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1.
A group of 51 shards of medieval polychrome glazed pottery, coming from Canosa castle archaeological site (Bari, Italy), has been investigated through surface analytical techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental ones, such as Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–OES) and Absorption Atomic Spectroscopy (AAS) by flame and electro-thermal atomisation. The investigation was aimed at defining the elemental composition of pottery findings, identifying pigments and clarifying glaze types. The results of the analytical characterization allowed the identification of materials and technological expedients used for pottery manufacturing, highlighting original features in the production of the investigated pottery.The quantitative analysis performed on ceramic paste, glaze and painted decorations provided a significant number of results, thus enabling their effective exploitation for multivariate statistical techniques, in order to find out possible groups of pottery items with defined similarity within the samples.  相似文献   

2.
Optical and SEM-EDS microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and micro FT-IR spectroscopy investigations of the funerary klinai (couches) of Tomb 1 from Amphipolis and a stone sarcophagus from ancient Tragilos—two painted monuments made by Macedonian craftsmen of the Early Hellenistic period—identified the original materials and painting technique, as well as synthetic materials used as consolidants during past restoration treatments. The original organic binders and the superficial modern coatings have been identified by micro FT-IR spectroscopy applied directly to the sampled powders or tiny fragments and to their solvent—soluble fractions. The pigments identified on the couch of Amphipolis are: red and yellow ochre, cinnabar, Madder lake, paratacamite and antlerite, carbon black, calcium carbonate, kaolin and gypsum. The identification of egg and animal glue confirms the application of tempera and secco techniques. The detection of polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane, polyvinyl acetate and alkyd resins, is related to modern restoration products. The pigments attested on the paintings of the Tragilos' sarcophagus are: red and yellow ochre, Egyptian blue, malachite, carbon black, calcium carbonate and gypsum. The absence of organic binders combined with the constant presence of calcium carbonate in all the examined samples suggests the use of lime as the binding medium in the painted decoration of the sarcophagus. The presence of Paraloid B72 is related to recent conservation treatments.  相似文献   

3.
The production of Terra Sigillata imitations (TSI) from Nyon (south-west Switzerland) (15–30 A.D.) was studied from the chemical-mineralogical point of view, in order to define a new reference group and to prove if one piece stamped by the potter Fronto (ZA165) and found at the same place, was produced in the workshop of Nyon. Three Fronto stamped wasters found at Augst were compared with the local Nyon TSI in order to verify the possibility of the existence of two different workshops of this potter during the Gallo-Roman period. The analysed Nyon wasters may be divided into two groups, differing in CaO content. Most of the samples are characterised by high CaO concentrations and the Fronto stamped piece (ZA 165) is similar to this group. Nine samples form a small cluster characterised by lower CaO and MgO contents. Stamped wasters from Augst show a very different chemical pattern compared with the TSI of Nyon. One new reference group is proposed, consisting of CaO-rich samples from Nyon. Samples from Augst were certainly produced in a different workshop. The presence of two Fronto workshops is therefore presumed.  相似文献   

4.
This paper reports results derived from a chemico-physical characterisation study undertaken on an important ensamble of early 20th century stained glass windows from Madrid and signed by the prestigious and well-known Maumejean Fréres company. The study is part of an on-going project of restoration and conservation carried out by the National Glass Centre Foundation (FCNV, La Granja de San Ildefonso, Segovia, Spain). The basic aim of the research was to assess their current state of conservation and to study the degree of damage suffered throughout the last century by different materials employed in their production, namely colourless and coloured glasses, grisailles, lead cames, and putties used to fix glass pieces into the lead cames. Selected samples from these materials were characterised through optical microscopy (OM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), VIS spectrophotometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). As a general rule, most of them presented an acceptable state of conservation, without any of the known degradation phenomena of more ancient stained glasses (e.g. Medieval, Renaissance, etc.). However, some remarkable alterations were observed. Important deposits of soot and dirt particles coming from a polluted urban environment were detected, producing a slow blackening of the panels. Resulting data have been useful to design and optimise a combined conservation and restoration strategy in the recovery of this valuable legacy of early 20th century stained glass windows from Madrid.  相似文献   

