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1.
Non‐traditional forms of higher education in the German Democratic Republic are mainly directed towards adult students.

We give below information on the planning, organization and role of this form of study within the GDR's higher education system.  相似文献   


2.
A rank-and-file professor's attendance at a non-traditional higher education conference led to some salient observations: (1) Contrary to the odd-ball image they may have on some campuses, non-traditional programs can trace their lineage back to the very origins of Western universities; (2) At the same time, they represent a break with recent American University history, in that they appear to serve adult needs more than adolescent/young adult needs; (3) They are able to recognize true learning as occurring outside the parochial boundaries of grades, semester hours, etc; (4) They not only can individualize education, but they can make it an active (rather than passive) process; (5) These programs apparently strive to teach judgement and understanding,not just information; and (6) Such programs may be a functional arm of the so-called women's movement.  相似文献   

3.
加拿大高等教育改革的新动向   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
为使加拿大青年接受“最好的教育”,保证国家在21世纪的繁荣,加拿大高等教育近年来实施了诸多新的改革。主要有：联邦政府通过经济手段积极介入和支持高教改革;高校主动面向社会办学,市场化取向显著;实施面向21世纪的教学改革,培养具有综合素质的复合型人才。  相似文献   

4.
Most state and local government programs can be viewed as a series of transfers of purchasing power among individuals and classes, and much attention has been given during the last decade to the income redistributional impact of state higher education provision. A particularly controversial study by Hansen and Weisbrod concluded that California's system of public higher education tended to redistribute income from lower to higher income families in the 1960s. Subsequent studies have criticized the Hansen-Weisbrod approach for, among other things, ignoring the intergenerational nature of the benefit transfer resulting from state subsidies to higher education. This study demonstrates for the state of New York that, although the intergenerational criticism is a valid one, most previous studies have not properly eliminated the distortions. The study finds considerable income redistribution toward lower income classes within the college-age age cohort resulting from New York State's financing of higher education.  相似文献   

5.
This paper examines the ways in which the field experience—including both job-related activities and life-span developments—of adults affects the teaching of developmental psychology. It examines the psychological differences between conventional students (18 to 22-year-olds) and the growing numbers of adult students who are a new challenge to higher education, particularly in the teaching of psychology in general and developmental psychology. The role of a growing new breed of colleges (colleges that make use of assessment of prior learning, utilize individualized instruction, and are nonresidential) is examined.This article is based upon a paper delivered at the 83rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association as part of a symposium, Learning of Growth, Learning as Growth: Teaching Developmental Psychology.  相似文献   

6.
This essay offers a bird's eye view of new directions in the economics of education. An increasing awareness of the socialization function of education, of the screening hypothesis, of the ‘incomplete’ employment contract and of labour market segmentation is leading, it is argued, to a picture of the economic value of schooling which is simply miles removed from the old-fashioned belief that education enhances cognitive knowledge and that employers pay educated people more because they know more. The new way of looking at the economic value of schooling is illustrated by the example of youth training and work experience programmes.  相似文献   

7.
This paper assesses how many children and youth have had exposure to programs aimed at preventing various kinds of violence perpetration and victimization. Based on a national sample of children 5–17, 65% had ever been exposed to a violence prevention program, 55% in the past year. Most respondents (71%) rated the programs as very or somewhat helpful. Younger children (5–9) who had been exposed to higher quality prevention programs had lower levels of peer victimization and perpetration. But the association did not apply to older youth or youth exposed to lower quality programs. Disclosure to authorities was also more common for children with higher quality program exposure who had experienced peer victimizations or conventional crime victimizations. The findings are consistent with possible benefits from violence prevention education programs. However, they also suggest that too few programs currently include efficacious components.  相似文献   

