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姜振华 《内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》1996,(3)
听、说、读、写这个顺序是人们学习第一语言的基本顺序。读、说、听、写则是人们学习第二语言的顺序。第二语言的学习是在母语的符号思维系统已经建立起来并相当牢固之后开始的；第二语言的学习是在一种自觉状态中进行的，是一种有意识的学习。母语在第二语言的学习过程中起着极其重要的作用。双语共存的教学本质上是一种比较型教学。 相似文献
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E. J. Capaldi Donna R. Verry Timothy M. Nawrocki Daniel J. Miller 《Learning & behavior》1984,12(1):7-20
Two experiments indicated that two approaches to serial learning are too extreme—the classical view that it consists only of interitem associations and various recent views that it involves no interitem associations. The novel assumption introduced here was that phrasing cues, normally conceptualized as merely segregating long series into smaller units or chunks, may also enter into associations with items, thereby reducing interitem interference and facilitating serial learning. It was found that one item could become a signal for another item, an interitem association, or be overshadowed by a phrasing cue, such as a brightness and temporal cue, also signaling that item. The items were .045-g pellets. Rats traversed a runway for items arranged in ordered series, 14-7-3-1-0 pellets (Experiment 1) or 10-2-0-10 (Experiment 2). Complete tracking of, for example, the 10-2-0-10 series would consist of fastest running to 10 pellets and slowest running to 0 pellets. In both investigations, the interitem association overshadowed was that between 0 pellets and the subsequent rewarded item, 0 → 14 (Experiment 1) or 0 → 10 (Experiment 2). Either repetitions of the 14-7-3-1-0 subpattern (Experiment 1) or merely the terminal 10-pellet item (Experiment 2) were phrased, both methods producing identical results. Overshadowing the 0-pellet item produced superior serial learning, more rapid extinction, and, in Experiment 1, considerable elevation of responding when the brightness phrasing cue was introduced in extinction, an effect said to be conceptually identical to spontaneous recovery and one demonstrating directly that phrasing cues are in reality overshadowing cues. It was suggested that many effects attributed to forgetting may be due to unrecognized overshadowing of memory cues by phrasing cues, giving rise to exaggerated estimates of forgetting. 相似文献
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Dr. William R. Tracey 《Clearing house (Menasha, Wis.)》2013,86(5):212-214
This article examines and critiques the leadership capacity of department leaders in a high school and attempts to gain a deeper understanding of how department leaders perceive their role as teacher leaders, making a distinction between what an individual department leader does in his or her position and teacher leadership as a form of continuous learning and innovation through collaboration. How do department leaders practice leadership to improve student learning? The author provides an investigation and analysis of the current level of leadership capacity exhibited by department leaders in a high school. A close look at the role and function of department leaders in this high school reveals an absence of the teacher leadership necessary to promote the broad-based leadership capacity that results in improved student achievement. 相似文献
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Simple, reliable and sensitive analytical methods to determine anticariogenic agents, preservatives, and artificial sweeteners contained in commercial gargles are necessary for evaluating their effectiveness, safety, and quality. An ion chromatography (IC) method has been described to analyze simultaneously eight anions including fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate,monofluorophosphate, glycerophosphate (anticariogenic agents), sorbate (a preservative), and saccharin (an artificial sweetener)in gargles. In this IC system, we applied a mobile phased gradient elution with KOH, separation by IonPac AS18 columns, and suppressed conductivity detection. Optimized analytical conditions were further evaluated for accuracy. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the inter-day's retention time and peak area of all species were less than 0.938% and 8.731%, respectively,while RSDs of 5-day retention time and peak area were less than 1.265% and 8.934%, respectively. The correlation coefficients for targeted analytes ranged from 0.999 7 to 1.000 0. The spiked recoveries for the anions were 90%～102.5%. We concluded that the method can be applied for comprehensive evaluation of commercial gargles. 相似文献
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Simple, reliable and sensitive analytical methods to determine anticariogenic agents, preservatives, and artificial sweeteners contained in commercial gargles are necessary for evaluating their effectiveness, safety, and quality. An ion chromatography （IC） method has been described to analyze simultaneously eight anions including fluoride, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, monofluorophosphate, glycerophosphate （anticariogenic agents）, sorbate （a preservative）, and saccharin （an artificial sweetener） in gargles. In this IC system, we applied a mobile phased gradient elution with KOH, separation by IonPac AS18 columns, and suppressed conductivity detection. Optimized analytical conditions were further evaluated for accuracy. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of the inter-day＇s retention time and peak area of all species were less than 0.938% and 8.731%, respectively, while RSDs of 5-day retention time and peak area were less than 1.265% and 8.934%, respectively. The correlation coefficients for targeted analytes ranged from 0.999 7 to 1.000 0. The spiked recoveries for the anions were 90%-102.5%. We concluded that the method can be applied for comprehensive evaluation of commercial gargles. 相似文献
