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1.
《The Journal of educational research》2012,105(4):244-253
AbstractThe study investigated teacher attitudes toward measurement (testing) as it is routinely used for classroom instructional purposes. Data were collected from a stratified random sample of elementary and secondary teachers in a rural mid western state. Results are reported for six major attitudinal areas: teachers’ knowledge, information desired by the teacher, student acceptance/support, external constraints on the testing situation, the nature and quality of information yielded by tests, and the evaluative uses made of tests. The results depict teachers as: heavy users of tests, supportive of tests but concerned about the evaluative merits of tests, and limited in their testing expertise. 相似文献
2.
Michael Davies Stephen N. Elliott Joy Cumming 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2016,20(12):1252-1269
Accommodations or adjustments for students with disabilities (SWDs) who need them are required in Australian education law and policy for classroom instruction and assessment, and external educational accountability tests. Drawing upon the structure of the Assessment Accommodations Checklist and more than a decade of accessibility research, the Checklist of Learning and Assessment Adjustments for Students (CLAAS) was developed to help teachers select and document adjustments that support SWDs and students with additional needs in classroom instruction and assessment, and external tests. The CLAAS was trialled with 21 primary school teachers documenting adjustments for 89 students with diverse needs. Teachers indicated that the CLAAS provided a comprehensive list of adjustments, was useful for recording adjustments across classroom instruction and assessment, and external tests, and provided guidance about potential adjustments for SWDs or with additional learning needs. The documented adjustments also indicated some considerable gaps between supports provided in classrooms compared with the Australian educational accountability tests. Findings also provided initial evidence for the reliability and validity of use of the CLAAS for its intended purposes. The CLAAS is a promising tool for helping both researchers and teachers systematically document and provide equitable and inclusive adjustments for SWDs and additional learning needs given their needs for classroom learning, assessment and external testing and examination requirements. 相似文献
3.
Towards state‐mandated testing in Germany: how do teachers assess the pedagogical relevance of performance feedback information? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Uwe Maier 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2009,16(2):205-226
The paper analyses how teachers view state‐mandated tests in Baden‐Württemberg, a large state in the south‐west of Germany. For the first time in 2006, public secondary schools were bound by law to administer Vergleichsarbeiten [state‐wide tests] in up to three relevant subjects after Grade 6. Scholars in the field of school improvement emphasise that there is a gap between performance feedback provided by external tests and how this information is internally processed. To bridge this gap, a crucial precondition is that teachers must accept state‐wide testing as a useful instrument for improving the performance of schools. To examine how teachers view the pedagogical relevance of performance feedback information, 256 secondary schools were approached, and an anonymous questionnaire was completed by a representative sample of 307 teachers with Grade 6 classes. Analysis of the quantitative data reveals that teachers in general secondary schools (the lower level of the academically streamed secondary system) are more open‐minded towards the tests than their colleagues in intermediate schools or in grammar schools (the highest level). Even so, only a small percentage of teachers in general secondary schools acknowledge the pedagogical relevance of performance feedback information for improving teaching strategies. This result suggests that state‐mandated testing in Baden‐Württemberg is highly unlikely to initiate or support school improvement activities for the time being. 相似文献
4.
An external change agent (ECA) was recently employed in three Queensland schools to align the school curriculum with the requirements
of the state’s high stakes test known as the Queensland Core Skills test (QCS). This paper reports on the teachers’ perceptions
of a change process led by an ECA. With the ever-increasing implementation of high stakes testing in Australian schools, teachers
are under mounting pressure to produce ‘results’. Therefore, in order to maximise their students’ success in these tests,
schools are altering their curricula to incorporate the test requirements. Rather than the traditional method of managing
such curriculum change processes internally, there is a growing trend for principals to source external expertise in the form
of ECAs. Although some academics, teachers, and much of the relevant literature, would regard such a practice as problematic,
this study found that in fact, teachers were quite open to externally led curriculum change, especially if they perceived
the leader to be knowledgeable and creditable in this area. 相似文献
5.
《教育实用测度》2013,26(4):343-367
This study examined teacher testing-related attitudes and practices in a relatively unexplored educational assessment setting: court-ordered achieve- ment testing. Responses to a mail survey from teachers (representing Grades 3,4, and 5) in 17 elementary schools in a Midwestern urban district suggested that teachers engaged in a large number of test preparation practices preceding mandated Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) testing. Most teachers reported that the results of ITBS testing did not provide benefits that offset the time and costs associated with testing. Teachers reported finding minimal value in the purpose or results from the tests. Furthermore, teachers indicated having experienced pressure from others, inside and outside their school, to improve student scores. Engagement in inappropriate testing practices was found to be substantially greater than had been previously reported in other studies of testing impact. Correlations and path analysis indicated that teacher engagement in inappropriate testing practice was unrelated to the intensity of pressure to improve test scores. Teachers who perceived less value and benefit associated with testing were more likely to engage in inappropriate practices. 相似文献
6.
