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1.
O B Santos 《Journal of learning disabilities》1989,22(2):131-133
Eleven tests were administered to 20 high school readers with learning disabilities (LD) and 20 controls. The objective was to examine the relation between reading comprehension performance and performance on tests of language skills and cognitive processes. As a whole, the performance of the group with LD was significantly below the performance of the controls on all measures. However, the variance on nonverbal tests was greater for the group with LD than for controls; some individuals with learning disabilities performed as well as the controls. Results are discussed in terms of how performance deficits are amenable to remediation by instruction. 相似文献
2.
Evelien van Wingerden Eliane Segers Hans van Balkom Ludo Verhoeven 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2018,22(4):321-334
The present article aimed to explore how the development of reading comprehension is affected when its cognitive basis is compromised. The simple view of reading was adopted as the theoretical framework. The study followed 76 children with mild intellectual disabilities (average IQ = 60.38, age 121 months) across a period of 3 years. The children were assessed for level of reading comprehension (outcome variable) and its precursors decoding and listening comprehension, in addition to linguistic skills (foundational literacy skills, rapid naming, phonological short-term memory, verbal working memory, vocabulary, and grammar) and non-linguistic skills (nonverbal reasoning and temporal processing). Reading comprehension was predicted by decoding and listening comprehension but also by foundational literacy skills and nonverbal reasoning. It is concluded that intellectual disabilities can affect the development of reading comprehension indirectly via linguistic skills but also directly via nonlinguistic nonverbal reasoning ability. 相似文献
3.
The normal development of humor in children has been well documented with a predictable course that is tied to social, cognitive,
and linguistic development in children. This study explored humor comprehension in children with nonverbal learning disabilities
(NVLD). Children with NVLD were compared with children with reading disabilities and a comparison group of children with no
learning disabilities to assess their comprehension of humor. The humor test was composed of a joke and cartoon section. No
group differences in humor comprehension were found when the NVLD group was defined as having visual–spatial and visual reasoning
deficits. However, when the NVLD group was divided into children with and without social perceptual difficulties as defined
by a direct measure of social comprehension, significant group differences were found in the levels of humor comprehension.
These results support the association of humor comprehension with social perception and lend tentative support to the hypothesis
that children with NVLD may not be a homogenous group. Future study directions include further exploration into the nature
of the association between humor comprehension and social perception as well as closer examination of the heterogeneity of
NVLD. 相似文献
4.
The present study explored the double-deficit hypothesis (DDH) in a sample of 146 college students with and without reading disabilities (RD). The results indicated that although both phonological awareness (PA) and visual naming speed (VNS) contributed to performance on measures of decoding and comprehension, their relative contribution was influenced both by the nature of the stimulus (word vs. nonword vs. text) and by the conditions of the task (timed vs. untimed). Similar results were obtained using an individual differences approach, or when between-group comparisons were made of individuals with deficits in PA or VNS. The relative representation of DDH subgroups in groups of adults with RD varied based on the classification criteria used to define RD. These results support the DDH, extend its applicability to adults, and have implications for diagnostic decision making. 相似文献
5.
The lexical decision (LD) and naming (NAM) tasks are ubiquitous paradigms that employ printed word identification. They are major tools for investigating how factors like morphology, semantic information, lexical neighborhood and others affect identification. Although use of the tasks is widespread, there has been little research into how performance in LD or NAM relates to reading ability, a deficiency that limits the translation of research with these tasks to the understanding of individual differences in reading. The present research was designed to provide a link from LD and NAM to the specific variables that characterize reading ability (e.g., decoding, sight word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension) as well as to important reading-related abilities (phonological awareness and rapid naming). We studied 99 adults with a wide range of reading abilities. LD and NAM strongly predicted individual differences in word identification, less strongly predicted vocabulary size and did not predict comprehension. Fluency was predicted but with differences that depended on the way fluency was defined. Finally, although the tasks did not predict individual differences in rapid naming or phonological awareness, the failures nevertheless assisted in understanding the cognitive mechanisms behind these reading-related abilities. The results demonstrate that LD and NAM are important tools for the study of individual differences in reading. 相似文献
6.
