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1.
Despite the economic significance of patented university research, it is difficult to measure the economic value of academic patented inventions and observe the extent to which universities are able to capture such value through patent licensing. Moving beyond assessing commercialization performance by simple statistics, we propose a new approach to benchmarking university patents and commercialization performance based on comparative corporate patent value. Our procedure involves matching university patents to patents with similar patent characteristics granted to public corporations, then estimating the “potential value” of these university patents by stock market reactions to grants of the matched corporate patents. These estimated values of university patents can significantly explain the technology-level income from licensing by a leading US research university and the annual licensing income of the member universities of the Association of University Technology Managers’ (AUTM). We find that AUTM universities realize an average of 16% of the estimated value of matched corporate patents. We also investigate correlates of university‐level potential patent value and suggest avenues for future research. 相似文献
2.
We examine patent licensing business models of non-practicing entities that generate revenue by selling, licensing, or litigating patents. They may also pursue R&D activities, invent new technologies, or provide services to inventors or product companies. We describe their business models and patent market behavior and then compare their litigation strategies against product companies using a matched sample of highly comparable patents. The main differences among patent licensing firms stem from their technological capabilities, patent portfolio sizes, and external relationships. We find that licensing firms with technological capabilities often pursue litigation until decision and engage in forum shopping. In contrast, litigation incidence, parties involved, and outcomes are primarily determined by patent characteristics, not entity types. Licensing business models drive the acquisition of certain types of patents that influence the outcomes of the patent system. We argue that patent policy should strengthen mechanisms to discover invention quality rather than focus on the amount of litigation or types of entities. 相似文献
3.
Keith Pavitt 《Research Policy》1982,11(1):33-51
Better understanding of, and policies towards, technical change, requires better measurement of technical change. No single measure is perfect. Taken together, statistics on R&D and on patenting activities give important clues about the rate and direction of innovative activities, and also show the dangers of too hasty interpretation based on one measure. They both show a neavy concentration of innovative activities in chemicals and engineering (electrical, electronic and non-electrical) sectors; relatively rapid growth of innovative activities in drugs, scientific instruments and food products, and slow growth in aerospace and electrical products, in the USA between 1963 and 1974. They both show relatively high levels of innovative activities in Germany, Sweden and Switzerland, and relatively rapid rates of increase in Japan and Sweden between 1967 and 1975. They also show the strong association in the chemicals and engineering industries between the levels of innovative activities and of export competitiveness.On the other hand, taken together they suggest that patent statistics underestimate innovative activities in large firms, and that R&D statistics do so in small firms. This casts doubt on widely held assumptions about diminishing rates of innovative activity in very large firms, and about the non-electrical machinery and fabricated metal products sectors as “traditional” and “non-innovative” industries. Four factors are put forward to explain differences in what is shown by the patent and by the R&D measures: First, competitive behaviour, with smaller firms making a relatively greater use of patents, and bigger firms of R&D activities; second, different degress of specialisation and formalisation of innovative activities in and around R&D departments; third, variation across sectors in the degree to which patents measure an increment of technical improvement; fourth, institutional factors in aerospace and other defence-related sectors, and in motor vehicles, where patenting is low and the proportion of routine testing in R&D comparatively high. 相似文献
4.
This paper examines how innovation strategy influences firms’ level of involvement with university-based research. Our results suggest that firms with internal R&D strategies more heavily weighted toward exploratory activities allocate a greater share of their R&D resources to exploratory university research and develop deeper multifaceted relationships with their university research partners. In addition, firms with more centralized internal R&D organizations spend a greater share of their R&D dollars on exploratory research conducted at universities. In contrast to other external partners, we find evidence suggesting that universities are preferred when the firm perceives potential conflicts over intellectual property. 相似文献
5.