《Educational Assessment》2013,18(1):51-68
Although standardized tests have been in use for years, there is a lack of consensus about what constitutes appropriate student preparation for testing. Popham (1991) demonstrated that teachers and administrators view preparation in different ways and noted that there is considerable diversity of opinion about which practices are appropriate and inappropriate. Other researchers have attempted to create standards or guidelines for determining appropriate testing practice, but these do not appear to capture the diversity of teacher-initiated preparation. Do teachers and testing specialists see preparation in the same way? What practices fall into the grey area of being not appropriate but not necessarily unethical? This study examines eight categories (40 practices) of preparation or teacher intervention to maximize student test performance. Teachers (N = 42) and testing specialists (N = 10) were asked to examine practices and determine how appropriate or inappropriate the practices were for a specified test. Results show that teachers consistently rate practices to be more appropriate than do testing specialists. Significant differences between teachers and specialists were found for six of the eight categories of preparation. Practices such as motivational activities, pretest interventions, same format preparation, and previous form preparation were perceived to be less evident regarding the appropriateness of their use by teachers in the classroom. This article concludes with a call for test developers and school district representatives to collaborate to determine the appropriateness of testing practice for local needs and a recognition that concrete and widely disseminated guidelines for testing practices are needed for a variety of tests and instructional decisions. 相似文献
7.
Michael Davies Stephen N. Elliott Kuen Fung Sin Zi Yan Nedim Yel 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2018,65(1):1-21
Adjustments are considered necessary for students with disabilities to be fully included in classroom instruction, classroom assessment and external accountability tests. The 67 item Checklist of Learning and Assessment Adjustments for Students (CLAAS), translated for the Chinese community, was used by 74 teachers from Macau and Mainland China to document their application of adjustments for 319 students with special educational needs across these three settings. Results indicated consistently large gaps between adjustment use in classrooms compared with national tests, with the allowable adjustments for public testing reportedly used very little. Findings also provided evidence for the content validity of the checklist for teachers of students with disabilities in China and its utility in documenting applied adjustments. This study also indicates the potential for CLAAS to provide teachers across China with a comprehensive list of adjustments, to reflect on and review adjustment decision-making and assessment protocols for all students. 相似文献
8.
Ashadi Ashadi 《教育政策杂志》2013,28(6):727-741
AbstractHigh-stakes testing regimes, in which schools are judged on their capacity to attain high student results in national tests, are becoming common in both developed and developing nations, including the United States, Britain and Australia. However, while there has been substantial investigation around the impact of high-stakes testing on curriculum and pedagogy, there has been very little research looking at the impact on teachers’ professional opportunities. The current project used a case study approach to examine the impact a high-stakes national testing programme had on teachers’ access to professional learning and their teaching allocations in four Indonesian public schools. It found that better qualified teachers were allocated to classes that would be sitting for the national examinations, and that these teachers were given much more access to professional learning opportunities than those teaching non-examined year levels. This in turn impacted negatively on the staff morale of less qualified teaching staff and potentially on their career trajectories. Findings suggest that school leaders should be wary of targeting better qualified and/or more experienced staff to year levels sitting for high-stakes tests, as this may lead to staff stratification within schools, limiting opportunities for staff to learn from one another and reducing the morale of less qualified and less experienced staff. They also add support to a substantial body of research that suggests policy-makers should be wary of the flow-on effects of using performance in high-stakes tests as the key means of judging school effectiveness. 相似文献
9.
The global popularity of test-based accountability appears to signal political trust in standardised assessments as valid and relevant measures of education quality. Nonetheless, research shows that educators' perceptions of standardised testing and test-based accountability can vary significantly, as do their responses to accountability demands. Considering the key influence of teachers' beliefs on the way in which they respond to education reforms, in this article we examine teachers' beliefs and opinions about standardised tests and test-based accountability. We analyse a comparative study on interpretations and experiences of standardised testing and test-based accountability demands of compulsory education teachers in Chile and Norway. These cases were selected following a most-different-systems design approach. The data was derived from an electronic survey (n = 2,531) and in-depth interviews (n = 41). The analysis shows how in both contexts, teachers are relatively critical about the validity, usefulness and fairness of standardised tests. This indicates lacking teacher trust in standardised testing and test-based accountability. Still, despite similar trends, some key differences in the beliefs of Chilean and Norwegian teachers are found, which highlight the influence of the sociocultural context in shaping teachers' beliefs. By illuminating how teachers in different contexts make sense of test-based accountability, our analysis contributes to the understanding of why the often-reported mismatch between policy expectations and policy outcomes might occur. 相似文献
10.
