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1.
Dietary analysis of Academy soccer players highlights that total energy and carbohydrate intakes are less than optimal, especially, on match-days. As UK Academy matches predominantly kick-off at ～11:00?h, breakfast is likely the last pre-exercise meal and thus may provide an intervention opportunity on match-day. Accordingly, the physiological and performance effects of an increased calorie breakfast consumed ～135-min before soccer-specific exercise was investigated. English Premier League Academy soccer players (n?=?7) repeated a 90-min soccer match simulation on two occasions after consumption of habitual (Bhab; ～1100?kJ) or increased (Binc; ～2100?kJ) energy breakfasts standardised for macronutrient contributions (～60% carbohydrates, ～15% proteins and ～25% fats). Countermovement jump height, sprint velocities (15-m and 30-m), 30-m repeated sprint maintenance, gut fullness, abdominal discomfort and soccer dribbling performances were measured. Blood samples were taken at rest, pre-exercise, half-time and every 15-min during exercise. Although dribbling precision (P?=?.522; 29.9?±?5.5?cm) and success (P?=?.505; 94?±?8%) were unchanged throughout all time-points, mean dribbling speed was faster (4.3?±?5.7%) in Binc relative to Bhab (P?=?.023; 2.84 vs 2.75?m?s?1). Greater feelings of gut fullness (67?±?17%, P?=?.001) were observed in Binc without changes in abdominal discomfort (P?=?.595). All other physical performance measures and blood lactate and glucose concentrations were comparable between trials (all P?>?.05). Findings demonstrate that Academy soccer players were able to increase pre-match energy intake without experiencing abdominal discomfort; thus, likely contributing to the amelioration of energy deficits on match-days. Furthermore, whilst Binc produced limited benefits to physical performance, increased dribbling speed was identified, which may be of benefit to match-play.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this study was to compare the impact of continuous (CON) and intermittent (INT) heat acclimation protocols on repeat-sprint performance, and to also assess the degree of performance decay following acclimation. Using a pair-matched, between subjects design, 16 trained male team sport athletes were allocated to either INT (8 sessions over 15 days) or CON acclimation (8 sessions over 8 days) groups. Participants performed a heat tolerance test (HTT) involving 60-min of repeat-sprint cycling with a 10-min half time break (in 35.3?±?0.7°C, 60.1?±?4.0%; RH) two days pre- (pre-HTT) and post-acclimation (post-HTT1). Decay was investigated with two further HTT's completed over the next two weeks (post-HTT2 and post-HTT3). Results showed the post-HTT1 performance variables [mean power (pre-HTT; INT?=?1002.07?±?173.74, CON?=?1057.10?±?180.07 / post-HTT1; INT?=?1097.11?±?186.85, CON?=?1163.77?±?184.65 W), mean power (W.kg?1), total work (kJ) and work (J.kg?1)] were greater than pre-HHT (p?p?相似文献   

3.
This study aimed to investigate whether treadmill versus overground soccer match simulations have similar effects on knee joint mechanics during side cutting. Nineteen male recreational soccer players completed a 45-min treadmill and overground match simulation. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded every 5 min. Prior to exercise (time 0 min), at “half-time” (time 45 min) and 15 min post-exercise (time 60 min), participants performed five trials of 45° side-cutting manoeuvres. Knee abduction moments and knee extension angles were analysed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Physiological responses were significantly greater during the overground (HR 160 ± 7 beats ? min?1; RPE 15 ± 2) than the treadmill simulation (HR 142 ± 5 beats ? min?1; RPE 12 ± 2). Knee extension angles significantly increased over time and were more extended at time 60 min compared with time 0 min and time 45 min. No significant differences in knee abduction moments were observed. Although knee abduction moments were not altered over time during both simulations, passive rest during half-time induced changes in knee angles that may have implications for anterior cruciate ligament injury risk.  相似文献   