The present study investigated the persistent nature of naming speed deficits within the context of the double-deficit hypothesis in a university sample of adults with reading disabilities (RD). Twenty-five university students with RD were compared to 28 typically achieving readers on measures of reading skill, phonological processing, and naming speed. The results indicated that both naming speed and phonological processing deficits characterized the RD group. In a regression analysis, neither naming speed nor phonological processing were important variables in explaining comprehension when reading rate was in the model. The results of the present study are mixed at best and are consistent with earlier conclusions that support for the double-deficit hypothesis of dyslexia remains limited. 相似文献
7.
Beyond phonological skills: broader language skills contribute to the development of reading 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This paper reports a study that followed the development of reading skills in 72 children from the age of 8.5 to 13 years. Each child was administered tests of reading, oral language, phonological skills and nonverbal ability at time 1 and their performance on tests of reading comprehension, word recognition, nonword decoding and exception word reading was assessed at time 2. In addition to phonological skills, three measures of non‐phonological oral language tapping vocabulary knowledge and listening comprehension were unique concurrent predictors of both reading comprehension and word recognition at time 1. Importantly, all three measures of oral language skill also contributed unique variance to individual differences in reading comprehension, word recognition and exception word reading four and a half years later, even when the autoregressive effects of early reading skill were controlled. Moreover, the extent to which a child's word recognition departed from the level predicted from their decoding ability correlated with their oral language skills. These findings suggest that children's oral language proficiency, as well as their phonological skills, influences the course of reading development. 相似文献
8.
S J Kuder 《Journal of learning disabilities》1991,24(2):124-127
Direct instruction reading programs have been found to be a successful way to teach reading to many, but not all, students with learning disabilities. This study investigated whether reading improvement for students with learning disabilities receiving reading instruction through a direct instruction reading program might be related to their language abilities. The reading progress of 26 students (19 male, 7 female), 7 to 10 years old, was measured over 2 years. In addition, phonological and syntactic abilities were assessed. The results indicated that phonological ability was related to progress in word attack skills and that syntactic ability was related to improvement in comprehension skills. These results have implications for the reading instruction of students with learning disabilities. 相似文献
9.
A random sample of 91 preschool children was assessed prior to receiving formal reading instruction. Verbal and nonverbal measures were used as predictors for the time of instruction required to accurately decode pseudowords in the highly orthographically regular Finnish language. After 2 years, participants were divided into four groups depending on the duration of instruction they had required to reach 90 % accuracy in their reading of pseudowords. Participants were classified as precocious decoders (PD), who could read at school entry; early decoders (ED), who learned to read within the first 4 months of Grade 1; ordinary decoders (OD), who learned to read within 9 months; and late decoders (LD), who failed to reach the criterion after 18 months of reading instruction at Grade 2. Phonological awareness played a significant role only in differentiating PD from ED and OD. However, phonological awareness failed to predict the delayed learning process of LD. LD differed from all other groups in visual analogical reasoning in an analysis not containing phonological awareness measures. Letter knowledge and visual analogical reasoning explained above 90% of the PD-LD difference. Preschool composite (objects, colors, and digits) naming speed measures best predicted reading fluency at the end of Grade 2. The supportive role of orthographic knowledge in phonological awareness, the role of visual analogical reasoning, and the inability of phonological measures to discriminate late decoders are discussed. 相似文献
10.
11.
Thais Barbosa Monica Carolina Miranda Ruth F. Santos Orlando Francisco A. Bueno 《Reading and writing》2009,22(2):201-218
One of the most usual flaws that lead to literacy disability regards cognitive difficulties and alterations some children
present in the literacy process. Many studies have found alterations in phonological processing, more specifically in phonological
working memory (PWM) and phonological awareness (PA). Therefore, our aim was to identify alterations in skills of phonological
working memory, phonological awareness and language (semantic, syntactic and phonological aspects) of Brazilian children with
literacy disabilities (age 7–8). They were divided into two groups: (1) Group of Normal Literacy (NL); and (2) Group With
Literacy Disabilities (LD). The evaluation comprised tests that assessed general cognitive functions and the skills at stake.
