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1.
W.D. Reekie 《Research Policy》1973,2(3):246-264
In this paper the patenting activity of the international pharmaceutical industry in London between 1900 and 1966 is analysed. Although patent data as a measure of industrial activity is not without defects it can be used both as an adjunct to and as a surrogate for more conventional yardsticks such as concentration ratios, sales statistics and so on. The results indicate that patenting activity can be used as both an absolute and relative indicator of an industry's pace of technological change. They help pinpoint the international distribution of pharmaceutical research and development. If analysed by product or process they can aid in the understanding of why an industry's competitive behaviour is or is not primarily one of price rivalry. Finally, they illustrate the continuing role of the individual inventor. 相似文献
2.
Universities and industrially relevant science: Towards measurement models and indicators of entrepreneurial orientation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Which university departments engaged in industrially relevant science are likely candidates to become entrepreneurial? At present, there are neither measurement models nor leading indicators that can answer such questions at an international comparative level. This paper introduces concepts, theory, and a measurement model for identifying (the early stages of) a university's enterpreneurial orientation within a quantitative analytical framework. This approach focuses specifically on university–industry interactions, in which the connectivity between academic science and industrial research is captured and measured empirically in terms of (1) public–private co-authored research articles, and (2) references (‘citations’) within corporate research articles to university research articles.The paper examines a range of country-level and institutional determinants of industrially relevant science, across 18 research areas of significant industrial interest, and at two different levels of analysis: research systems of OECD countries, and large sets of research universities within those countries. The results of these large-scale analyses, along with those of a case study dealing with European universities active in the field of immunology research, suggest that many structural factors determine university–industry interactions and (the potential for) entrepreneurial orientation. The two connectivity indicators appear to be of minor significance compared to a university's country of location and the magnitude of its research activities in industrially relevant fields of science. 相似文献
3.
Keith Dickson 《Research Policy》1983,12(2):113-120
This paper argues that the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence's (MoD) sponsorship of industrial semiconductor research and development (R&D) has, by its very nature, influenced the type of R&D performed, and the directions it has taken, to the extent of limiting its potential for subsequent commercial utilization. While much of the fault appears to lie with the semiconductor industry's response to MoD funding of its R&D, especially its over-reliance on such external support, the paper also suggests that the structure, modus operandi, and funding mechanisms of the MoD department concerned have significantly affected the industry's R&D activities. With these criticisms in mind, while at the same time noting the advantageous features of this department's activities, such as its relative autonomy, brief suggestions for ensuring more coherent and continuous state support for semiconductor R&D, including, for example, the use of innovation-oriented procurement policies, are offered. 相似文献
4.
Absorptive capacity and the search for innovation 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Kira R. Fabrizio 《Research Policy》2009,38(2):255-12407
This paper examines the link between a firm's absorptive capacity-building activities and the search process for innovation. We propose that the enhanced access to university research enjoyed by firms that engage in basic research and collaborate with university scientists leads to superior search for new inventions and provides advantage in terms of both the timing and quality of search outcomes. Results based on a panel data of pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms support these contentions and suggest that the two research activities are mutually beneficial, but also uncover intriguing differences that suggest differing roles of internally and externally developed knowledge. 相似文献
5.
Despite significant business opportunities made possible through advancements in technology, readily available digital technologies are often overlooked and not used by new ventures. To address this knowledge gap, this paper looks at the relationships between readily available digital technologies and born-digital new venture capabilities. We use an affordance lens to explore conditions in which born-digital new ventures interact with digital technologies to actualize digital affordances that facilitate the development of important capabilities. First, using the existing literature, we present a research model and its key elements. Then, using data on new ventures in a Canadian university incubator, we conduct fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and develop seven configurational research propositions as pathways to develop information technology-enabled organizational capabilities in new ventures. Using this retroductive approach, this research builds a context-specific middle-range theory that explains complex interactions between readily available digital technologies and new venture characteristics, where resources are provided by incubators in dynamic environments, to facilitate the development of ITOCs in the new ventures. We close by describing the study’s theoretical and practical implications. 相似文献
6.
The Canadian federal government, anxious to stimulate innovation, announced recently a policy objective for the economy: the attainment of industrial research expenditures reaching 1.5 percent of the gross national product. The proposed substantial increase over the current level is rationalized by comparison with economy-wide research intensities (GERD/GNP) in other OECD countries.This paper questions the economic validity and policy relevance of international aggregate comparisons. It argues that inter-country comparisons should take place at individual industry levels where technologies are similar and proposes a methodology for formulating R&D spending targets of this kind. The procedure is to estimate a model of the determinants of R&D intensity with data from several “criterion countries” and employ the results to “predict” a specific industry's research intensity in another country.In this paper such a model is formulated for the pharmaceutical industry of seven OECD countries. Plausible parameter estimates are derived and used to “forecast” the research intensity of the Canadian pharmaceutical industry. It is found that given the predominance of foreign ownership, the nature of patent protection and the level of other relevant variables in Canada, the performance of this sector is much above the OECD-derived standard; this Canadian industry presumably does not require governmental attention to its R&D activities. 相似文献
7.