This paper uses patent citation data to analyze the quality of university technology across European regions. The empirical analysis draws on a panel dataset of 4580 European university-owned patents classified by 202 European regions over the period 1998-2004. The methodology involves a multilevel framework to identify the effects of factors at three hierarchical levels (individual, university, and regional) on the quality of university patenting. The results suggest that regional factors, such as the level of development, industrial potential, and regional higher education R&D expenditure, do not play any significant role in determining the quality of European university patents. We instead find that the factors affecting patent quality stem from their specific characteristics. We also find that university size does not explain the quality of patents. However, there is significant unobserved heterogeneity at the university level in all models, suggesting that differences in other university characteristics explain a substantial part of the variance in patent quality. 相似文献
6.
《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104372
Exclusivity is a key concern when designing a licensing contract, yet the organizational factors that influence the exclusive provision of university licenses remain underexplored. This study provides a deeper understanding of this question by developing a balanced framework that considers both licensors (universities) and licensees (companies) in licensing deals. Furthermore, we posit that university prestige affects both a university's ability to conduct non-exclusive licensing and a firm's incentive to obtain an exclusive license, thereby shaping their joint willingness to license (non-)exclusively. We also examine how technology transfer office (TTO) experience and prior collaboration between a university and a firm moderate this relationship. To test the hypotheses, we use a dataset consisting of 6653 licensed patents owned by 117 representative Chinese universities. We find that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between university prestige and the likelihood that two parties choose exclusive licensing. Moreover, the moderating effect of TTO experience is partially supported while that of prior collaboration is fully supported. Our findings generate important implications for the relative social impacts of exclusive and non-exclusive licensing of technology inventions as well as the management of university licensing. 相似文献
7.
《Research Policy》2013,42(10):1780-1792
It is well known that not all innovations are patented, but the exact volume of innovative activities undertaken outside the coverage of patent protection and, relatedly, the actual propensity to patent an innovation in different contexts remain, to a major degree, a matter of speculation. This paper presents an exploratory study comparing systematically patented and unpatented innovations over the period 1977–2004 across industrial sectors. The main data source is the ‘R&D 100 Awards’ competition organized by the journal Research and Development. Since 1963, the magazine has been awarding this prize to the 100 most technologically significant new products available for sale or licensing in the year preceding the judgments. We match the products winners of the R&D 100 awards competition with USPTO patents and we examine the variation of patent propensity across different contexts (industries, geographical areas and organizations). Finally we compare our findings with previous assessments of patent propensity based on several sources of data. 相似文献
8.
9.
“拜-杜”法案是美国首创、全球广泛扩散的旨在推进大学职务成果转化的制度创新。我国在2002年引进该制度创新,但却未像美国那样取得全球瞩目的制度绩效。本文以美国常青藤大学为样本,研究大学的职务成果权利配置创新,发现“法人优先、发明人劣后”的处置权配置,“大学、技术许可办公室、基层学术单位、教师”四方分配兼容的收益权配置,既实现了该法案的落地、取得巨大的制度创新绩效,又推动大学完成了法人主导、有组织有目标开展创新活动的现代化转型。根据这些研究发现,论文提出了我国大学在法人层面推进职务成果权利配置创新、加快现代化转型的政策启示。 相似文献
10.
E.J. Malecki 《Research Policy》1980,9(1):2-22
R&D activities in the United States, as in other advanced economies, are geographically concentrated in certain types of locations. This study presents data on the location of four dimensions of R&D in the U.S.: industrial R&D laboratories, scientists and engineers engaged in R&D, scientists and engineers employed by the federal government, and research universities. Industrial R&D is much more concentrated in large urban areas than the other dimensions, and appears to locate more in response to the location of manufacturing activity than to the location of research universities and federal research facilities. The location of R&D employment, which includes government university, and industrial employees, is associated with facilities for all three types of R&D. Because of these factors, R&D in the U.S. is found on a significant per capita basis in 44 of 177 urban areas, most of them in the northeastern portion of the country. When two dimensions, industrial R&D laboratories and R&D employees, are combined as a measure of R&D concentration, the locational pattern is less clustered regionally. Ten urban areas in all regions of the U.S. are identified as important complexes of R&D. Since the location of R&D is a major indicator of comparative advantage for technological activities and the economic potential of urban regions, only a few areas of the U.S. are likely to remain important in the generation of innovations. 相似文献
11.