This paper reports on an Australian study that explored the costs and benefits of the National Assessment Programme, Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) testing, both tangible and intangible, of Year 9 students in three Queensland schools. The study commenced with a review of pertinent studies and other related material about standardised testing in Australia, the USA and UK. Information about NAPLAN testing and reporting, and the pedagogical impacts of standardised testing were identified, however little about administrative costs to schools was found. A social constructivist perspective and a multiple case study approach were used to explore the actions of school managers and teachers in three Brisbane secondary schools. The study found that the costs of NAPLAN testing to schools fell into two categories: preparation of students for the testing; and administration of the tests. Whilst many of the costs could not be quantified, they were substantial and varied according to the education sector in which the school operated. The benefits to schools of NAPLAN testing were found to be limited. The findings have implications for governments, curriculum authorities and schools, leading to the conclusion that, from a school perspective, the benefits of NAPLAN testing do not justify the costs. 相似文献
11.
Jan-Eric Gustafsson Gudrun Erickson 《Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability》2013,25(1):69-87
In the Swedish educational system, teachers have the dual responsibility of assigning final grades and marking their own students’ national tests. The Government has mandated the Swedish Schools Inspectorate to remark samples of the national tests to see if teacher marking can be trusted. Reports from this project have concluded that intermarker consistency is low and that teachers’ markings are generous as compared to those of the external markers. These findings have been heavily publicized, leading to distrust in teachers’ assessments. In the article, we analyze and discuss the remarking studies from methodological as well as substantive angles. We conclude that the design applied in the reanalysis does not allow inferences about bias in marking across schools or teachers. We also conclude that there are several alternative explanations for the observation that teacher marks are higher than the external marks: The external markers did not form a representative sample, they read copies with sometimes marginal legibility, and they used a different scale for marking than the teachers had used. The results are thus not as clearcut as suggested by the reports and media releases, which is because a school inspections logic rather than a research logic was applied in designing, conducting, and reporting the studies. 相似文献
12.
Prof. des. Dr. Albrecht Wacker Dr. Jochen Kramer 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2012,15(4):683-706
Standard comparative tests are meant to provide a reference system within the framework of educational reforms for development of school lessons. Compulsory comparative testing was introduced in Baden-Württemberg at the end of the school year 2005/2006. The teachers carried out the tests and corrected them themselves. Afterwards they received feedback at school and class levels, which was based on a prior statewide pilot study. The repeated survey had the aim of investigating which intended effects (reference attainment for orientation) and non-intended effects (narrowing-the-curriculum, pre-testing and exercises) teachers associated with this new instrument. Teachers of technical secondary schools (Realschulen) in Baden-Württemberg were surveyed. In the survey before the introduction of standard comparative testing (2004; n t 1?=?914), teachers expected both intended and non-intended effects. Four years after their introduction (2009; n t 1?=?734), respondents were asked to estimate the effects of standard comparative tests. The effects??in every dimension??were judged to be significantly less than had been expected before their introduction. It is pleasing that the teachers did not judge the anticipated narrowing-the-curriculum effects to be significant. However, they also did not see the instrument as a noteworthy orientation help for planning and assessing lessons. Standard comparative tests were not seen by the respondents to provide a reference for new lesson developments. 相似文献
13.
Certification tests for elementary teachers in Ontario were introduced in 1871 and in 2002. Although the provincial government’s stated goals for the testing programs were similar, the 2002 program was opposed by the initial teacher education programs and the teachers’ associations, but the 1871 program was not. The authors argue that much of this difference can be attributed to the relationship of the tests to other requirements for certification and the process for determining the content of the tests. 相似文献
14.
Abstract The responses of three groups of teachers to a rating task in which they were asked to indicate how many of their pupils were “bright”, “above average”, “below average” and “dull” were compared. In two of the groups, teachers had been provided with test information based on performance on nationally standardized ability and attainment tests. In the third group tests had been administered but no results were provided. No differences between the groups were found in terms of the extent to which teacher ratings of ability levels correspond with mean ability test scores. In addition, teachers, irrespective of the group to which they belonged, were found to display a tendency to place more pupils in the above average categories than the below average categories. Finally, no support was found for an hypothesis which suggested that test information would differentially affect the ratings of teachers of classes with pupils who were typical and untypical with respect to age. The fact that the correlation between mean ratings and mean test scores were found to be fairly high in all three groups (they ranged from .51 to .60) suggests a reason for the failure of test information to impact on teachers’ judgements. The degree of agreement between teachers and tests that the correlations reveal means that there is less scope for a convergence of ratings on tests to occur than might otherwise be the case. 相似文献
15.