8.
The scale and importance of Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education: A Call to Action challenges us to ask fundamental questions about widespread transformation of college biology instruction. I propose that we have clarified the “vision” but lack research-based models and evidence needed to guide the “change.” To support this claim, I focus on several key topics, including evidence about effective use of active-teaching pedagogy by typical faculty and whether certain programs improve students’ understanding of the Vision and Change core concepts. Program evaluation is especially problematic. While current education research and theory should inform evaluation, several prominent biology faculty–development programs continue to rely on self-reporting by faculty and students. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculty-development overviews can guide program design. Such studies highlight viewing faculty members as collaborators, embedding rewards faculty value, and characteristics of effective faculty-development learning communities. A recent National Research Council report on discipline-based STEM education research emphasizes the need for long-term faculty development and deep conceptual change in teaching and learning as the basis for genuine transformation of college instruction. Despite the progress evident in Vision and Change, forward momentum will likely be limited, because we lack evidence-based, reliable models for actually realizing the desired “change.”
All members of the biology academic community should be committed to creating, using, assessing, and disseminating effective practices in teaching and learning and in building a true community of scholars. (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 2011 , p. 49)
Realizing the “vision” in Vision and Change in Undergraduate Biology Education (Vision and Change; AAAS, 2011 ) is an enormous undertaking for the biology education community, and the scale and critical importance of this challenge prompts us to ask fundamental questions about widespread transformation of college biology teaching and learning. For example, Vision and Change reflects the consensus that active teaching enhances the learning of biology. However, what is known about widespread application of effective active-teaching pedagogy and how it may differ across institutional and classroom settings or with the depth of pedagogical understanding a biology faculty member may have? More broadly, what is the research base concerning higher education biology faculty–development programs, especially designs that lead to real change in classroom teaching? Has the develop-and-disseminate approach favored by the National Science Foundation''s (NSF) Division of Undergraduate Education (Dancy and Henderson, 2007 ) been generally effective? Can we directly apply outcomes from faculty-development programs in other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines or is teaching college biology unique in important ways? In other words, if we intend to use Vision and Change as the basis for widespread transformation of biology instruction, is there a good deal of scholarly literature about how to help faculty make the endorsed changes or is this research base lacking?In the context of Vision and Change, in this essay I focus on a few key topics relevant to broad-scale faculty development, highlighting the extent and quality of the research base for it. My intention is to reveal numerous issues that may well inhibit forward momentum toward real transformation of college-level biology teaching and learning. Some are quite fundamental, such as ongoing dependence on less reliable assessment approaches for professional-development programs and mixed success of active-learning pedagogy by broad populations of biology faculty. I also offer specific suggestions to improve and build on identified issues.At the center of my inquiry is the faculty member. Following the definition used by the Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education (www.podnetwork.org), I use “faculty development” to indicate programs that emphasize the individual faculty member as teacher (e.g., his or her skill in the classroom), scholar/professional (publishing, college/university service), and person (time constraints, self-confidence). Of course, faculty members work within particular departments and institutions, and these environments are clearly critical as well (Stark et al., 2002 ). Consequently, in addition to focusing on the individual, faculty-development programs may also consider organizational structure (such as administrators and criteria for reappointment and tenure) and instructional development (the overall curriculum, who teaches particular courses). In fact, Diamond (2002) emphasizes that the three areas of effort (individual, organizational, instructional) should complement one another in faculty-development programs. The scope of the numerous factors impacting higher education biology instruction is a realistic reminder about the complexity and challenge of the second half of the Vision and Change endeavor.This essay is organized around specific topics meant to be representative and to illustrate the state of the art of widespread (beyond a limited number of courses and institutions) professional development for biology faculty. The first two sections focus on active teaching and biology students’ conceptual understanding, respectively. The third section concerns important elements that have been identified as critical for effective STEM faculty-development programs.  相似文献   

9.
This paper looks critically at partnerships in education and training by presenting a case study of a community-level partnership aimed at promoting high school apprenticeships in Ontario Canada. The analysis maps the field of social relations within this partnership in order to reveal institutionally-based struggles and their implications for youth training and employment. The assumptions within policy that employers are actively engaged as partners and that they and other stakeholders share a unitary vision for education and training are challenged. Rather, partnerships reflect tensions among partners that must be addressed in order to improve the learning affordances for youth.
Alison TaylorEmail:
Alison Taylor   is a Professor in the Department of Educational Policy Studies at the University of Alberta. Her current research focuses on school-to-work transition and high school apprenticeship programs.  相似文献   

10.
Education is a provincial responsibility in Canada, but there is a sharing of expenditure and strong support of public education, health and other welfare programs between the provinces and the federal government. Although the federal policy of multiculturalism has been aimed at making Canada a just society, the implementation of this policy in education in English-speaking Canada has been far from satisfactory, and there is great variation among the provinces in educational programs. In Quebec, the federal policy of multiculturalism is ideologically opposed to the vision of French-Québécois nationalism. While the federal policy of intercultural education has made some attempts to integrate immigrant populations, the focus remains on linguistic programs. In facing the dramatic changes driven by internationalization and a globalized economy, Canadians must respond – so the conclusion of the present study – to the urgent need to redefine the meaning of multiculturalism with radical educational programs.  相似文献   

