共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 375 毫秒
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明渠恒定非均匀渐变流水面线问题是非均匀流问题的关键也是教学的难点,文章对水面线的定性分析的教学过程做汇总整理,将这部分内容的教法做介绍。 相似文献
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明渠中水流的运动要素不随时间而变化时,称为明渠恒定流;否则称为明渠非恒定流。明渠恒定流中,如果水流流线是一簇平行的直线,且水深、断面平均流速沿程不变,称为明渠恒定均匀流;如果流线不是平行直线,则称为明渠恒定非均匀流。 相似文献
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梯形明渠水跃共轭水深计算方法存在精度低、计算量大、操作复杂等不足,针对这些问题将粒子群算法(PSO)引入梯形明渠水跃共轭水深计算中,实例应用表明PSO算法计算准确、收敛快,为梯形明渠水跃共轭水深优化计算提供了方法参考。 相似文献
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在堰顶上由于堰的上游水流受阻,水面壅高。势能转化为动能,水深变小,速度变大,使动能增大。堰流属急变流。在计算堰流时,主要考虑局部阻力,其沿程阻力可忽略。在惯性的作用下,水流溢过堰顶时,均会有脱离堰（构筑物）的趋势,在表面张力的作用下,液流的自由表面会有收缩现象。 相似文献
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分析梯形断面明渠均匀流正常水深的变化规律,提出其简捷的显性计算式.根据梯形明渠均匀流正常水深的本构关系,研究流量因子随边坡系数与宽深比的二元变化规律.研究表明,流量因子随着断面宽深比的增大而减小,其衰减效果在宽深比小于1.5范围内最为明显.流量因子随断面宽深比的衰减规律可用乘幂公式很好表示,其乘幂系数是边坡系数的函数.在工程应用范围内,本文公式计算精度能适应各边坡各流量的计算工况.与现有迭代显示公式相比,本文公式具有更好的计算精度与可靠度,并且计算方便,能为设计提供参考. 相似文献
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明渠是指人工渠道、天然河道以及非满管水流的管道,明渠水流具有共同的水力特征,即具有自由表面,且自由表面上的气体大气压,依靠重力能流动。明渠水流分为恒定流与非恒定流,明渠恒定流又分为明渠均匀流与明渠非均匀流。 相似文献
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考虑启动压力梯度和介质变形系数的影响,建立了低渗透油藏垂直裂缝井双线流模型。根据此模型可得到不同地层参数条件下的油井指示曲线。计算结果表明：随着介质变形系数的减小,指示曲线的斜率逐渐增大,随着启动压力梯度的增大,指示曲线逐渐向下平移。 相似文献
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沙坪二级水电站施工导流采用分期拦断河床、明渠导流方式,围堰全年挡水,导流运行时间长、流量大,需要通过导流模型试验对导流各项水力条件进行研究。通过1：70整体水力学模型,对导流明渠过水后的水流流速流态,上游围堰、下游围堰及下游河床等部位的冲刷情况进行了研究。研究表明：原设计方案在设计流量下,上、下游围堰堰顶不能满足挡水要求,导流明渠出渠水流归槽较差,下游冲刷严重。结合实验结果,作出增加明渠底宽,降低从坝轴线处明渠底高程,扩大明渠进口宽度、顺直出口右侧,调整上、下游围堰位置等优化措施。试验表明：新方案明显改善了原设计方案下出现的水力学问题。 相似文献
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M.M. Mortula 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2011,348(7):1627-1637
An innovative hydraulic structure was proposed for passage of fish in surface water. The structure consisted of identical ‘cells’ throughout its length and was designed to create coupled spatially varied flow for optimization of depth and velocity of water. The objective of this paper was to simulate the hydraulics of a single cell of this fish passage structure. A numerical model was developed to simulate the water surface profiles and longitudinal variation of 1-D velocity through one cell. The transition in the water surface profile between longitudinally adjacent cells (chamber) was also investigated. It was found that numerical convergence was usually achieved after three iterations with 2% discretization. The difference in depth arising from cell vs. chamber analysis was found to be small. The experimental results indicated turbulence in the water surface. The water surface profile matched the results obtained from numerical results. However, there were errors observed in estimation of flow rate. It is concluded that the mathematical approach used for the numerical simulation is reliable and can be used to analyze coupled spatially varied flow for any hydraulic structures aimed at controlling depth and velocity of water. Innovative approach to the interface between can potentially be used to achieve hydraulic goal of any structure. 相似文献
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20世纪后半叶,少数东亚经济体基于技术进步和产业升级成功跨越“中等技术陷阱”。这些经济体如何善用外来引进的技术,然后追赶、超越中等技术水平,步入技术进步的前沿？这段历史对我国跨越“中等技术陷阱”有着很强的启示作用。文章以日本、韩国、中国台湾和新加坡为研究对象,从外部及内部两方面梳理这些经济体成功的共同要素：从外部来看,这些经济体享有宽松自由的国际环境,人才、商品与资金的跨境流动成为技术扩散和创新的重要载体;从内部来看,这些经济体受益于逐步市场化的政策环境、高质量的教育体系与开放的人力资本,能够把基础科研成果转化为应用技术的企业科创系统,以及具有本土特色的金融体系。 相似文献
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干旱区滴灌棉田灌水量与灌溉周期关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于其节水增产的优势,近年来,膜下滴灌在我国西北干旱区绿洲农田得到了迅速推广。由于轮灌仍是目前农田用水分配的主要方式,并且还需要考虑滴灌产生的土壤盐分积累问题,因此,对滴灌灌水量(Q)、灌水周期(T)以及相应的深层下渗(L)关系研究,不仅是农田用水分配的要求,也是盐分控制的需要。本文利用田间试验数据校验HYDRUS-2D模型,进行数值模拟试验,并结合马尔可夫链模型分析,分析不确定蒸散下的Q-T-L关系,结果显示:①总体上,随着灌水量的增加,可支持的灌溉周期增加,同时深层下渗增加,Q-T-L关系曲线表现为非线性关系;②其中存在3个关键Q-T阈值点:深层下渗出现点(Q为35mm,T为5d)、灌溉周期增加减缓点(Q为65mm,T为10d)、最大灌溉周期点(T为11d,Q为120mm)。因此,①在以水分利用为优先的模式下,最大灌水量不应超出35mm,最大灌溉周期为5d;②在灌溉间隔时间优先的模式下,有最大灌水周期11d,所需灌水量为120mm,适宜的灌水周期为10d,所需灌水量为65mm;③在有盐分淋洗需求模式下,适宜的灌水周期为10d,所需灌水量为65mm,产生下渗量约占灌水量17%,可用于根区盐分淋洗;④潜水位对灌溉产生作用的阈值深度是-300cm,高于时潜水可以补给根区土壤水分,从而增加灌溉周期。利用本文数值模拟与方法,可以为不同气候与土壤情形区域农田滴灌灌溉设计提供指导。 相似文献
