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1.
Although the inventions embodied in the Internet originated in a diverse set of industrial economies, the US was consistently the source of critical innovations and an early adopter of new applications. Why did other nations, including several that made important inventive contributions to the Internet, not play a larger role in its development, particularly in the creation of new business organizations, governance institutions, and applications? We argue that the role of the US “national innovation system” in the creation of the Internet echoes several key themes of US technological development before 1940. The presence of a large domestic market, a set of antitrust and regulatory policies that weakened the power of incumbent telecommunications firms, and a diverse private/public research community that was willing to work with both domestic and foreign inventions were important preconditions for US leadership in computer networking innovation. 相似文献
2.
The creation of data-driven services generates new value streams, leading to the emergence of new actors and ultimately to new market configurations. In the automotive industry, the data generated by vehicles during use paves the way for new types of data-driven services. Based on interviews with eleven prominent experts of the Central European automotive industry, we identify key actors in establishing vehicle data-driven services and their data sharing relationships. We illustrate both in a conceptual multi-actor model for value creation in vehicle data-driven services and evaluate it in the context of six real-life cases. Our study adopts an ecosystem perspective and marks an important step towards the systematic design of a conceptual multi-actor model for vehicle data-driven value creation that can help to guide next research endeavours in data-driven service development. 相似文献
3.
基于网络嵌入理论和知识管理理论,建立理论模型,研究多重网络嵌入对知识创造绩效的影响,以及知识整合的中介作用和创造氛围的调节作用。利用福建省四个产业集群的调研数据,运用结构方程模型进行实证分析,结果表明：知识嵌入对知识创造绩效有显著的直接正向影响;知识整合发挥差异性的中介作用;内部知识整合在结构嵌入与知识创造绩效间发挥完全中介作用;外部知识整合在关系嵌入与知识创造绩效间发挥完全中介作用;内外部知识整合在知识嵌入与创造绩效间均发挥部分中介作用;创造氛围在内部知识整合和创造绩效中有调节作用。研究结论为解释多重网络嵌入与知识创造绩效间的内部作用关系提供了新的视角,为集群企业提升知识创造绩效给予借鉴 相似文献
4.
植物生理学在高等院校生物相关专业中占有重要地位,而植物生理学实验则是进行植物生理学实践能力培养的重要环节,本文将从植物生理学实验教学整体教学方法与思路进行创新与探索,以提高植物生理学实验教学的质量,进而真正提高学生的实践能力、创新能力。 相似文献
5.
Gaps and Bits: Conceptualizing Measurements for Digital Divide/s 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Karine Barzilai-Nahon 《The Information Society》2006,22(5):269-278
Three arguments are raised in this article with regard to the indices used to measure the digital divide. First, I criticize policymakers who rely on simplistic measures of the digital divide, at the expense of a thoughtful analysis of (1) the purpose of the tool, (2) the level of observation, and (3) the method of approaching the data. Second, I argue that networks and associated technologies are not neutral artifacts but are political and social spaces in their structure as well as in their content levels. Accordingly, we need to factor in the context as an important actor in conceptualizing and measuring the digital divide. Third, two general types of indices are used for the measurement of the digital divide(s): focused monotopical indices and comprehensive indices. Monotopical indices are more widely available, while comprehensive ones are rare. I argue that policymakers need to promote comprehensive indices over monotopical indices. Finally, I present a conceptual definition of the digital divide and a framework for developing a comprehensive index to measure it. 相似文献
6.
Marjolein Lanzing 《Ethics and Information Technology》2016,18(1):9-16
This paper critically engages with new self-tracking technologies. In particular, it focuses on a conceptual tension between the idea that disclosing personal information increases one’s autonomy and the idea that informational privacy is a condition for autonomous personhood. I argue that while self-tracking may sometimes prove to be an adequate method to shed light on particular aspects of oneself and can be used to strengthen one’s autonomy, self-tracking technologies often cancel out these benefits by exposing too much about oneself to an unspecified audience, thus undermining the informational privacy boundaries necessary for living an autonomous life. 相似文献
7.
