sanguine from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries and the evolution evidenced in the recipes regarding the production method. Representative recipes from several centuries (sixteenth to nineteenth centuries) were selected and reproduced for this study. These reconstructions were thoroughly characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, optical microscopy (OM), and fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). The OM and FORS data were correlated with historic sanguine paints applied on historic stained-glass. The similarities and differences between historic and reconstructed paints are presented. The study of reconstructed sanguine’s adhesion to glass using cross-cut testing was also performed, revealing that the adhesion is strongly influenced, not only by the binder, but also by the composition and morphology of the sanguine paint.  相似文献   

8.
The 2010‐2014 strategic plan builds on the reputation of Health Information and Libraries Journal (HILJ) as a dynamic internationally inclusive journal and will ensure that the journal remains relevant to the day‐to‐day practices of its readership. The plan seeks to maintain the high quality of the journal, build on the already strong relationship with the Health Libraries Group (HLG), and find new ways to engage with the HILJ readers and writers.  相似文献   

9.

An experiment examined the effectiveness of two intervention strategies to reduce children's fear of the television series The Incredible Hulk, in which a mild‐mannered character (David) transforms into the monstrous Hulk. The Identity tape emphasized the similar positive motivations of David and the Hulk. The Visual Cues tape showed an actor being made‐up to look like the Hulk. Both tapes reduced fear (relative to a control condition) during the post‐transformation segment that featured the Hulk. Additional measures (ratings of the characters, explanations of the transformation) were used to evaluate several possible reasons for the success of the interventions.  相似文献   

10.
Nickelodeon is a powerful commercial cable network of television, internet activities, toy manufacturing, and video production. The network has been recognized by both industry professionals and media scholars for its representation of girls as strong, intelligent lead characters. Focusing on entertainment programs Clarissa Explains It All and As Told by Ginger, as well as on Nickelodeon's non‐fiction children's news program, Nick News, I argue that the media context of girl power, combined with the increasing recognition of adolescent girls as both powerful citizens and consumers, offers what at times looks like a radical gesture in terms of disrupting dominant gender relations. However, we can also read the mainstream embrace of girl power as a restabilization of particular categories of gender, so that this “radical” challenge moves toward the entrenchment of conventional gender relations.  相似文献   

11.
Is it even possible to design museum exhibits that have an above average chance of engaging visitors in meaningful experiences? Museum‐based researchers and designers, working over the past several decades, have endeavored to address this and other questions. Recently, a promising Ideas‐People‐Objects (IPO) model of the visitor experience, subsequently elaborated on to include Physical (IPOP) has been used in the design and subsequent study of visitors' museum experiences. Here I briefly describe the model and introduce three papers featured in this issue of Curator: The Museum Journal that offer new insights and perspectives for understanding the theory behind the model, as well as features of the IPOP model that have been used in the design and interpretation of exhibitions, and a comparison of analytic techniques that produce results that can be used in IPOP‐related research.  相似文献   

12.
This paper describes an automated system for information support of scientific research, the ISI Web of Knowledge, which is one of the largest systems in the modern world; approximately 150000 users turn to it each day. The system was created in 1992 based on the experience and achievements of the well-known American information firm Institute for Scientific Information, which was purchased by Thomson Corp., a Canadian information-publishing firm. The main principles of the building of this system, the information resources used in it, and the main directions of its development are characterized.  相似文献   

13.
The Library of America is a nonprofit publishing company whose mission is to renew and preserve the literary heritage of the United States. To accomplish this, the Library publishes the best American writing of the past. As part of the historic preservation movement, the Library attempts to make permanently available, at moderate cost, those books that have remained crucial to the formation of American culture. This is a slightly revised and updated version of an article from theGazette of the Grolier Club (1994) Number 46, reprinted by permission.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

English medieval cathedrals are a group of buildings of exceptional significance and they contain collections of equal importance. Both the historic building fabric and the artefacts are vulnerable to environmental deterioration. However, unlike buildings owned by heritage organisations, the primary purpose of cathedrals is to further the Christian mission, and the conservation of the building and collections is required to be conducted within these constraints. Increasing visitor numbers and the installation of sophisticated exhibitions makes the task of conservation all the more demanding. Next to mechanical damage, environmental factors are the greatest source of deterioration to sensitive fabric and collections. However, until recently, there has been little systematic study of English cathedral environments and the effects of different uses and control measures. Detailed studies undertaken on 20 cathedrals in the past two decades have provided an insight into their environmental performance and how they differ as a group from many other historic buildings, as well as the passive conservation measures that can be implemented within their primary function.  相似文献   