4.
This study compared the effects of a hand cooling glove (～16°C water temperature; subatmospheric pressure of ?40 mmHg) and a cooling jacket (CJ) on post-exercise cooling rates (gastrointestinal core temperature, Tc; skin temperature, Tsk) and cognitive performance (the Stroop Colour–Word test). Twelve male athletes performed four trials (within subjects, counterbalanced design) involving cycling at a workload equivalent to 75% ?O2max in heat (35.7?±?0.2°C, 49.2?±?2.6% RH) until a Tc of 39°C or exhaustion occurred. A 30-min cooling period (in 22.3?±?0.3°C, 42.1?±?3.6% RH) followed, where participants adopted either one-hand cooling (1H), two-hand cooling (2H), wore a CJ or no cooling (NC). No significant differences were seen in Tc and Tsk cooling rates between trials; however, moderate effect sizes (d?=?0.50–0.76) suggested Tc cooling rates to be faster for 1H, 2H and CJ compared to NC after 5 min; 1H and CJ compared to NC after 10 min and for CJ to be faster than 2H at 25–30 min. Reaction times on the cognitive test were similar between all trials after the 30 min cooling/no-cooling period (p?>?.05). In conclusion, Tc cooling rates were faster with 1H and CJ during the first 10 min compared to NC, with minimal benefit associated with 2H cooling. Reaction time responses were not impacted by the use of the glove(s) or CJ.  相似文献   

5.
During the competitive season, soccer players are likely exposed to numerous factors that may disrupt the process of sleep. The current investigation looked to evaluate a practical sleep hygiene strategy (10-min showering at ～40°C before lights out), within a group of 11 youth soccer players in comparison to normal sleeping conditions (control). Each condition consisted of three days within a randomised crossover trial design. Sleep information was collected using a commercial wireless bedside sleep monitor. Measures of skin temperature were evaluated using iButton skin thermistors to establish both distal and proximal skin temperatures and distal to proximal gradient. The shower intervention elevated distal skin temperature by 1.1°C (95% CI: 0.1–2.1°C, p?=?.04) on average prior to lights out. The elevation in distal temperature was also present during the first 30-min following lights out (1.0°C, 95% CI: 0.4–1.6°C, p?<?.01). The distal to proximal gradient also showed a significant effect between the conditions within the first 30-min after lights out (0.7°C, 95% CI: 0.3–1.2°C, p?<?.01). On average the sleep latency of the youth soccer players was ?7-min lower (95% CI: ?13 to ?2?min, p?<?.01) and sleep efficiency +2% higher (95% CI: 1–3%; p?<?.01) in the shower condition. These findings demonstrate that a warm shower performed before lights out may offer a practical strategy to promote thermoregulatory changes that may advance sleep onset latency and improve sleep efficiency in athletes.  相似文献   

