共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
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《体育与科学》2019,(6):101-110
目的:检查落地高度对高水平短跑运动员跳深动作下肢生物力学和反应性力量的影响并进一步确定下肢生物力学指标与反应性力量指标之间的关联性以及跳深动作的最佳负荷高度。方法:14名男子高水平短跑运动员参与四种落地高度下(0.15m、0.30m、0.45m和0.60m)的跳深动作测试。6台红外高速摄像机和2块三维测力台同步采集跳深动作的运动学和地面反作用力信号。结果:落地高度显著影响跳深动作的碰撞力和蹬伸阶段的垂直地面反作用力峰值(p=0.000和0.039),髋关节伸力矩(p=0.038)、踝关节跖屈力矩(p=0.030)和下肢支撑力矩(p=0.010),髋、膝和踝关节离心功率(p均为0.000),平均功率输出(p=0.009),反应力量指数(p=0.006)和反应力量比(p=0.029);落地高度与平均功率输出显著相关,最佳负荷高度为0.465m(R~2=0.117,p=0.037);蹬伸阶段的垂直地面反作用力峰值(r=0.816,p=0.000;r=0.927,p=0.000)和平均功率输出(r=0.961,p=0.000;r=0.770,p=0.000)与反应力量指数和反应力量比均显著相关。结论:落地高度显著影响跳深动作的下肢生物力学和反应性力量指标,蹬伸阶段垂直地面反作用力和平均功率输出与反应性力量指标均存在非常显著的相关性,在0.15m～0.60m的落地高度范围内存在实现跳深动作最大平均力学功率输出的最佳负荷高度。建议针对高水平短跑运动员跳深训练时应该根据个体运动员的最大平均功率输出、反应力量指数和反应力量比等指标确定最佳负荷高度,以实现最佳训练效果并预防运动损伤。 相似文献
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跳绳运动是体能训练之一,但是不同跳绳运动频率在运动训练的效益与人体健康的影响仍有待探讨。利用VICON动作捕捉系统及Kistler测力板撷取受过跳绳运动训练的15位小学生选手的下肢运动学资料及地面反作用力值,并采用重复量数单因子变异数分析检定三种频率跳绳运动各组间的跳跃高度及运动学参数是否有差异,统一显著水平定为α=．05,达显著时再用杜凯氏HSD法做事后比较。在探讨在跳绳运动训练过程中,进行低频组（60±2次／分钟）、中频组（100±2次／分钟）及高频组（140±2次／分钟）跳绳运动,下肢所受到相关力学参数的差异,以及下肢关节运动学变化及下肢劲度对着地策略的影响情形。研究结果表明,不同频率跳绳运动的垂直地面反作用力的最大值、被动冲量、负荷率、下肢劲度及角劲度值以高频组较高;不同频率跳绳运动的动作时间以低频组较多;下肢各关节角度变化量方面膝关节角度变化在中频组有突增现象（p〈05）。建议进行跳绳运动运动时,仍应注意高频率跳跃时垂直地面反作用力对人体的冲击。 相似文献
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跳远起跳动作的计算机模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选取跳远起跳作为计算机模拟的动作对象,建立了内含颤摆质量的起跳力学模型,并在计算机上实施运动模拟。结果表明,研究所建立的起跳模型基本反映了人体在受到外界冲击时的缓冲特性,弥补了以往研究中采用力学碰撞理论来解决冲击问题所带来的不足之处。同时,也解决了以往研究不能完全得到地面约束反力或得到的地面力与真实情况相距较远的问题。 相似文献
4.