Most of the literature on university–industry (U–I) linkages assumes that these linkages are beneficial per se. We question this assumption, suggesting that not all such linkages are equally helpful. In this paper, we explore the factors driving the formation of ‘valuable U–I linkages’, conceived as those linkages between universities and firms that have a higher potential to diffuse knowledge to other firms in their regional economy. Our empirical strategy combines case-study methodology with econometric techniques using data from two wine clusters in Chile and in Italy. The firm's knowledge base is found to be a key driver of ‘valuable’ U–I linkages. We conclude that selectivity should be encouraged among policy makers endeavouring to promote U–I linkages. 相似文献
8.
This study examines the organizational knowledge creation processes in two highly virtual teams involved in new product development projects in the automotive industry. Using Nonaka's model of knowledge creation, we explore how the virtualization of knowledge-based processes, i.e. the intensive exploitation of information and communication technologies (ICTs), has led to new forms of knowledge creation at both the individual and organizational levels. In contrast to previous studies that identify knowledge codification as the main contribution of ICTs, this study provides detailed micro-level evidence about the ability of virtual technologies to support the transfer and the creation of new knowledge – both explicit and tacit – and offers some implications for scholars and practitioners. 相似文献
9.
R. Steck 《Research Policy》1975,3(4):360-371
The high rate of growth of R & D expenditures, the enlargement of R & D organizations, and the increasing specialization of scientists bring with them the danger of disintegration. This concerns industrial research as well as university research. Whilst the coupling of people, programs and objectives in industrial R & D has been necessitated by economic pressure, the use of adequate management techniques in university research has been retarded. A new policy of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, that promotes interdisciplinary research at German universities, focuses on the question of how to coordinate research work. After an analysis of the main problems of R & D coordination in universities, some cases are described. 相似文献
10.
11.
在新一代信息技术搭建的虚拟集聚空间中,如何打破传统组织边界建立非地理临近网络关系对数字赋能型企业成长具有关键作用,揭示不同虚拟集聚型网络关系对企业成长差异化影响的内在机制具有重要意义。本文聚焦云计算企业,整合网络和制度逻辑视角探讨了虚拟集聚型网络规模、互联性、角色多样性对企业成长的影响。结果表明：虚拟集聚型网络规模促进企业成长,网络互联性与企业成长呈倒U型关系,角色多样性促进企业成长,且制度逻辑差异对网络角色多样性与企业成长的正向关系、网络互联性与企业成长的倒U型关系均具有负向调节作用。该研究结论拓展了制度逻辑理论在虚拟集聚形态中的研究范畴,对数字化时代不同背景企业如何在虚拟集聚中协作共赢具有指导意义。 相似文献
12.
High-technology companies that discover new technological opportunities face two critical decisions: whether and when to collaborate in exploiting these opportunities. Prior research has examined factors such as transaction costs that determine whether firms decide to collaborate. In this study, we aim to understand when firms collaborate in exploiting opportunities. To this end we study the history of 86 biopharmaceutical product-development projects. We find that factors that reduce articulation and appropriation uncertainties in these projects—patent protection, high R&D intensity of the discoverer, partners’ prior collaboration experience, and support infrastructures in the industry—can speed up collaboration. Interestingly, project-specific factors do not seem to affect timing. 相似文献
13.
Ana Viseu 《Ethics and Information Technology》2003,5(1):17-26
As the physical and digital worlds interact,some fields of technoscience have started toshift from an approach emphasizing simulation –in which the physical is replicated in thedigital – to one focusing on augmentation, inwhich the digital is utilized to enhance thephysical. A good place to study theimplications this shift has on the individualis the field of personal wearable technologies.Here, the body is not simply extended byinformation and communication technologies(ICTs), but also becomes their intimate host.This represents a new step in theconceptualization of the synergy betweenindividual (body) and technology (environment),and also affects the ways in which the role andcharacter of each actor are defined. This paperexplores some of the theoreticalre-orientations underpinning the development ofwearable computers and how these shape therelationship between body and environment. 相似文献
14.
Academics or entrepreneurs? Investigating role identity modification of university scientists involved in commercialization activity 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Establishing the microfoundations of academic entrepreneurship requires closer scrutiny of a key actor contributing to this phenomenon—the university scientist. We investigate the sense-making that scientists engage in as part of their participation in technology transfer and postulate that this process involves a potential modification in their role identity. We analyzed more than 70 h of interview data at a premier U.S. public research university. We observe that scientists invoke rationales for involvement that are congruent with their academic role identity. They typically adopt a hybrid role identity that comprises a focal academic self and a secondary commercial persona. We delineate two mechanisms – delegating and buffering – that these individuals deploy to facilitate such salience in their hybrid role identity. Overall, these patterns suggest that university scientists take active steps to preserve their academic role identity even as they participate in technology transfer. Our findings clarify the social psychological processes underlying scientist involvement in commercialization activity, and offer fresh insights to the academic entrepreneurship, science policy and role identity literatures. 相似文献
15.