The LD presented a poorer performance than the NL in the skills of PWM, PA and language aspects. The factor analysis showed
that these skills prevailed in differentiating the groups. Thus, children with literacy disabilities presented deficits in
phonological processing and language. These deficits seem to be a result of alterations of the phonological representations
and poor language skills that are prior to the literacy period. Consequently, we believe that the early identification of
these alterations can be very useful for the prevention of future literacy problems. 相似文献
12.
Donald Shankweiler Eric Lundquist Lois G. Dreyer Cheryl C. Dickinson 《Reading and writing》1996,8(3):267-294
Basic skills in reading and spelling and supporting metalinguistic abilities were assessed in ninth and tenth grade students in two school settings. Students attending a private high school for the learning disabled comprised one group and the other comprised low to middle range students from a public high school. Both the LD students and the regular high school students displayed deficiencies in spelling and in decoding, a factor in reading difficulty that is commonly supposed to dwindle in importance after the elementary school years. Treating the overlapping groups as a single sample, multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the contribution of nonword decoding skill and phonological and morphological awareness to spelling ability. The analysis revealed that decoding was the major component, predicting about half of the variance in spelling. The effect of phonological awareness was largely hidden by its high correlation with decoding, but was a significant predictor of spelling in its own right. Morphological awareness predicted spelling skill when the words to be spelled were morphologically complex. An additional study showed that differences in decoding and spelling ability were associated with differences in comprehension after controlling for reading experience and vocabulary. Even among experienced readers individual differences in comprehension of text reflect efficiency of phonological processing at the word level. 相似文献
13.
Previous research studies examining the effects of graphic organizers on reading comprehension for students with learning disabilities (LD) are reviewed. An extensive search of the professional literature between 1963 and June 2001 yielded a total of 21 group design intervention studies that met the criteria for inclusion in the synthesis. Using graphic organizers (i.e., semantic organizers, framed outlines, cognitive maps with and without a mnemonic) was associated with improved reading comprehension overall for students with LD. Compared to standardized reading measures, researcher-developed comprehension measures were associated with higher effect sizes. Initial gains demonstrated when using graphic organizers were not revealed during later comprehension tasks or on new comprehension tasks. 相似文献
14.
Savage RS Frederickson N Goodwin R Patni U Smith N Tuersley L 《Journal of learning disabilities》2005,38(1):12-28
In this article, we explore the relationship between rapid automatized naming (RAN) and other cognitive processes among below-average, average, and above-average readers and spellers. Nonsense word reading, phonological awareness, RAN, automaticity of balance, speech perception, and verbal short-term and working memory were measured. Factor analysis revealed a 3-component structure. The first component included phonological processing tasks, RAN, and motor balance. The second component included verbal short-term and working memory tasks. Speech perception loaded strongly as a third component, associated negatively with RAN. The phonological processing tests correlated most strongly with reading ability and uniquely discriminated average from below- and above-average readers in terms of word reading, reading comprehension, and spelling. On word reading, comprehension, and spelling, RAN discriminated only the below-average group from the average performers. Verbal memory, as assessed by word list recall, additionally discriminated the below-average group from the average group on spelling performance. Motor balance and speech perception did not discriminate average from above- or below-average performers. In regression analyses, phonological processing measures predicted word reading and comprehension, and both phonological processing and RAN predicted spelling. 相似文献
15.
This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two programs developed by the Frostig Center Research Department to
improve the reading and spelling of students with learning disabilities (LD): a computer Speech Recognition-based Program
(SRBP) and a computer and text-based Automaticity Program (AP). Twenty-eight LD students with reading and spelling difficulties
(aged 8 to 18) received each program for 17 weeks and were compared with 16 students in a contrast group who did not receive
either program. After adjusting for age and IQ, both the SRBP and AP groups showed significant differences over the contrast
group in improving word recognition and reading comprehension. Neither program showed significant differences over contrasts
in spelling. The SRBP also improved the performance of the target group when compared with the contrast group on phonological
elision and nonword reading efficiency tasks. The AP showed significant differences in all process and reading efficiency
measures. 相似文献
16.
In recent literature on persons with learning disabilities (LD), speech recognition has been discussed primarily as an assistive
technology to help compensate for writing difficulties. However, prior research by the authors has suggested that in addition
to helping persons to compensate for poor writing skills, speech recognition also may enhance reading and spelling; that is,
what was designed as assistive technology appears to serve remedial functions as well. The present study was conducted to
determine whether elementary and secondary students with LD who used the technology to write self-selected compositions and
class assignments would demonstrate improvements in reading and spelling. Thirty-nine students with LD (ages 9 to 18) participated.