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Eating is broadly conceptualized as food choice. Food choice is a complex activity with many dimensions. Food choice is multifaceted as it involves whether, where, when, how long, how, why, with whom, for whom, and under what conditions eating occurs. Food choice is contextual as it is situated within specific conditions and settings involving both individuals and institutions. Food choice is dynamic as it unfolds and is embedded in eating episodes over lifetimes within historical eras. Food choice is multilevel as physical, biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors operate simultaneously and interact. Food choice is integrated as people coordinate many considerations to construct specific eating activities. Food choice is diverse in its broad scope of distinct and unique eating activities. Food choice can be examined using both multi‐perspective and multi‐purpose approaches, and it may not be possible to integrate different perspectives into a unified approach to understanding and changing food choice. 相似文献
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《Cultura y Educación》2013,25(2):103-106
ResumenEn este artículo, se reflexiona sobre las críticas hechas por Emilio Sánchez al Lenguaje Integrado. Estas críticas sugieren la necesidad de abrir paréntesis educativos donde se enseñe al niño a automatizar los procesos de reconocimiento de palabras, aspecto que no tiene en cuenta este movimiento. Sin embargo, veremos cómo la enseñanza aislada de estas habilidades ignora, por una parte, que la lectura y la escritura suponen adquirir conocimientos que van más allá del reconocimient o de palabras, y por otra, que dicho reconocimient o no se da sólo por vía fonológica, sino que precisa de otras vías de acceso léxico que funcionen en paralelo para que el reconocimiento sea efectivo en los procesos de comprensión de textos. Veremos cómo las actividades que propone el L.I. son las ideales para desarrollar estas habilidades. 相似文献
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Clara C. Park 《Learning Environments Research》2001,4(2):175-191
This is a study concerning the basic perceptual learning style preferences (auditory, visual, kinesthetic, and tactile) and
preferences for group and individual learning of Armenian, African, Hispanic, Hmong, Korean, Mexican, and Anglo students in
American secondary schools. The results of the study reveal significant ethnic group and sex differences in their learning
style preferences, as well as students' achievement level differences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Chinese Education & Society》2013,46(2):86-99
1. This article contains the specific yearly requirements of the National Curriculum for the Six-Year Elementary School Language Educational Program. It is the sequence for the edited education materials and for the implementation of instruction. It is based upon the principles of: from shallow to deep, near to far, simple to complex, perceptual to conceptual. It provides the specific educational standards by year for "character, word, sentence, article; listen, speak, read, write" and other areas. These different areas of educational standards are inextricably interrelated. 相似文献
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Michael Corbett 《Peabody Journal of Education》2016,91(2):270-282
This piece responds to the content of each of the articles in this issue and raises questions in response to some explicit and implicit themes including particularly the way that differently positioned rural youth are “oriented” in the course of their educational experience. These articles are read as accounts of people in place that confound and confront simplistic deficit assessments of educational paths, aspirations, relationships, and purposes in rural space. I suggest that this issue illustrates how rural education scholarship inevitably returns to the particular and to the material, challenging the hegemony of the placeless and abstracted neoliberal vision of education's aims in late modernity. The broad argument is that educational struggles and orientations in rural schools should be understood in relation to the crucial global challenges of sustainability and survival. 相似文献
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Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, verschiedene Indikatoren der sozialen Herkunft bei der Quantifizierung von sozialen Disparit?ten
zu vergleichen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei der in PISA eingesetzte Index für den Economic, Social and Cultural Status (ESCS). Dieser umfasst sozio?konomische und kulturelle Ressourcen des Elternhauses und deckt damit das theoretische Konstrukt
umfassender ab als andere Indikatoren der sozialen Herkunft. Anhand der internationalen Schülerdaten aus PISA 2003 und aus
der nationalen Erg?nzungsstudie (PISA-E) wurden Regressionsanalysen mit verschiedenen Herkunftsindikatoren gerechnet. Neben
dem ESCS wurden als Pr?diktoren der sozio?konomische Status (HISEI), der h?chste Bildungsabschluss umgerechnet in Bildungsjahre