Niek Frans W. J. Post C. E. Oenema-Mostert A. E. M. G. Minnaert 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2020,27(1):87-108
ABSTRACTStandardised tests play an important role in early childhood (EC) education in many countries. Although teachers’ conceptions largely determine whether and how these instruments are used, research on this topic is scarce. As a result, factors that influence conceptions of standardised testing have remained largely unexplored. To examine teachers’ conceptions of standardised testing and aspects that may influence these conceptions, Brown’s CoA-III-A questionnaire was distributed to 97 EC educators. Based on their responses, a selection of six preschool/kindergarten teachers participated in a series of semi-structured interviews. Analyses of the questionnaire and the interviews indicated that the teachers did not see these tests solely as instruments for accountability or improvement. While some perceived the test as pleasant confirmation, others perceived the results as negative opposition to their own observations. The teachers’ conceptions were influenced by classroom population, management team, and the ascribed purpose of the test. 相似文献
16.
外聘教师作为兼职教师的一种,在补强高职院校师资力量以及维持薪资平衡等方面上发挥了重要作用。通过调研发现,高职院校外聘教师在自身角色定位、课程教学安排以及教师立场上出现了妥协之状,进而导致一少部分外聘教师在教学内容与教学方法上堕云雾中、在课堂纪律上堕入深渊以及在教师职业权责上如堕烟海。为此,高职院校应力促外聘教师树立自我能力提升观、规范外聘教师制度规定、复归良性师生关系、保障外聘教师权利。 相似文献
17.
地每一次测试的试题进行项目分析的目的，是为了确定试题的科学性，把那些符合测试规则、能够体现测试功能的科学性的试题保存在试题库中。项目分析的方法不仅适合于英语测试，还可以扩大到任何一种选项式的测试。语言测试在教学研究中有着很重要的作用。如何使它更为科学、更为精确，并对学生起到积极的引导作用是一项艰巨且有意义的研究工作。 相似文献
18.
There is currently a strong belief in accountability as a policy of action and standardized testing has been implemented in several countries. This article examines tensions that occur in meetings when primary school teachers in Norway discuss national testing, and how these are handled. In particular, tensions revolve around what is seen as internal (teachers' everyday work) and external (policies and practices outside the main frame of teaching). Even though national testing is mainly seen as external to teachers' work, teachers involve in boundary work and reshape professional discourse in order to create relevance and maintain legitimacy following new expectations. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACTTests convey messages about what to teach and how to assess. Both of these dimensions may either broaden or become more uniform and narrow as a consequence of high-stakes testing. This study aimed to investigate how Swedish science teachers were influenced by national, high-stakes testing in science, specifically focusing on instances where teachers’ pedagogical practices were broadened and/or narrowed. The research design is qualitative thematic analysis of focus group data, from group discussions with Swedish science teachers. The total sample consists of six teachers, who participated in 12 focus group discussion during three consecutive years. Findings suggest that the national tests influence teachers' pedagogical practice by being used as a substitute for the national curriculum. Since the teachers do not want their students to fail the tests, they implement new content that is introduced by the tests and thereby broaden their existing practice. However, when this new content is not seen as a legitimate part of teachers' established teaching traditions, the interpretation and implementation of this content may replicate the operationalisations made by the test developers, even though these operationalisations are restricted by demands for standardisation and reliable scoring. Consequently, the tests simultaneously broaden and narrow teachers’ pedagogical practices. 相似文献
20.
Dan Donlan 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(3):109-113
This study investigated the effects of two staff development models–role playing and open instruction–on the self-awareness and attitudes of teachers with internal vs. external locus of control. In a 2 x 2 design for analysis of variance, 27 composition teachers were randomly assigned, and subsequently stratified by locus of control scores, to two parallel but contrasting summer workshop programs to test the following hypotheses: teachers in the role-playing group would be more self-aware and have more positive attitudes toward inservice education than would teachers in the open instruction group; teachers of internal locus of control would be more self-aware and have more positive attitudes toward inservice education than would teachers of external locus of control. Significant correlations were found between the instructor in the roleplaying group but not in the open instruction group with regard to self-awareness. No significant differences were found between treatment groups with regard to attitudes toward inservice education; however, significant differences were found with respect to locus of control on all three scales, specifically teachers of internal locus of control showed significantly more positive attitudes toward inservice education than teachers with external locus of control. In addition there was a significant treatment x locus of control interaction. 相似文献