对31名(13男,18女)普通大学生完成急停起跳、侧切和垂直落地前冲动作下肢运动学和动力学指标进行测试与分析,以了解不同前交叉韧带危险动作和性别对下肢力学指标的影响.应用红外光点运动测试系统和测力台对受试者完成动作过程中膝关节三维角度和地面三维反作用力进行测量.研究结果表明,3个动作着地阶段的力学指标有显著不同,证明3种运动形式在前交叉韧带损伤机制上存在差异.与急停起跳和垂直落地前冲动作相比,完成侧切动作将受到较高的水平方向地面反作用力,产生较小的膝关节屈角和较大的膝关节外展角.3个动作着地阶段中的力学差异不受性别影响. 相似文献
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运用文献资料法、运动学及动力学测试法，对跳深跳远离台动作对落地动作的影响做了生物力学的分析。研究显示：跳深跳远第二高度第三坡度落地有最小的水平制动力和最大的垂直支撑反作用力，适宜进行落地积极缓冲和落地瞬间的退让性工作能力的训练；第一跳起跳的起跳角与第一跳落地水平制动力成负相关，可以通过增大起跳角来减小水平制动力；垂直速度、腾起角与第一跳落地垂直支撑反作用力呈高度显著性负相关，根据训练目的适当增大或减小第一跳起跳的垂直速度和腾起角可以获得相应的落地乖盲支撑反作用力。 相似文献
6.
跳马过程中人-器械动力学关系的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的:对程菲和洪淑贞完成的“踺子转体180°前手翻接直体前空翻转体180°”(简称“R180”)进行建模与仿真,从研究两人与跳马器械动力学关系上,揭示这类跳马在踏跳和推马阶段的运动技术规律.方法:首先对程菲和洪淑贞完成的“R180”进行三维运动学分析,再采用MSC.ADAMS/ LifeMod软件建立19环节的人体模型,通过Python脚本语言编写的接口软件,将人体三维运动坐标赋予人体模型,建立与人体相接触的助跳板、跳跃平台(马)的跳马器械;最后对“R180”进行计算机仿真及动力学分析.结果:程菲踏跳垂直反作用力峰值为2 382 N(5.9 BW),洪淑贞为2 692 N(6.5 BW),程菲在开始踏跳阶段垂直反作用力-时间曲线出现了一个短暂的小平台期,而洪淑贞没有出现;程菲推马双手垂直反作用力合力峰值为556 N(1.4 BW)、洪淑贞为846 N(2.1 BW),程菲此阶段垂直反作用力-时间曲线呈双峰型,洪淑贞呈单峰型.结论:“R180”类跳马动作,踏跳阶段,运动员踏跳同时的一定量转体减少了第一腾空转体难度,可能也减少了踏跳力大小,这对于踏跳技术好坏无明显影响;推马阶段,不要使身体纵轴转体开始过早,这可能导致向上推马动力不足,影响第二腾空高度.提示,完善踏跳和推马技术是练习这类跳马动作的关键. 相似文献
7.
采用文献资料法、运动学测试法、动力学测试法等研究方法,对加助跑不同高度的跳深跳远的踏跳与三级跳远的跨步跳踏跳进行比较研究。结果表明:加助跑跳深跳远的高度在0.42 m时,垂直支撑反作用力最大;水平反作用力与跨步跳踏跳的反作用力最接近。采用这一高度发展三级跳远运动员跨步跳着地腿的退让性工作能力效果显著。 相似文献
8.