11.
The present tension in Italy's universities is attributable mainly to the following factors:

  • the higher education system was changed during the 1960s to cater for the masses rather than just the élite, without there being any corresponding expansion of academic facilities, teaching staff and social services;

  • changes in educational policies led to strains in the student‐professor relationship, and ‐ a sharp rise in youth unemployment has lowered student expectations and bred resentment among higher education graduates.

Below we present information analysing this situation, with special regard to the position of students, and including proposals for changes which would improve the condition of higher education in Italy.  相似文献   


12.
Adult education and lifelong learning together form one of the priorities for development in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The important historical and social context in which the professional development of adult educators has been taking place in the Baltic States since they regained their independence in the 1990s is the changes that occurred in the socio-political, economic and social life since then. There is greater concern about the need to qualify adult education practitioners so as to enhance quality in the provision of adult education and training. However, the prerequisites for the professional development of adult educators are a neglected area of research when compared with other fields of education and training.
In this article, we shall analyse the professional development of adult educators as follows:
  • •

    How transformational changes in the Baltic States during the past decade have influenced adult education policy and practice, the adult education profession itself and the professional development of adult educators;

  • •

    How adult education policies, initial education and training practices affect the process of professional development among adult educators;

  • •

    What the professional development of adult educators consists in.

  相似文献   

13.
We employ new data to examine how public higher education institutions adjusted the salaries and composition of their business faculty during a financially challenging period. The data's multilevel structure allows us to describe changes in between-institution inequality, within-institution inequality, and their interaction. To examine the role of finances, we compare public and private institutions and employ difference and fixed-effects models to study the effect of state appropriations. Our results indicate that financially stressed publics almost matched the salary increases of their competitors between 1999 and 2006, but reductions in the number of professorsespecially full professorsaccompanied this salary growth. The salary gap across public institutions increased, while within institutions, salary compression and salary inequality within rank grew.  相似文献   

14.
With a view to identifying salient issues in the rehabilitation of the disabled over the next decade, this paper examines several aspects of this important social problem area. These include the massive numbers of those affected; it is estimated that between 500 and 600 millions of the world's population can be regarded as disabled ‐‐ the organization of rehabilitation services, particularly with reference to the core concept of integration which may be seen both as a methodology and a goal; the need for simple solutions capable of adaptation throughout the international community; adequate income levels; the effective management of resources, human and technical; programs for prevention, early identification; intervention; specialist support; vocational training and adult community support systems.

Among other issues of contemporary importance are the use of legislation to promote change; the role of community education; the need for more effective translation of research into practice; and staff training. It is concluded that, within the Australian context at least, there has been steady progress in many areas of rehabilitation and that this trend will continue despite current economic constraints.  相似文献   


15.
This paper analyzes how and why ten Black and Latina/o youth attending an urban public high school engage culturally relevant peer interactions (Knight and Marciano in College ready: preparing Black and Latina/o youth for higher education—a culturally relevant approach. Teachers College Press, New York, 2013) in preparing for, applying to, and/or enrolling in college. The study reconsiders culturally relevant pedagogy (Ladson-Billings in The dreamkeepers: successful teachers of African American children. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1994) as an analytic tool for exploring youth’s culturally relevant peer interactions as supportive of their college-going processes (Tierney and Colyar in Preparing for college: nine elements of effective outreach. SUNY Press, Albany, 2005) and new media literacy practices (Ito et al. in Living and learning with new media: summary of findings from the Digital Youth Project. The MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, 2008. http://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/DML_ETHNOG_WHITEPAPER.PDF). Research findings include: new understandings of the reciprocal nature of youth’s culturally relevant peer interactions; and new enactments of youth’s college-going new media literacy practices. Recommendations for educational policy, practice, and research supportive of students’ college readiness and access are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Progress in education in Afghanistan since the fall of the Taliban has been described as ‘fragile, limited in reach, depth and uncertainty of sustainability' [UNICEF. 2013 UNICEF. 2013. Annual Report – Afghanistan. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. http://www.unicef.org/about/annualreport/files/Afghanistan_COAR_2013.pdf. [Google Scholar]. Basic Education and Gender Equality: Afghanistan. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. http://www.unicef.org/afghanistan/education_2206.htm]. This is particularly true for Afghan women participating in higher education, within a culture that remains resistant to women's education. This article documents the views and attitudes of Afghan women who have sought to gain a higher education, within a context where only 5% of the Afghan population attends university, and less than 20% of university students are female [The World Bank. 2013. World Development Indicators: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines. The World Bank Group. http://data.worldbank.org/country/afghanistan]. It is an attempt to listen to the voices of Afghan women to ascertain what they see as the best ways to improve their educational outcomes. Findings illustrate that while progress has been made in enabling a small percentage of women to pursue higher education, there are still significant and enduring obstacles for Afghan women seeking such a path.  相似文献   