6.
Objective: Effective warm-ups are attributed to several temperature-related mechanisms. Strategies during the transition phase, preceding swimming competition, have been shown to prolong temperature-related warm-up effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different clothing strategies during the transition phase, on subsequent 100-m maximal swimming performance. Methods: Nine competitive swimmers (3 female, 21?±?3?yrs; 6 male 20?±?2?yrs, mean performance standard 702 FINA Points, mean 100-m seasons best time 61.54?s) completed their own 30-min individual pool warm-up, followed by 7-min changing time and a 30-min transition phase, straight into a 100-m maximal effort time-trial. During the transition phase, swimmers remained seated, either wearing warm or limited clothing. Swimmers returned 1 week later, where clothing conditions were alternated. Results: Post-transition phase skin and core temperature remained higher in the warm clothing condition compared to the limited clothing condition (Mean Core: 36.90?±?0.17°C, 36.61?±?0.15°C, P?P?P?Conclusion: Wearing warm clothing during a 30-min transition phase improved swimming performance by 0.6%, compared to limited clothing.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of active recovery (AR) and passive recovery (PR) using short (2-min) and long (4-min) intervals on swimming performance. Twelve male competitive swimmers completed a progressively increasing speed test of 7?×?200-m swimming repetitions to locate the speed before the onset of curvilinear increase in blood lactate concentration (LT1). Subsequently, performance time of 6?×?50-m sprints was recorded during four different conditions: (i) 2-min PR (PR-2), (ii) 4-min PR (PR-4), (iii) 2-min AR (AR-2) and (iv) 4-min AR (AR-4) intervals. Blood lactate concentration was measured before the first and after the last 50-m repetition. AR was applied at an intensity corresponding to LT1. Performance as indicated by the time needed to complete 6?×?50-m sprints was impaired after AR-4 compared to PR-4 (AR-4: 28.65?±?1.04, PR-4: 28.17?±?0.72?s; mean% difference: MD% ±s; ±90% confidence limits: 90%CL, 1.71?±?3.01%; ±1.43%, p?=?.01) but was not different between AR-2 compared to PR-2 conditions (AR-2: 28.68?±?0.85, PR-2: 28.69?±?0.82 s; MD%: 0.03?±?1.61%; 90%CL?±?0.77%, p?=?.99). Performance in sprint-6 was improved after AR compared to PR independent of interval duration (AR: 28.55?±?0.81, PR: 29.01?±?1.03?s; MD%: 1.52?±?2.61%; 90%CL?±?1.2%; p?=?.03). Blood lactate concentration was lower after AR-4 compared to PR-4 but did not differ between AR-2 and PR-2 conditions. In conclusion, AR impaired performance after a 4-min but not after a 2-min interval. A better performance during sprint-6 after AR could be attributed to a faster metabolic recovery or anticipatory regulatory mechanisms towards the end of the series especially when adequate 4-min active recovery interval is applied.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

The physical demands of English Premier League soccer goalkeepers were quantified during training and match-play in a two-part study. Goalkeeper-specific micromechanical electrical systems (MEMS) devices, profiled training and match-day activities throughout one competitive week (n=8; part A). Changes in MEMS-derived outputs were also profiled throughout match-play (100 matches; n=8, 18±14 observations per goalkeeper; part B). In part A, goalkeeping-training elicited the most dives (51±11) versus all activities (all p≤0.030) except shooting-training (p=0.069). Small-sided games elicited the fewest (5±3) dives (all p≤0.012). High-speed distance covered in match (103±72 m) was similar to goalkeeping-training (p=0.484), while exceeding shooting-training, small-sided games, pre-match shooting, and pre-match warm-up (all p=0.012). Most changes of direction (34±12) and explosive efforts (70±18) occurred during goalkeeping-training, with values exceeding match (both p=0.012). In part B, between-half reductions in total distance, but increased high-speed changes of direction and explosive efforts, occurred (both p≤0.05). Excluding the number of high jumps, all variables differed from 0-15-min during at least one match epoch, with more dives (1.3±1.4 vs 1.0±1.1) and explosive efforts (2.5±2.4 vs 2.0±1.8) performed between 75-90-min versus 0-15-min (all p<0.05). These data highlight the differing physical demands of various activities performed by professional soccer goalkeepers throughout a competitive week.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two practical precooling techniques (skin cooling vs. skin + core cooling) on cycling time trial performance in warm conditions. Six trained cyclists completed one maximal graded exercise test ([Vdot]O2peak 71.4 ± 3.2 ml · kg?1 · min?1) and four ～40 min laboratory cycling time trials in a heat chamber (34.3°C ± 1.1°C; 41.2% ± 3.0% rh) using a fixed-power/variable-power format. Cyclists prepared for the time trial using three techniques administered in a randomised order prior to the warm-up: (1) no cooling (control), (2) cooling jacket for 40 min (jacket) or (3) 30-min water immersion followed by a cooling jacket application for 40 min (combined). Rectal temperature prior to the time trial was 37.8°C ± 0.1°C in control, similar in jacket (37.8°C ± 0.3°C) and lower in combined (37.1°C ± 0.2°C, P < 0.01). Compared with the control trial, time trial performance was not different for jacket precooling (?16 ± 36 s, ?0.7%; P = 0.35) but was faster for combined precooling (?42 ± 25 s, ?1.8%; P = 0.009). In conclusion, a practical combined precooling strategy that involves immersion in cool water followed by the use of a cooling jacket can produce decrease in rectal temperature that persist throughout a warm-up and improve laboratory cycling time trial performance in warm conditions.  相似文献   