目的:探索在连续纵跳下落阶段优势侧和非优势侧踝关节的运动学、地面反作用力差异.方法:采用13名健康男性作为受试者,每名受试者进行连续纵跳5次,以起跳时的重心高度作为标准,选取5次中最好成绩动作的下落阶段进行分析.运动过程中采集两侧下肢的地面反作用力以及两侧踝关节的运动学数据,利用配对t检验对所采集的两侧数据进行分析.结果:在连续纵跳的下落阶段,优势侧踝关节的背屈方向和外旋方向上的角速度、垂直方向上的地面反作用力均大于非优势侧(P＜0.05),但踝关节的其他运动学、动力学指标均没有显著性差异.结论:在连续纵跳的下落阶段,与优势侧相比,非优势侧可能在屈伸与外旋方向有较大的运动限制,而与非优势侧相比,优势侧在下落着地过程中出现运动损伤的可能性较大. 相似文献
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运用两块瑞士产 KISTLER 三维测力台对10名优秀男乒乓球运动员正手拉弧圈球技术过程中地面对人体的地面支撑反作用力进行测试.用两种发力方式拉弧圈球,一为用最大力量,二为中等力量.从垂直、水平、前后3个方向对完成轻拉和重拉时左右脚地面支撑反作用力的生物力学特征进行了描述,并对两种技术动作之间左右脚支反力的最大力值进行了对比分析,得出:(1)完成轻拉和重拉时,垂直方向上的地面支撑反作用力最大.左右和前后方向上的支反力较小;身体重心的移动影响地面支撑反作用力的变化,两者之间有密切联系.(2)发力拉弧圈球时,更要注重增加左右方向和前后方向上的蹬地力和重心移动幅度. 相似文献
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Mills C Yeadon MR Pain MT 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2010,9(3):153-164
This study investigated how changes in the material properties of a landing mat could minimise ground reaction forces (GRF) and internal loading on a gymnast during landing. A multi-layer model of a gymnastics competition landing mat and a subject-specific seven-link wobbling mass model of a gymnast were developed to address this aim. Landing mat properties (stiffness and damping) were optimised using a Simplex algorithm to minimise GRF and internal loading. The optimisation of the landing mat parameters was characterised by minimal changes to the mat's stiffness (<0.5%) but increased damping (272%) compared to the competition landing mat. Changes to the landing mat resulted in reduced peak vertical and horizontal GRF and reduced bone bending moments in the shank and thigh compared to a matching simulation. Peak bone bending moments within the thigh and shank were reduced by 6% from 321.5 Nm to 302.5Nm and GRF by 12% from 8626 N to 7552 N when compared to a matching simulation. The reduction in these forces may help to reduce the risk of bone fracture injury associated with a single landing and reduce the risk of a chronic injury such as a stress fracture. 相似文献
12.
M.R. Yeadon 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(3):199-208
A simulation model and a rigid body model are used to investigate twisting initiated during the take‐off or contact phase. It is shown that it is possible to produce a full twist solely by building up angular momentum in the arms during the contact phase. This method is only half as effective as building up momentum in the whole body during contact. The introduction of twist into a somersault changes the somersault rate by less than 1%. By timing arm adduction appropriately, it is possible to take advantage of nutation and boost the initial value of the tilt angle and so obtain a greater twist rate. Twist may be stopped by the action of piking, since the motion changes from the twisting mode to the wobbling mode of rigid body motion. Transition to and from these two modes can be used to increase or decrease the tilt angle and twist rate. 相似文献
13.
Chris Mills Maurice R. Yeadon Matthew T.G. Pain 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(3):153-164
This study investigated how changes in the material properties of a landing mat could minimise ground reaction forces (GRF) and internal loading on a gymnast during landing. A multi-layer model of a gymnastics competition landing mat and a subject-specific seven-link wobbling mass model of a gymnast were developed to address this aim. Landing mat properties (stiffness and damping) were optimised using a Simplex algorithm to minimise GRF and internal loading. The optimisation of the landing mat parameters was characterised by minimal changes to the mat's stiffness ( < 0.5%) but increased damping (272%) compared to the competition landing mat. Changes to the landing mat resulted in reduced peak vertical and horizontal GRF and reduced bone bending moments in the shank and thigh compared to a matching simulation. Peak bone bending moments within the thigh and shank were reduced by 6% from 321.5 Nm to 302.5 Nm and GRF by 12% from 8626 N to 7552 N when compared to a matching simulation. The reduction in these forces may help to reduce the risk of bone fracture injury associated with a single landing and reduce the risk of a chronic injury such as a stress fracture. 相似文献
14.