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Anita McConnell 《Endeavour》1983,7(1):25-30
Oceanography is necessarily a three-dimensional science, for the open surface of the sea conceals tremendous variations in depth and marked differences in temperature, salinity, and water movement, all of which are critical for marine life. Today the major research programmes study the oceans in four dimensions, since changes with time—daily, seasonal, and year-to-year—are no less important than those in space. Oceanography and meteorology have much in common: the temperature and movement of air and water cannot be directly seen from the ground or sea level, but must be investigated by means of specialised instruments whose readings can be brought back to the observer. 相似文献
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In this paper, a detailed numerical and experimental investigation into the optimisation of hydrodynamic micro-trapping arrays for high-throughput capture of single polystyrene (PS) microparticles and three different types of live cells at trapping times of 30 min or less is described. Four different trap geometries (triangular, square, conical, and elliptical) were investigated within three different device generations, in which device architecture, channel geometry, inter-trap spacing, trap size, and trap density were varied. Numerical simulation confirmed that (1) the calculated device dimensions permitted partitioned flow between the main channel and the trap channel, and further, preferential flow through the trap channel in the absence of any obstruction; (2) different trap shapes, all having the same dimensional parameters in terms of depth, trapping channel lengths and widths, main channel lengths and widths, produce contrasting streamline plots and that the interaction of the fluid with the different geometries can produce areas of stagnated flow or distorted field lines; and (3) that once trapped, any motion of the trapped particle or cell or a shift in its configuration within the trap can result in significant increases in pressures on the cell surface and variations in the shear stress distribution across the cell’s surface. Numerical outcomes were then validated experimentally in terms of the impact of these variations in device design elements on the percent occupancy of the trapping array (with one or more particles or cells) within these targeted short timeframes. Limitations on obtaining high trap occupancies in the devices were shown to be primarily a result of particle aggregation, channel clogging and the trap aperture size. These limitations could be overcome somewhat by optimisation of these device design elements and other operational variables, such as the average carrier fluid velocity. For example, for the 20 μm polystyrene microparticles, the number of filled traps increased from 32% to 42% during 5–10 min experiments in devices with smaller apertures. Similarly, a 40%–60% reduction in trapping channel size resulted in an increase in the amount of filled traps, from 0% to almost 90% in 10 min, for the human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells, and 15%–85% in 15 min for the human embryonic stem cells. Last, a reduction of the average carrier fluid velocity by 50% resulted in an increase from 80% to 92% occupancy of single algae cells in traps. Interestingly, changes in the physical properties of the species being trapped also had a substantial impact, as regardless of the trap shape, higher percent occupancies were observed with cells compared to single PS microparticles in the same device, even though they are of approximately the same size. This investigation showed that in microfluidic single cell capture arrays, the trap shape that maximizes cell viability is not necessarily the most efficient for high-speed single cell capture. However, high-speed trapping configurations for delicate mammalian cells are possible but must be optimised for each cell type and designed principally in accordance with the trap size to cell size ratio. 相似文献