10.
It seems that dehydration may impair decision-making performance in athletes. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the influence of dehydration on passing decision-making performance in soccer players. Method: Participants were 40 male soccer players (Mage = 22.3 ± 2.3 years) who agreed to participate in the study and were randomly assigned to the following conditions: control (CON), dehydration (DEH), and euhydration (EUH). The players played in 2 games of 90 min in duration (2 45-min halves) followed by 2 15-min halves (overtime) with and without proper hydration. The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was considered for the analysis of passing decision making. Results: The GPAI analysis indicated effective reduction in the decision-making index in the DEH condition compared with the EUH and CON conditions, F(2, 38) = 31.4, p < .05, ES = 0.8. Conclusions: In conclusion, dehydration may be considered a mediating factor in the passing decision-making performance of male soccer athletes.  相似文献   

11.
Change-of-direction (COD) ability is an essential physical component for soccer. This study examined the relationships between conventional speed–power assessments and COD performance in elite young soccer players. Twenty-five under-20 male players from the same club (age: 17.6?±?0.8 years, height: 178.1?±?6.7?cm, body mass [BM]: 72.2?±?7.9?kg) performed sprint speed tests, vertical jumps, loaded jump squats, half squats, and Zigzag COD assessments. Moreover, the COD deficit was calculated as the difference between 20-m sprint velocity and Zigzag COD test velocity. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlations between Zigzag COD performance and COD deficit with speed and power outputs. Although no significant relationships between speed–power variables and COD ability were present, there were still strong positive correlations between traditional neuromechanical measures and COD deficit. Briefly, it seems that higher performances in speed and power tests are not necessarily related to better performances in specific COD maneuvers. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches and technical staff include specific COD drills in soccer player routines to optimize the transference from speed and power capacities to specific COD performance.  相似文献   

12.
Street soccer has been shown to be effective in improving cardiovascular and musculoskeletal fitness in homeless men, due to high heart rate (HR) and multiple intense actions. The purpose of this study was to investigate HR, movement pattern, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), flow and worry during street soccer for homeless women. Fifteen homeless women (30.3?±?5.0?years [± standard deviation, SD], 1.65?±?0.08?m, 65.1?±?11.0?kg, 5?±?4?years football experience) from three countries participated in 4?a-side street soccer games in Women’s Homeless World Cup 2015. Mean and peak HR were 174?±?7 and 188?±?10?beats per minute (bpm), respectively, and >160 bpm 76?±?23% of the playing time (11.1?±?2.6?min). Distance covered per minute was 68.6?±?8.9?m of which 82?±?14, 15?±?6 and 3?±?3% were covered with low- (0–9?km/h), moderate- (9–13?km/h) and high-speed (>13?km/h) running, respectively. The 43?±?5, 45?±?3 and 12?±?3% of the distance were covered running forward, sideways, and backward, respectively. Player Load was 9.2?±?1.7?arbitrary units (AU) per minute and the number of accelerations >1.5?ms–2 was 15.3?±?2.7 per minute. The score for flow was high (5.5?±?0.8), whereas rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values (4.8?±?2.5) and the score for worry (4.6?±?1.3) were moderate. Street soccer for homeless women elicits high HR and a movement pattern comparable and for some parameters even higher than street soccer and recreational football for homeless and untrained men. Street soccer may be a suitable training intervention for homeless women, and especially moderate RPE and high flow score speaks in favour of an expectation of high participation and adherence.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of contextual factors on relative locomotor and metabolic power distances during professional female soccer matches. Twenty-eight players (forwards, n?=?4; midfielders, n?=?12; defenders, n?=?12) that competed in a 90-min home and away match (regular season only). The generalised estimating equations (GEE) was used to evaluate relative locomotor and metabolic power distances for three contextual factors: location (home vs. away), type of turf (natural vs. artificial), and match outcome (win, loss and draw). No differences were observed for home vs. away matches. Moderate-intensity running (20.0?±?1.0?m?min?1 and 16.4?±?0.9?m?min?1), high-intensity running (8.6?±?0.4?m?min?1 and 7.3?±?0.4?m?min?1) and high-metabolic power (16.3?±?0.5?m?min?1 and 14.4?±?0.5?m?min?1) distances were elevated on artificial turf compared to natural grass, respectively. Relative sprint distance was greater during losses compared with draws (4.3?±?0.4?m?min?1 and 3.4?±?0.3?m?min?1). Overall physical demands of professional women’s soccer were not impacted by match location. However, the elevation of moderate and high-intensity demands while playing on artificial turf may have implications on match preparations as well as recovery strategies.  相似文献   