The optimum pre-flight characteristics of the Hecht and handspring somersault vaults were determined using a two-segment simulation model. The model consisted of an arm segment and a body segment connected by a frictionless pin joint, simulating the vault from the Reuther board take-off through to landing. During horse contact, shoulder torque was set to zero in the model. Five independent pre-flight variables were varied over realistic ranges and an objective function was maximized to find the optimum pre-flight for each vault. The Hecht vault required a low trajectory of the mass centre during pre-flight, with a low vertical velocity of the mass centre and a low angular velocity of the body at horse contact. In contrast, the optimum handspring somersault required a high pre-flight trajectory, with a high angular velocity of the body and a high vertical velocity at horse contact. Despite the simplicity of the model, the optimum pre-flights were similar to those used in competitive performances. 相似文献
15.
运用Vicon运动影像捕捉分析系统,对运动训练专业二级运动员原地纵跳、半蹲跳及不同高度下落跳深动作进行采集与三维重构,运用V3D系统完成身体质心位置坐标计算。依据肌肉收缩理论,借鉴前人对肌肉弹性能利用的计算方法,对受试者不同高度下落跳深的弹性能利用率进行测试分析。结果表明:一般水平的运动员跳深练习中肌肉弹性能利用率,随着下落高度的增加,表现出"增大—峰值—下降"的单峰波特征,最大利用率大约出现在40 cm的下落高度;原地纵跳练习的肌肉弹性能利用率与跳深练习的最大利用率相接近;仅就肌肉弹性能的利用方面,原地纵跳是一种较好的训练方法。 相似文献
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应用松井秀治和扎齐奥尔斯基模型所测人体环节质心、重心参数的误差比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用摄像与录像解析的方法,对原地直体、后体、前屈体动作分别使用松井秀治模型参数和扎齐奥尔斯基模型参数测量分析人体各个环节质心和人体重心坐标值及速度,然后比较分析两种模型测量结果,为评价两种人体模型的差异提供依据,使模型的运用更科学、准确,并对测量的误差给出准确、客观的评价。 相似文献
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跳远起跳技术的运用在学界一直存有争议,为探讨跳远起跳技术的生物力学原理,选取跳远起跳动作作为研究对象,建立起跳动作的数学模型并在计算机上实施基于肌肉动力学层面的运动模拟。模拟结果表明:在增大人体重心垂直速度和重心的腾起角方面,膝关节肌较之髋关节肌都有更为显著的作用;在相同的着地距离下,增大小腿环节角与增大大腿环节角相比明显有利。 相似文献
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自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员落地稳定性主要影响因素的研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员落地稳定性问题建立了四个运动环节的人体运动模型。雪板雪靴、足、小腿定义为环节1,大腿定义为环节2,躯干、头定义为环节3,上臂、前臂、手定义为环节4。根据平动动坐标系下相对动量矩定理建立了描述自由式滑雪空中技巧运动员落地稳定性控制人体对人体质心动量矩的模型。模型是有效的,并能反应落地稳定性控制的内在主要影响因素。 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of calendar and skeletal age, anthropometric dimensions, training history and their interactions on vertical jumping height and horizontal overhead throwing velocity in a cross-section of 318 young male athletes (age range 9-16 years) participating in cross-country skiing (n = 70), basketball (n = 40), apparatus gymnastics (n = 19), ice hockey (n = 50), track and field (n = 89) and wrestling (n = 50). Vertical jumping height was measured with four different loads held on the shoulders and then interpolated for loads representing 0 and 40% body mass. Horizontal overhead throwing velocity using both hands was determined for seven balls of different weights and then interpolated for weights representing 1 and 5% body mass. Both vertical jumping height and overhead throwing velocity were found to increase (P < 0.01) from the skeletally youngest to the oldest cohort when the effects of body height and mass were controlled. The inter-event comparisons did not reveal statistically significant differences in respect of vertical jumping height. Also in the overhead throwing tests, the inter-event differences were small, although the analysis of variance revealed statistically significant (P < 0.001) differences for the skeletal age cohorts of 13 and 14 years. While the quantity of training had no effect on vertical jumping height, it explained the results in the overhead throwing test. The effects of training on vertical jumping and horizontal overhead throwing among adolescent athletes were considered to be small, while maturational processes and anthropometric development followed by increase in calendar age were deemed to be of greater importance. 相似文献