15.
This study explores the notion of the “tyranny of the empty frame” within the online departments of the two leading Slovenian newspapers, Delo and Dnevnik, where online journalists—newsworkers with little or no training or experience in photojournalism—are required to provide each news item with at least one photograph. By adopting newsroom observation and in-depth interviews with online journalists working for Delo and Dnevnik, we investigate paradoxes associated with this imperative. Despite often being faced with a desperate search for “any image,” online journalists at both institutions are reluctant to use citizen-produced photographs—their use appears to be an aberration rather than a norm. Instead, they frequently resort to using what they refer to as a “symbolic photograph” to overcome the lack of visual material originating from the reported event. This move from indexical–iconic nexus to metaphoric visual communication signals challenges to the dominant paradigm of press photography. At the same time, we suggest that we should not view the phenomena of citizen photojournalism as a radical break with the past but as the latest development in a series of interrelated processes, intellectual projects of modernity, such as ocularcentrism, journalism, capitalism and the nation state.  相似文献   

16.
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17.

During the past six years the Journal of Broadcasting has brought to its readers bibliographies on specific topics (audience measurement techniques, content analysis, etc.) and from publications devoted to a specific field (law, economics, journalism, etc.). The bibliography published below belongs to this second category. Education on the Air, the yearbook of the Institute for Education by Radio‐Television, is a continuous record of the deliberations of a convention devoted to exploring the informative and cultural uses of broadcasting. Under the direction of I. Keith Tyler, the IERT was for many years the only major association devoted exclusively to this subject area, and many of the present organizations now in the field are “spin‐offs” from these annual meetings hosted by the Ohio State University. Within the framework of the IERT, the subject of broadcast journalism has not been neglected. Over a period of almost 30 years, this use of radio for informing the public of the events of the day was discussed in various IERT sessions.

This bibliography was prepared to assist researchers and students interested in the growth and development of broadcast journalism as reflected in the IERT annual meetings. Dr. Heath is professor of journalism at Oklahoma State University, and is former chairman of the Council on Radio‐Television Journalism of the Association for Education in Journalism. Mr. Wolfson is working toward his doctorate at Michigan State University. They collaborated on this bibliography while at Iowa State University.  相似文献   

18.
August strindberg created a paradoxin Miss Julie. Simultaneously, he established a prototype, the perfection of the naturalistic play according to Emile Zola's requirements, while he contradicted the anti‐art bias of orthodox dramatic naturalism as developed by Zola's followers.  相似文献   

19.
This analysis explores the relation between class-stratified White masculinities and moral ambiguity in FX crime drama. Conflicts between morally ambiguous White men in The Shield (2002–2008), Sons of Anarchy (2008–present), and Justified (2010–present) support colorblind racial ideology by positioning a central antiheroic protagonist in opposition to overtly racist characters who embody stereotypes associated with the White underclass. In comparison with traditional crime dramas, these juxtapositions provide realistic depictions of contemporary America by acknowledging the existence of racial prejudice while the antihero’s ultimate victory stands as a rejection of anachronistic racial sensibilities drawing attention away from issues related to systemic inequality.  相似文献   

20.

Children aged 7 to 12 were interviewed about their favorite TV character. Nearly all boys and about half of the girls selected same‐sex favorites. Regression analyses used perceived character traits (attractiveness, strength, humor, intelligence, social behavior) to predict wishful identification and parasocial interaction with characters. For male characters, wishful identification was predicted by intelligence and (for girls only) humor; parasocial interaction was predicted by intelligence, attractiveness, and (for boys only) strength. In marked contrast, for female characters (chosen only by girls), attractiveness was the only significant predictor. Although girls rated female characters as more intelligent than male characters, this trait apparently was not an important determinant of attraction. Interpretations of the findings and implications for socialization effects are discussed.  相似文献   

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