15.
VO2 fluctuations are argued to be an important mechanism underpinning chronic adaptations following interval training. We compared the effect of exercise modality, continuous vs. intermittent realized at a same intensity, on electrical muscular activity, muscular oxygenation and on whole body oxygen uptake. Twelve participants (24?±?5 years; VO2peak: 43?±?6?mL·?min?1·kg?1) performed (i) an incremental test to exhaustion to determine peak work rate (WRpeak); two randomized isocaloric exercises at 70%WRpeak; (ii) 1 bout of 30 min; (iii) 30 bouts of 1?min work intercepted with 1?min passive recovery. For electromyography, only the CON exercise showed change for the vastus lateralis root-mean-square (+6.4?±?5.1%, P?P?vs. 2.32?±?1.21?mM, respectively, for the CON and INT, P?vs. 356?±?301?sec, respectively, for the CON and INT, P?相似文献   

16.
This study examined the separate and combined effects of heat acclimation and hand cooling on post-exercise cooling rates following bouts of exercise in the heat. Seventeen non-heat acclimated (NHA) males (mean ± SE; age, 23 ± 1 y; mass, 75.30 ± 2.27 kg; maximal oxygen consumption [VO2 max], 54.1 ± 1.3 ml·kg?1·min?1) completed 2 heat stress tests (HST) when NHA, then 10 days of heat acclimation, then 2 HST once heat acclimated (HA) in an environmental chamber (40°C; 40%RH). HSTs were 2 60-min bouts of treadmill exercise (45% VO2 max; 2% grade) each followed by 10 min of hand cooling (C) or no cooling (NC). Heat acclimation sessions were 90–240 min of treadmill or stationary bike exercise (60–80% VO2 max). Repeated measures ANOVA with Fishers LSD post hoc (α < 0.05) identified differences. When NHA, C (0.020 ± 0.003°C·min?1) had a greater cooling rate than NC (0.013 ± 0.003°C·min?1) (mean difference [95%CI]; 0.007°C [0.001,0.013], P = 0.035). Once HA, C (0.021 ± 0.002°C·min?1) was similar to NC (0.025 ± 0.002°C·min?1) (0.004°C [?0.003,0.011], P = 0.216). Hand cooling when HA (0.021 ± 0.002°C·min?1) was similar to when NHA (0.020 ± 0.003°C·min?1) (P = 0.77). In conclusion, when NHA, C provided greater cooling rates than NC. Once HA, C and NC provided similar cooling rates.  相似文献   