17.
This edition of the Peabody Journal of Education analyzes the historical and contemporary role of after-school programs in the development of African American males. In this introduction, the author places after-school programs within an historical context of progressivism, progressive education and social change in 19th-century America. As these new ideas of children and childhood were conceptualized, four significant social changes in America—industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and an “American reformation”—sparked the implementation of remedies for social ills within urban settings. This article suggests that the early 20th-century focus on after-school programs for African Americans were the results of lessons learned from early “remedies” targeting “new” immigrants. Moreover, the later desire to assist African American youth through these national and local youth development organizations was spurred by the rapid migration of African Americans to the urban northeast and Midwest during the first quarter of the 20th century. Moreover, the failed efforts of African Americans to acquire decent housing, the resulting crowding into segregated neighborhoods, and the deteriorating conditions of these urban, African American neighborhoods drew the attention of progressives, both African American and White, who were knowledgeable of and/or serving immigrant communities to provide similar services in urban, African American communities. 1 This statement does not suggest that the African American community lacked interest in the development of organizations to serve their youth; however, these conditions did spark the interest of the larger community to act. View all notes  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

The adult education evaluation model presented here provides a comprehensive yet efficient procedure with which administrators can evaluate adult education programs in a variety of settings. The need for such evaluation is receiving impetus from the accountability movement, the growth of adult education as a field of professional practice, and demands by professional groups of adult educators. The framework of the model is based on Scriven's approach to evaluation, which incorporates many of the strengths of other evaluation prototypes not yet applied to adult education. The adult education evaluation model consists of a series of steps, divided among four stages: (a) predevelopment, (b) establishing objectives, (c) data generation, and (d) evaluation. The steps within the stages are: (a) assess needs, (b) rank needs, (c) define objectives within goals, (d) rank objectives, (e) develop instrumentation and procedures, (f) apply instrumentation, (g) analyze data, (h) compare data to judgment criteria, and (i) determine course of action.  相似文献   

19.
This article examines young Syrians' perceptions of higher education after the 2001 reforms, which expanded access to higher education and permitted the establishment of private universities. Data come from in-depth interviews conducted with 22 Syrians residing in Damascus, aged 18–32 in 2009. Analysis indicates youth are critical of the higher education system broadly, and that their discontent stems from two sources: (1) the high level of state involvement in determining youth life paths when uncoupled from labour market security; and (2) the perceived unfairness in university admissions stemming from connections and new forms of privatisation. This youth discontent reflects a larger rejection of the state's role in the higher education admissions process. Given Syria's long-term commitment to a model of state-led development in the post-independence era, the failure of the Syrian state to successfully link expanded higher education to secure employment in the neo-liberal era has contributed to a de-legitimisation of the Syrian state as a whole in the eyes of its youth.  相似文献   

20.
近年来,为提升教师教育的质量,特别是帮助教师形成独特的教学思想,新加坡开展了一系列的教师教育课程改革,其主旨是关注教师的“精神”养成.与以往的技术和实践取向明显不同, “精神”取向的教师教育课程并不是仅仅帮助师范生成为一个精通教育程序、方法和技能的教育者,而是要懂得怎样使学生获得心灵的成长与精神的陶冶,并且在学习中积极鼓励与促进学生的自主学习.新加坡的“精神”取向的教师教育课程改革关注以下几点:首先,帮助教师理解新的时代、新的学习环境,从而逐步形成具有挑战力的精神.其次,帮助教师不断形成良好的人文伦理精神与高尚的道德品质.第三,帮助教师逐步形成教育的专业信念与人文精神.  相似文献   

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