5.
The performance of five synthetic coatings for the protection of stone monuments of Hellenistic and Byzantine period has been evaluated. The selected coatings included four commercially available siloxane-, siloxane/acrylic- and perfluoroether-based compositions, as well as a new composition based on newly synthesized fluoro-organosilane. The coatings were applied onto petrologically different stone substrates, such as marble, travertine, sandstone and a newly baked brick compatible with Roman period bricks, used for the restoration processes in Galerius Palace, Thessaloniki, Greece. The coatings' protective efficiency was investigated by measurement of water–stone contact angles, water vapor permeability, and water absorption by capillarity. The optical properties of the applied coatings were also investigated and they were also ranked with regard to their optical characteristics.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this study is practically to establish a chemical strategy for cleaning soiled deposits and encrustations on archaeological glasses. Investigations were performed on a series of Roman glass samples (Fragments and complete objects) coming from different excavations in northern Jordan. The chemical composition of the glass samples was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) analysis technique, whereas X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods were used to determine the mineralogical and elemental composition of the soiled deposits and encrustations on the glass surfaces. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination and optical assessment were performed before and after cleaning glass. The glass samples were subjected to different cleaning protocols such as Calgon (Sodium hexametaphosphate), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at different pH values, citric and tartaric acids and piranha solution (a solution of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide). Sepiolite poultices soaked by chemical agents were the most suitable methods used for applying chemical solutions on the glass surface. It can be concluded that EDTA is generally accepted as the most effective chelating agents recommended for cleaning encrustations on durable glass. It was more effective and safe at neutral pH with low concentrations around 5 to 7%. The calcareous crusts can safely be removed by using a piranha solution. Citric and tartaric acids appeared a moderate efficiency on cleaning weathered and stable glass. Calgon has a tendency to damage corroded and iridescent surfaces, and should be avoided when cleaning weathered glass.  相似文献   

7.
J. M. Lee 《Minerva》2006,44(1):1-24
Between 1940 and 1960, the British Government became increasingly concerned with the welfare of students coming to Britain from the dependent territories of the Commonwealth. The reasons were political, cultural, and economic. This essay traces the transition of official attitudes, from modest promotion to active policy. With the coming ‘end of Empire’, Britain chose a role that combined cooperation with the Commonwealth with future membership in the European community.  相似文献   

8.
Adobe is a construction technique that uses raw clayey earth mixed and moulded to form blocks to realize a bearing wall. Romans were also used to add sand or coarse sand into the mixture to “degrease” clay and to allow to make it into a mixture. Fibres such as straw were often added into the mixture. Anyway, ancient home brick-makers have not had a chance to do scientific experimental investigation on the balance of ingredients and the optimisation of this production. This paper elaborates on how workability and mechanical properties of Roman ancient adobe earthen bricks change by varying the percentage of an on situ soil, straw and coarse sand into the mixture to produce them. The comparisons were also made with the only-earth samples. Breaking manners of all the samples were also compared.  相似文献   

9.
Pollock  Neil  Cornford  James 《Minerva》2002,40(4):359-373
The coming of new Information CommunicationTechnologies (ICTs) has prompted muchcontroversy in higher education. Scholars andadministrators have been excited by thepotential – perhaps the threat – of the`virtual' university. But whilst much has beenwritten about `virtual higher education', lesshas been said about the actual `work' involved.Drawing upon insights from the sociology oftechnology, this paper reports on the attemptsof one university to reconcile ideas about`virtuality' with the more established networksand infrastructures of traditional universitylife. This research is based upon aparticipant-observation study carried out inthe UK.  相似文献   

10.
Late Apulian red figured pottery [1] from Egnatia (Fasano, Brindisi, Italy) was studied in order to widen the view on this ceramic class in Southern Italy. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) provided the samples elemental composition that allowed to make provenance hypotheses. Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), supplied information about the minero-petrographic features of the objects to better understand their production technology. The set of results highlighted the contemporary presence in the Apulian land in the late 4th century BC of both local and imported finds and showed the existence of two different kinds of local production, the “classic” Attic and a peculiar one, characterized by the application of an engobe layer before the black gloss. Our previous studies resulted in the discovery that an engobe layer, with similar chemical and minero-petrographic characteristics, was present in finds from another site in central Apulia (Monte Sannace). So the discovery of red engobe on fragments from Egnatia, proves that its use was not an isolated occurrence, but was quite common in the production of red figured in Apulia during the Late period, appearing as a peculiar technological mark of Apulian potters.  相似文献   

11.
The authors investigate coming out and coming home as models of queer sexuality for contemporary Chinese queer subjects. Through semi-structured interviews with 13 Chinese queer subjects, the authors investigate the distinctness of the coming-out and coming-home models, their points of dissonance and consonance, and the ways in which queer subjects take them up (partially or fully, temporarily or enduringly), revise them, or reject them. Finding that interview narratives exceed the normative parameters shaped by these two models, the authors elaborate a third, distinct model—coming with—which better accounts for how some contemporary Chinese queer subjects are crafting livable lives.  相似文献   