17.
This study investigated the changes in measures of neuromuscular fatigue and physical performance in young professional rugby union players during a preseason training period. Fourteen young (age: 19.1?±?1.2 years) professional rugby union players participated in the study. Changes in measures of lower body neuromuscular fatigue (countermovement jump (CMJ) mean power, mean force, flight-time) and physical performance (lower body strength, 40?m sprint velocity) were assessed during an 11-week preseason period using magnitude-based inferences. CMJ mean power was likely to very likely decreased during week 2 (?8.1?±?5.5% to ?12.5?±?6.8%), and likely to almost certainly decreased from weeks 5 to 11 (?10?±?4.3% to ?14.7?±?6.9%), while CMJ flight-time demonstrated likely to very likely decreases during weeks 2, and weeks 4–6 (?2.41?±?1% to ?3.3?±?1.3%), and weeks 9–10 (?1.9?±?0.9% to ?2.2?±?1.5%). Despite this, possible improvements in lower body strength (5.8?±?2.7%) and very likely improvements in 40?m velocity (5.5?±?3.6%) were made. Relationships between changes in CMJ metrics and lower body strength or 40?m sprint velocity were trivial or small (<0.22). Increases in lower body strength and 40?m velocity occurred over the course of an 11-week preseason despite the presence of neuromuscular fatigue (as measured by CMJ). The findings of this study question the usefulness of CMJ for monitoring fatigue in the context of strength and sprint velocity development. Future research is needed to ascertain the consequences of negative changes in CMJ in the context of rugby-specific activities to determine the usefulness of this test as a measure of fatigue in this population.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
The effectiveness of a nap as a recovery strategy for endurance exercise is unknown and therefore the present study investigated the effect of napping on endurance exercise performance. Eleven trained male runners completed this randomised crossover study. On two occasions, runners completed treadmill running for 30?min at 75% ?O2max in the morning, returning that evening to run for 20?min at 60% ?O2max, and then to exhaustion at 90% ?O2max. On one trial, runners had an afternoon nap approximately 90?min before the evening exercise (NAP) whilst on the other, runners did not (CON). All runners napped (20?±?10?min), but time to exhaustion (TTE) was not improved in all runners (NAP 596?±?148?s vs. CON 589?±?216?s, P?=?.83). Runners that improved TTE after the nap slept less at night than those that did not improve TTE (night-time sleep 6.4?±?0.7?h vs. 7.5?±?0.4?h, P?r2 ? =??0.76, P?=?.001). In runners that improved TTE, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were lower during the TTE on NAP than CON compared to runners that did not improve (?0.4?±?0.6 vs. 0?±?0, P?=?.05). Reduced exercising sense of effort (RPE) may account for the improved TTE after the nap. In conclusion, a short afternoon nap improves endurance performance in runners that obtain less than 7?h night-time sleep.  相似文献   

20.
This study investigated how learning a passing skill with futsal or soccer task constraints influenced transfer to a new task. Futsal (n?=?24, 13.6?±?1.2 years old, 7.0?±?1.6 years of experience) and soccer (n?=?24, 13.6?±?1.2 years old, 6.8?±?1.2 years of experience) players performed two 5v5?+?goalkeeper modified games – a futsal-like task (small playing area with the futsal ball) and soccer-like task (large playing area with the soccer ball). Participants’ passing accuracy and their orientation of attention were assessed during the two tasks. The futsal group improved their passing accuracy (ES?=?0.75?±?0.61) from the futsal-like to the soccer-like task, and they were more accurate than soccer players (ES?=?2.98?±?2.96). Conversely, the soccer group’s passing accuracy remained stable across the two tasks (ES?=?0.10?±?0.52) and it was similar to the futsal group in the futsal-like task (ES?=?0.58?±?1.93). This indicates a higher magnitude of transfer (and adaptability) from performing passes in a small playing area with short time to act – futsal task constraints – to a larger playing area with longer time – soccer task constraints – than vice-versa. Furthermore, the futsal group showed a higher adaptation of attention orientation to the affordances that emerged with the soccer task constraints, which is suggested to be one of the main mechanisms promoting skill transfer. These results encourage soccer practitioners to introduce futsal task constraints to fast-track players’ ability to functionally adapt perception–action coupling.  相似文献   

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