Nineteen participants used speech recognition 50 minutes a week for sixteen weeks, and twenty students in a control group
received general computer instruction. Results indicated that the speech recognition group showed significantly more improvement
than the control group in word recognition (p<.0001), spelling (p<.002) and reading comprehension (p<.01). Pre- and posttests on five reading-related cognitive processing measures (phonological, orthographic, semantic processing,
metacognitive reading strategies, and working memory) indicated that for the experimental group, only phonological processing
improved significantly over the treatment period when compared to controls (p<.04). Further ANCOVA suggested that growth in phonological processing was associated with significant differences among conditions
for all three academic measures: word recognition, spelling, and reading comprehension.
Address correspondence to 971 N. Altadena Drive, Pasadena, CA 91107. E-mail center@frostig.org. 相似文献
17.
Tractenberg RE 《Journal of learning disabilities》2002,35(5):407-424
Reading-related skills were tested in adults with and without reading disabilities (RD) and adults with profound hearing impairment (PHI) who did not differ on average Performance IQ. The RD group and the PHI group both demonstrated levels of phonological awareness lower than the control group's, but only the RD group also exhibited deficits in other skills, including verbal short-term memory, morphological awareness, speeded written naming, and reading comprehension. The average reading level of the PHI group was significantly higher than that of the RD group. Three control group members also demonstrated limited phonological awareness without other deficits in a pilot study, performing similarly to the PHI group. The results support other studies suggesting that processes dependent on memory, not solely phonological awareness, may contribute to determining reading achievement. 相似文献
18.
Difficulties in reading and language skills which persist from childhood into adult life are the concerns of this article.
The aims were twofold: (1) to find measures of adult reading processes that validate adults’ retrospective reports of difficulties
in learning to read during the school years, and (2) to search for indications of basic deficits in phonological processing
that may point toward underlying causes of reading difficulties. Adults who reported a history of difficulties in learning
to read (n=102) were distinctly disabled in phonological coding in reading, compared to adults without similar histories (n=56). They were less disabled in the comprehension of written passages, and the comprehension disability was explained by
the phonological difficulties. A number of indications were found that adults with poor phonological coding skills in reading
(i.e., dyslexia) have basic deficits in phonological representations of spoken words, even when semantic word knowledge, phonemic
awareness, educational level, and daily reading habits are taken into account. It is suggested that dyslexics possess less
distinct phonological representations of spoken words.
This research was supported by a grant from the Danish Research Council to the first author. 相似文献
19.
Hock MF 《Journal of learning disabilities》2012,45(1):64-78
Adults with learning disabilities (LD) attending adult basic education, GED programs, or community colleges are among the lowest performers on measures of literacy. For example, on multiple measures of reading comprehension, adults with LD had a mean reading score at the third grade level, whereas adults without LD read at the fifth grade level. In addition, large numbers of adults perform at the lowest skill levels on quantitative tasks. Clearly, significant instructional challenges exist for adults who struggle with literacy issues, and those challenges can be greater for adults with LD. In this article, the literature on adults with LD is reviewed, and evidenced-based instructional practices that significantly narrow the literacy achievement gap for this population are identified. Primary attention is given to instructional factors that have been shown to affect literacy outcomes for adults with LD. These factors include the use of explicit instruction, instructional technology, and intensive tutoring in skills and strategies embedded in authentic contexts. 相似文献
20.
学习障碍儿童的视觉运动特征 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
本文回顾了前人对学习障碍 ,尤其是对非言语性学习障碍视觉运动特征的研究成果。视觉运动障碍会影响阅读、算术、书写等学习活动的顺利完成 ,导致儿童理解社会情境和人际交往困难 ,从而阻碍社会适应性和情绪的正常发展。不同类型的学习障碍儿童其视觉运动的特点和受损程度不同 ,因此有必要对不同类型学习障碍的视觉运动特征分别作深入细致的研究 ,以保证教育和干预的针对性和有效性 相似文献