(PARED) und ein Index für h?usliche Besitztümer (HOMEPOS) berücksichtigt. Es zeigt sich, dass der ESCS in allen Bildungssystemen
deutlich mehr Varianz in der mathematischen Kompetenz aufkl?rt als die Einzelpr?diktoren HISEI, PARED oder HOMEPOS. Auch in
einer anschlie?enden Analyse zu sozialen Disparit?ten der Bildungsbeteiligung lieferte der ESCS differenziertere Befunde als
der HISEI. Insgesamt wird der ESCS als valider und theoretisch umfassender Index der sozialen Herkunft eingesch?tzt. 相似文献
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朱渊清 《南京晓庄学院学报》2001,17(1):42-47
诗的体裁分类,前人有风、雅、颂三分法,风、赋、比、兴、雅、颂六分法二说.六分法来源古老,最早见于<周礼·春官·大师>"大师教六诗日风、日赋、日比、日兴、日雅、日颂."<诗>原也是歌、器乐、舞蹈的统一,<周礼·春官·大师>的六诗,本是根据歌乐的表述方式的不同."六诗"基本按风(徒歌)、赋(吟诵)、比(和唱)、兴(合唱)、雅(配器乐)、颂(配打击乐和舞蹈)这种音乐性递增的次序排列,是依乐序设教的.所以,"六诗"本是歌乐的六种表述方式.当口头传唱的歌乐发展成为文本的诗后,"六诗"名称虽得以保存,而其原始功能却丧失了.延用下来的"六诗"职能因此发生了根本变化.赋、比、兴发展为文辞的修辞手法;而风、雅、颂则充当了区分<诗>的内容的类别. 相似文献
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Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, both being naturalists, emphasize a close relation between humans and nature. However, their views over the influences of nature towards human world are different in many aspects. Basing on a close discussion of"Nature"by Emerson and Walden by Thoreau, the paper would make a detailed comparison between the two naturalists' views over nature. 相似文献
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Carsten Fogh Nielsen 《Journal of moral education》2019,48(3):381-392
ABSTRACTThis article proposes that Catherine Elgin and Nelson Goodman’s work on exemplification is relevant for discussions within moral philosophy and moral education. Generalizing Elgin and Goodman’s account of exemplification to also cover ethics, the article develops a two-factor account of moral exemplarity. According to this account, instantiation and expressivity are individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for someone or something to function as a moral exemplar. Applying this two-factor account of exemplarity to discussions within the philosophy of moral education the article then argues that it is the expressive aspect of moral exemplars, which explains and justifies the educational significance of such exemplars. The article concludes by discussing the similarities and differences between the expressivity account and the transparency criterion formulated by Michel Croce and Maria Silvia Vaccarezza in a recent paper. 相似文献
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AbstractThe present research was conducted to explore the relationship between bullying and parenting styles in an incidental sample of 626 high school students (49.7% girls). The information was collected by means of a self-report questionnaire that contained two instruments: European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and Scale for the assessment of the parenting styles of mothers and fathers of adolescents. The results show statistically significant differences in the perception of parenting styles between the students involved and not involved in bullying and between the different kinds of involvement. Different dimensions of parenting styles are also categorized as being risk or protective factors of bullying involvement. In agreement with the previous research, we have specifically found that perception of parenting styles (especially behavioural control and affection and communication) is significantly related to bullying involvement, especially regarding the role of aggressor. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT— Circadian rhythms, in particular the sleep–wake cycle, modulate most, if not all, aspects of physiology and behavior. Their impact on education has recently begun to be understood, including a clear positive relationship between sleep and learning. In fact, sleep deprivation, common to adolescents throughout the world, has a deep effect on academic performance, and this fact is often increased by inadequate school schedules. This special issue of Mind, Brain, and Education deals with the relation between biological rhythms and learning, as discussed in an International Mind, Brain, and Education Society meeting that took place in Erice, Italy in May 2007. The articles (with contributors from Brazil, Croatia, Sweden, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, and Argentina) cover several aspects of this fundamental link between timing and education and suggest strategies to optimize school and sleep schedules for a better quality of life and improved academic performance of students. 相似文献
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Within the framework of attribution theory, this study reconceptualized gender orientation and androgyny. The relationships among gender measurement, androgyny, and adaptability were examined with improved measurement procedures. Socially desirable response tendencies were found for self‐attribution of femininity and androgyny but not for adaptability, nor for gender attributions or androgyny of others. A new scoring procedure producing a single continuous androgyny variable was also developed and tested. Meaningful relationships between this androgyny measure, gender orientation, and adaptability were observed. The central hypothesis tested the relationship between perceptions of stable, dispositional factors and behavioral attributions. Findings were consistent with the predictions provided by attribution theory. 相似文献