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Paper-based microfluidics are an increasingly popular alternative to devices with conventional open channel geometries. The low cost of fabrication and the absence of external instrumentation needed to drive paper microchannels make them especially well suited for medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings. Despite the advantages of paper microfluidics, many assays performed using conventional open channel microfluidics are challenging to translate onto paper, such as bead, emulsion, and cell-based assays. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a hybrid open-channel/paper channel microfluidic device. In this design, wick-driven paper channels control the flow rates within conventional microfluidics. We fabricate these hybrid chips using laser-micromachined polymer sheets and filter paper. In contrast to previous efforts that utilized external, macroscopic paper-based pumps, we integrated micro-scale paper and open channels onto a single chip to control multiple open channels and control complex laminar flow-pattern within individual channels. We demonstrated that flow patterns within the open channels can be quantitatively controlled by modulating the geometry of the paper channels, and that these flow rates agree with Darcy''s law. The utility of these hybrid chips, for applications such as bead-, cell-, or emulsion-based assays, was demonstrated by constructing a hybrid chip that hydrodynamically focused micrometer-sized polystyrene beads stably for >10 min, as well as cells, without external instrumentation to drive fluid flow. 相似文献
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This study describes a novel microfluidic reactor capable of flow-through polymerase chain reactions (PCR). For one-heater PCR devices in previous studies, comprehensive simulations and experiments for the chip geometry and the heater arrangement were usually needed before the fabrication of the device. In order to improve the flexibility of the one-heater PCR device, two heat pipes with one fan are used to create the requisite temperature regions in our device. With the integration of one heater onto the chip, the high temperature required for the denaturation stage can be generated at the chip center. By arranging the heat pipes on the opposite sides of the chip, the low temperature needed for the annealing stage is easy to regulate. Numerical calculations and thermal measurements have shown that the temperature distribution in the five-temperature-region PCR chip would be suitable for DNA amplification. In order to ensure temperature uniformity at specific reaction regions, the Re of the sample flow is less than 1. When the microchannel width increases and then decreases gradually between the denaturation and annealing regions, the extension region located in the enlarged part of the channel can be observed numerically and experimentally. From the simulations, the residence time at the extension region with the enlarged channel is 4.25 times longer than that without an enlarged channel at a flow rate of 2 μl/min. The treated surfaces of the flow-through microchannel are characterized using the water contact angle, while the effects of the hydrophilicity of the treated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels on PCR efficiency are determined using gel electrophoresis. By increasing the hydrophilicity of the channel surface after immersing the PDMS substrates into Tween 20 (20%) or BSA (1 mg/ml) solutions, efficient amplifications of DNA segments were proved to occur in our chip device. To our knowledge, our group is the first to introduce heat pipes into the cooling module that has been designed for a PCR device. The unique architecture utilized in this flow-through PCR device is well applied to a low-cost PCR system. 相似文献