12.
We conduct an empirical analysis of the effect on the auction price of a Canadian painting of the age of the painter at the time of creation of the painting. We consider over two hundred artists, active over the entire history of Canadian art, who are pooled in the estimation of a hedonic regression in which a polynomial function in age enters as a regressor along with several other control variables. We consider the possibility that the age–price relationship has changed over time by: (a) estimating separate age–price functions for three generational groups of artists—those born before 1880, between 1880 and 1920, and after 1920 and thus coming of age in the world of post-war ‘contemporary art’ and (b) estimating a parameterization where the shape of the age–price profile is permitted to change continuously depending on the year of birth of the artist. Our principal result is that artists born more recently tend to ‘peak’ earlier in their careers than those of previous generations.  相似文献   

13.
In the present work, an analytical characterization of painted plaster samples coming from ancient buildings dated back to 2nd cent. B.C., located in Licata (Sicily, Southern Italy), has been carried out. The investigation has been performed through different spectroscopic techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using an handheld energy-dispersive XRF analyzer, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an Energy Dispersive Spectrometry microanalysis detector (SEM-EDS) and Fourier transform infrared absorbance spectroscopy (FT-IR). The main goal is to identify the plaster and pigments material. In particular, the XRF investigation of surfaces is the first step for a preliminary elemental characterization. Then, through SEM-EDS measurements, a quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of the plaster and the pigmenting agents along with eventual components related to deterioration processes has been obtained. Finally, FT-IR absorbance spectra have proven to be a useful tool to investigate the molecular nature of the used materials.  相似文献   

14.
This paper presents the results of a geochemical study on obsidian fragments by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry associated with Laser Ablation (LA-ICP-MS). This analytical method, almost non-destructive, has proven to be a powerful tool for “in situ” determination of trace elements, and is very useful in characterizing and determining the provenance of obsidian fragments of archeological interest. Its major advantage is that 29 trace and rare earth elements can be analysed in a very short time, without any sample manipulation.Analyses were carried out on 27 representative obsidian samples, collected from the main geological outcrops of Sardinia and the minor islands of Lipari, Pantelleria and Palmarola, in the peri-Tyrrhenian area, and on eight obsidian fragments recovered from three different Italian archeological sites of Neolithic age. The geological samples show variable trace element and REE compositions, and differences in Cs, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Nd, Ho, Er and Yb were great enough to allow the various source areas to be distinguished. The fragments fall into seven compositional groups. Three, which are homogeneous but clearly distinct from each another, include the Lipari, Palmarola and Pantelleria samples. The other four groups refer to the obsidian of Monte Arci in Sardinia, already known in the literature as SA, SB1, SB2 and SC. LA-ICP-MS established the definite origin and source areas of the artefacts.Analytical results indicate that, for obsidian samples from the peri-Tyrrhenian area, significant geochemical differences exist in their trace and REE compositions, which identify their source areas and establish their provenance for archeometric purposes.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

In 2006, a young female rapper named Diam's released an album that became the best‐selling CD in France: her CD and its reception is treated as a social phenomenon and examined against the backdrop of political arguments which developed in France in 2006–2007. Musical analysis shows that the sonic backgrounds of Diam's rap illustrated the importance of combinations and hard work in the symbolical production of a new order. Her texts manifested new combinations of social values which brought into the public debate changes in value systems that were just becoming developed enough to be taken up by political organisations and leaders. This is why the main themes in Diam's CD converged with topics engaged by the two main candidates in the French 2007 presidential election. This paper, combining the resources of musicology, literary analysis and political sociology analyses how Diam's put in aesthetic and emotional forms combinations of values that had been brewing underground for the past 30 years. It invites a reconsideration of the interpretation of rap as an expression of rebellion, or even as an element of counter‐culture, and apprehends it as a ‘social revealer’ that brings new values and representations into public debate and stimulates discussion around them. Diam's album was an ‘unidentified political object’ that shed original light on the way politics and politician are perceived by ordinary citizens, or specific groups among them, such as the youth.  相似文献   