产业创新的价值结构研究——我国发电设备制造业产业创新分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别从产业和企业层面阐述了产业创新的基本含义。无论从企业层面还是产业层面看待产业创新，都面临着处理价值的创造与分配的基本二维关系、应对原有的价值结构问题。从价值二维关系和价值结构研究产业创新，为产业创新战略的研究提供了新的思路和方法，开辟了其研究的新视角。同时，探讨企业的创新战略及其协调如何导致产业价值结构组织的形成、稳定、发展的机理，为我国自主创新战略决策和提升中国企业在全球产业价值结构的升级提供理论支撑与实施建议。最后，以我国发电设备制造业为例，应用产业创新价值结构的方法分析其现状和制约因素，并提出其产业创新的策略。 相似文献
16.
This paper examines the various methods through which firms benefit from interactions with universities, arguing that such benefits are instrumental in nurturing the multiple facets of a firm's absorptive capacity. We bring together data collected from a survey of UK firms that collaborated with universities, and firm-level data on past partnerships with universities. The results show that benefits from interactions with universities are multifaceted, including enhancement of the firm's explorative and exploitative capabilities. Results also indicate that firms’ R&D commitments, geographical proximity to and research quality of university partners have a distinct impact on the different types of benefits from interactions with universities. We find geographical proximity is crucial for assessing problem-solving as an important benefit, while interactions with top quality universities have a positive influence on the benefits associated with firms’ downstream activities. We discuss the implications of these findings for research and policy. 相似文献
17.
Allan Afuah 《Research Policy》2004,33(8):1231-1246
In this paper, I explore the role that the impact of a technological change on a firm's co-opetitors plays in the firm's technology entry timing. I hypothesize that where a co-opetitor dominates in the co-opetitor-firm relationship, a firm's technology entry timing does not depend on the impact of the technology on the firm's capabilities as predicted by previous research. Rather, it depends on the impact of the change on the dominant co-opetitor. If the change is incremental to a dominant customer, for example, the focal incumbent firm will start development of the new technology before new entrants, irrespective of whether it is radical or incremental to focal firms. If the change is radical to the dominant co-opetitor, new entrant focal firms will start development of the new technology before incumbent focal firms. I explore these hypotheses using the case of three major technological changes in supercomputers: vector processors, minisupercomputers, and massively parallel processors. 相似文献
18.
产业知识基础与区域创新体系构建研究述评 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
产业知识基础在国内是一个较新的名词,它影响企业创新过程和本质,进而对区域创新体系的构建产生影响.但国内鲜有关于产业知识基础的研究,国外关于产业知识基础与区域创新体系构建的研究也不很系统.因此,时产业知识基础与区域创新体系构建的研究进行述评,重点分析产业知识基础的产生及其内涵,产业知识基础与区域创新体系构建的相关研究,并归纳出两种相关研究的演化路径,指出以往研究的不足和未来的研究框架,期望能够为相关理论研究者提供借鉴. 相似文献
19.
The value of patented innovations has attracted substantial research attention, especially in the context of patent renewal. However, research often assumes that a firm's patented innovations are independent from each other. We draw upon evolutionary economics and suggest that some of a firm's patents share important genealogical relationships, which we refer to as internal sequential innovations. We propose internal sequential innovations are more valuable and therefore more likely to be renewed than stand-alone innovations. We examine our hypotheses from a dataset of US pharmaceutical and biotechnology patents. The results confirm our hypotheses at both the patent and the firm levels. 相似文献
20.
Michael E. Gluck 《Research Policy》1987,16(6)
Growth in the industrial support of university research in the life sciences and more specifically in biotechnology has raised questions concerning its effects, both positive and negative, on the educational experiences of graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. A survey of 693 graduate students and post-doctoral fellows at six research intensive universities in the United States reveals that 19 percent of the responding students and fellows receive direct industry support for their research or training and that another 15 percent work with faculty advisors supported by industrial funds. On average students and fellows in this sample believe that the benefits of relationships with private firms outweigh the risks. In addition, students funded by private firms are more likely than those without industry connections to report patents resulting from their research. No relationship is found between industry support and young scientists' career plans or their rating of the quality of their educational experiences. However, the data suggest the existence of some risks: industry support is associated with fewer or delayed publications, inhibition of scientific communication on the part of some trainees, and some restrictions on students' and fellows' research. In a few cases, students are supported by funds from companies in which faculty advisors hold equity, a situation that creates potential conflicts of interest for students' mentors. To protect students, university administrators must monitor the relationships with industry that give rise to these potential problems. Future research into industrial support of research and training is needed to extend these results. 相似文献