高校科研人员专利行为对学术影响力的实证研究 《科学学研究》2021,39(9):1621-1631
当前我国高校科研人员的专利行为快速增长,如何有效平衡学术研究的公共属性和专利行为的私权属性是高校面临的重要问题。以2008-2017年112所“211”高校及省部级共建高校多专业科研人员的专利行为和学术影响力相关数据构建研究数据库,综合运用负二项回归和二元Logistics回归,实证分析高校科研人员专利行为在“申请-授权”和“授权-交易”两阶段特征对其学术影响力的影响效应。研究表明：高校科研人员的专利申请数量与学术影响力之间存在显著的倒U型关系,随着专利申请数的增加,学术影响力受到的正向影响会增加,当专利申请数达到年均35项左右时,出现负向影响;当高校科研人员采用独占许可进行专利交易时,学术影响力会受到显著的抑制效应。为我国高校专利的全过程管理和相关政策制定提供了参考依据。 相似文献
12.
本文使用2008—2017年中国制造业上市企业专利许可数据,采用倾向值得分匹配倍差法考察了企业专利技术对外许可行为与自身创新能力发展的关系。研究发现：总体而言,中国制造业上市企业专利技术对外许可行为存在显著的自选择效应,创新能力越强的企业选择对外许可其专利使用权的可能性越大;控制自选择效应后,企业专利对外许可行为对自身创新能力的发展有长期促进作用。对不同技术类型企业研究发现,高、低技术产业企业的专利许可行为对其自身创新能力提升分别有长、短期促进作用,中技术产业企业的许可行为对企业创新能力发展则无显著影响。 相似文献
13.
The value of U.S. patents by owner and patent characteristics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James Bessen 《Research Policy》2008,37(5):932-945
This paper uses renewal data to estimate the value of U.S. patents, controlling for patent and owner characteristics. Estimates of U.S. patent value are substantially larger than estimates for European patents, however, the ratio of U.S. patent value to R&D for firms is only about 3%. Contrary to a common assertion, patents issued to small patentees are much less valuable than those issued to large corporations. Litigated patents are more valuable, as are highly cited patents. However, patent citations explain little variance in value, suggesting limits to their use as a measure of patent quality. 相似文献
14.
选取1 626家创新型上市公司在2006—2013年的数据为样本,研究技术创新活动对其股票特质波动率的影响,发现:第一,上市公司研发投入越多,股票特质波动率越大;而新增专利越多,特质波动率反而越小;第二,相对传统行业,高科技行业的研发投入或专利引起的股票特质波动率相对较小;第三,不同类型的专利对股票特质波动率的影响有显著差异。 相似文献
15.
企业家是一个公司的灵魂，其参与技术创新活动的成果会影响公司业绩。文章以企业资源视角切入，整合高层阶梯理论、动机不对称理论和企业创新研究的相关成果，对企业家创新成果的特殊性进行了理论分析。文章以企业家参与研发的专利作为企业家创新成果的代理变量，利用2011-2014年中国创业板公司企业家参与研发的专利数据进行了实证研究。研究结果表明：从创新数量来看，企业家参与研发的发明专利成果会显著提升公司业绩；从创新质量来看，发明专利成果对公司业绩的贡献大于企业家参与研发的外观设计以及实用新型成果的贡献。该结论丰富了企业家创新的相关理论，对新时代培育、激励和保护企业家精神，引导企业家创新创业具有现实意义。 相似文献
16.