16.
Roman cements, one of the most extensively produced types of hydraulic binders of the second half of the 19th century, played an important role in the architecture of many European countries. This paper deals with the chemical-mineralogical and microstructural characterisation of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest, Hungary. Different microscopic techniques were used on polished thin sections and fracture surfaces in order to understand the method of producing these renders and the effect of urban pollution on them. The renders exhibited characteristics typical to a Roman cement mortar, such as high binder to aggregate ratios (b/a), mostly fine-grained aggregates and high capillary porosity, but without the shrinkage cracks that are also normally present. This research suggests that coarse residual cement grains may have acted in a manner similar to aggregates by absorbing stress and thereby reducing the formation of shrinkage cracks. Based on the mineral characteristics of residual cement grains, the samples could be divided into two groups, which correspond to either a higher or lower temperature of calcination of the original source material of the cement. Chemical characteristics of the binders suggest the presence of intermixed CaCO3 originating from the carbonation of hydration products and partly from residual calcium carbonate of the raw material. Despite dense and often impermeable coats applied in later renovations and exposure to a polluted urban environment, which resulted in formation of gypsum on the surface of the renders, the samples show good to excellent state of preservation after more than a century. The strong “house of cards”-like arrangement of the complex C-(A)-S-H-type phases is responsible for both the high capillary porosity and the good resistance of Roman cement renders to atmospheric pollution and potentially damaging salts such as Na- and K-chlorides which are found near the base of the building due to sidewalk de-icing. These results help to better understand the behaviour of historic Roman cement renders, which in turn assists in making good decisions in choosing a repair material to future restorations of 19th century façades built with this material.  相似文献   

17.
Cultural and Sport Economics: Conceptual Twins?   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Is there a role for sports economics in arts research? Despite references to similarities between the arts and sports (especially community impacts, demand interdependencies, and the presence of superstars), the two burgeoning literatures operate in near isolation from one another. This parochialism is not justified by legitimate distinctions; arts labor analysis, in particular, could benefit from sports research. This paper demonstrates this proposition with a focus on: team production functions and income dispersion; unions and rent distribution; managerial and director productivity; earnings functions and changing talent distributions related to competing superstar theories; and career development, screening and human capital theory.  相似文献   

18.
This study proposes a procedure for digitally classifying and cataloging moulds which belong to the historic collection of the Ginori porcelain factory in Doccia (Sesto Fiorentino, Italy). In addition to a vast number of antique plaster moulds, this collection includes artistic porcelain artifacts obtained from casting porcelain using the moulds and models made of various materials. The proposed methodology includes two workflows: the first starts with photographic and casting processes conducted recently on various groups of moulds and involves historical surveys for investigating the relationships between the various sets of moulds, the models from which they were derived and the porcelain objects derived from them. The second workflow was applied when no information was available for a set of moulds, and involved 3D scanning of the moulds, with virtual reconstruction of the corresponding model followed by a final art historical survey like that used in the first procedure. 3D scanning techniques and successive model reconstruction can also be applied for obtaining a virtual model in the first process, when the physical model was lost, damaged or never existed. The variety and extent of the Ginori collection suggested the use of a customized Data-Base (DB) and a set of functions designed to manage and extract information, data and archived images. This filing system, called DocciaDigitalArchive (DDA), also makes it possible to specify the relationships between the different typology samples (prototype models, moulds derived from them, handmade porcelain objects produced from these moulds), which are associated when the same subject is portrayed. The DB structure conceived also provides the possibility of incorporating pictures and data of known archetypes. This additional information makes it possible to place each subject in its historical and artistic context. For each sample filed in the DDA system, documentary cards, which summarize data, images, reports and links to other entities or samples connected to the subject consulted, can be viewed on a suitable interface.  相似文献   

19.
A significant number of archaeological finds of the 13th–16th century from the Tuscan sites of Germagnana and Gambassi in Valdelsa—FI, was studied by different physico-chemical investigations (SEM–EDS, ICP, Mössbauer spectroscopy, XRD, XRF, TG-DTA) in order to contribute to clarify the production methodology and the pre-industrial glass manufacture technology. The studied samples are mainly non-vitreous finds as production waste, refractory materials, crucibles and raw materials; also vitreous finds as frits, skims, glasses (glass masses, glass working waste and finished products) have been taken into consideration. The obtained petrographic and physico-chemical data strongly suggest that both Gambassi and Germagnana glass manufactures were strictly connected with the sources of vitrifiable materials, situated in Tuscan sand quarries. In particular a comparison between sands from the neighbouring quarries and appropriate finds of the two archaeological sites evidences that the employed vitrifiable materials possibly belong to La Casina La Cava resort. The archaeological classification, based on macroscopic observation and stratigraphic position, was compared and verified with the scientific classification of the examined finds of Germagnana and Gambassi sites based on their composition, morphology and physico-chemical properties.  相似文献   

20.
Northern Greece is the main region where more than 90 Macedonian tombs, dated in the late classical and Hellenistic period, have been discovered. Geospatial data processing technologies (GIS), predictive modelling techniques and fuzzy logic were applied to the study area in order to create a predictive model that would be able to provide map regions assigned with specified probability of Macedonian tombs’ occurrence. The model was tested extensively and was validated using a commonly used predictive gain. The results and the evaluation of the model proved the efficiency of its predictive ability in providing answers to a series of questions related to the problem at hand (archaeological research, cultural resource management and protection, land use, etc.).  相似文献   

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