Jason Owen-Smith 《Research Policy》2003,32(9):1695-1711
We extend debates about the sources of university capabilities at research commercialization. Drawing upon quantitative data for a panel of 89 research-intensive US universities and interview data from two academic licensing offices, we model the relationship between technology transfer experience, embeddedness in biotechnology industry networks, basic science quality and capacity, and citation impact measures of university life science patents. Technology licensing officers draw upon the expertise of corporate partners to evaluate the potential impact of invention disclosures. The information gleaned through network ties to industry enables well-connected institutions to develop higher impact patent portfolios. Reaping the benefits of such connections, however, requires experience in balancing academic and corporate priorities to avoid the danger of ‘capture’ by industrial interests as overly tight connections limit patent impact. This pattern of diminishing returns to connectivity is robust across multiple citation measures of patent quality. 相似文献
17.
Scientific breakthroughs coming from universities can contribute to the emergence of new industries, such as in the case of biotechnology. Obviously, not all research conducted in universities leads to a radical change from existing technological trajectories. Patents and patent dynamics have long been recognized as critical in understanding the emergence of new technologies and industries. Specifically, patent citations provide insight into the originality of a discovery that has received patent protection. Yet while a large body of literature addresses the impact of patent originality on various firm performance measures, we address the question of what conditions drive patent originality in the process of knowledge creation within the university. Using data on patented cancer research, we examine how research context – as reflected by the funding source for each scientist – is associated with patent originality. We find that when university scientists are partly funded by their own university, they have a higher propensity to generate more original patents. By contrast, university scientists funded either by industry or other non-university organizations have a lower propensity to generate more original patents. The significance of our findings in the cancer research setting call for further research on this question in other research fields. 相似文献
18.
Economic theory views patents as policy instruments aimed at fostering innovation and diffusion. Three major implications are drawn regarding current policy debates. First, patents may not be the most effective means of protection for inventors to recover R&D investments when imitation is costly and first mover advantages are important. Second, patentability requirements, such as novelty or non-obviousness, should be sufficiently stringent to avoid the grant of patents for inventions with low social value that increase the social cost of the patent system. Third, the trade-off between the patent policy instruments of length and breadth could be used to provide sufficient incentives to develop inventions with high social value. Beyond these three implications, economic theory also pleads for a mechanism design approach: an optimal patent system could be based on a menu of different degrees of patent protection where stronger protection would involve higher fees, allowing self-selection by inventors. 相似文献
19.
高校科技成果是地方和国家科技进步、经济发展的重要推动力,高校科技成果的转化基础和转化水平可以较好地反应高校科技成果的转化实力。通过湖南高校专利信息的客观分析结果揭示的专利质量了解湖南高校的科技成果转化基础,通过产学研合作情况、有效专利实施率等了解其转化水平。发现湖南高校96%的专利权利要求数量不到10项、有效专利的专利保护范围偏小、96%的失效专利因未缴年费而终止、专利代理质量未进行统一管理、有效专利实施率偏低。高校传统的被动式、登记式的科研管理模式,以及仅注重科技成果转化利益分配的机制并不利于培育市场需要的高质量专利,也不利于形成促进科技成果转化的生态系统。应用型项目应推动"市场后拉式"的研发模式,专利资助政策向有转化前景的高质量专利倾斜,各高校应建立基于专利全生命周期的科技成果转化机制提升高校专利质量、提高科技成果转化水平。 相似文献
20.
Nicola Baldini 《Research Policy》2006,35(4):518-532
This paper focuses on Italian universities’ patenting activities between 1965 and 2002 and on the way they were affected by internal IPR regulations, set as part of broader responses to the increased level of autonomy granted to universities during the 1990s. Our analyses are based on a unique dataset including detailed information on all patents filed by Italian universities and university-level characteristics. Results show that: (1) in the last 10 years, the number of Italian university patents rose substantially; (2) patenting activities almost tripled in universities with an internal IPR regulation, after controlling for several universities’ characteristics, previous patenting activity and time trends; (3) each time a university creates its own patent regulation, there is a 9% increase in the likelihood that universities without any internal patent regulation will adopt one. Implications for university technology transfer policies are discussed. 相似文献