We engage with recent applications of the Marxist “labor theory of value” to online prosumer practices, and offer an alternative framework for theorizing value creation in such practices. We argue that the labor theory of value is difficult to apply to online prosumer practices for two reasons. One, value creation in such practices is poorly related to time. Two, the realization of the value accumulated by social media companies generally occurs in financial markets, rather than in direct commodity exchange. In an alternative framework, we offer an understanding of value creation as based primarily on the capacity to initiate and sustain webs of affective relations, and value realization as linked to a reputation based financial economy. We argue that this model describes the process of value creation and appropriation in the context of online prosumer platforms better than an approach based on the Marxist labor theory of value. We also suggest that our approach can cast new light on value creation within informational capitalism in general. 相似文献
8.
Karine Barzilai-Nahon 《The Information Society》2013,29(5):269-278
Three arguments are raised in this article with regard to the indices used to measure the digital divide. First, I criticize policymakers who rely on simplistic measures of the digital divide, at the expense of a thoughtful analysis of (1) the purpose of the tool, (2) the level of observation, and (3) the method of approaching the data. Second, I argue that networks and associated technologies are not neutral artifacts but are political and social spaces in their structure as well as in their content levels. Accordingly, we need to factor in the context as an important actor in conceptualizing and measuring the digital divide. Third, two general types of indices are used for the measurement of the digital divide(s): focused monotopical indices and comprehensive indices. Monotopical indices are more widely available, while comprehensive ones are rare. I argue that policymakers need to promote comprehensive indices over monotopical indices. Finally, I present a conceptual definition of the digital divide and a framework for developing a comprehensive index to measure it. 相似文献
9.
非理性因素多是指人的情感、意志,以及与周围所形成的人际关系,它对人的认识活动会产生一定的影响,在教学中起着重要的作用。本文主要从情感因素的影响、自主创新能力的培养和新型师生关系的构建三方面共同阐述教师在教学中利用非理性因素达到良好教学效果的重要性。 相似文献
10.
Questions about the function(s) of consciousness have long beencentral to discussions of consciousness in philosophy and psychology.Intuitively, consciousness has an important role to play inthe control of many everyday behaviors. However, this view hasrecently come under attack. In particular, it is becoming increasinglycommon for scientists and philosophers to argue that a significantbody of data emerging from cognitive science shows that consciousstates are not involved in the control of behavior. Accordingto these theorists, nonconscious states control most everydaybehaviors. Andy Clark ([2001]) does an admirable job of summarizingand defending the most important data thought to support thisview. In this paper, I argue that the evidence available doesnot in fact threaten the view that conscious states play animportant and intimate role in the control of much everydaybehavior. I thereby defend a philosophically intuitive viewabout the functions of conscious states in action.
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Clarifying EBC
- 2.1 Control and guidance
- 2.2 Fine-tunedactivity
- 3 The empirical case against EBC
- 4 Conclusion
- 2 Clarifying EBC
11.
Although sources and determinants of academic entrepreneurship have begun to command the attention of policy-makers and researchers, there remain many unanswered questions about how individual and social factors shape the decisions of academics to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Using a large-scale panel of academics from a variety of UK universities from 2001 to 2009, this paper examines how an academics’ level of entrepreneurial capacity in terms of opportunity recognition capacity, and their prior entrepreneurial experience shape the likelihood of them being involved in starting up a new venture. In addition, we explore what role university Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) play in stimulating venture creation. The results show that individual-level attributes and experience are the most important predictors of academic entrepreneurship. We also find that the social environment surrounding the academic also plays an influential role, but its role is much less pronounced than individual-level factors. Finally, we show that the activities of the TTO play only a marginal, indirect role, in driving academics to start new ventures. We explore the implications of this analysis for policy and organizational design for academic entrepreneurship. 相似文献
12.
细胞生物学在大学生物相关专业的课程设置中占有重要地位,与其配套的细胞生物学实验课对培养高素质复合型人才具有举足轻重的作用。本文从更新实验教学内容;改革实验教学方法;完善考核体系;加强师资队伍建设几方面进行简要概述,以提高细胞生物学实验教学质量,满足生物工程专业和21世纪人才培养要求。 相似文献
13.
学校文化是一所学校的灵魂,是一所学校外在精神形象。实施新课程改革绝不能轻视校园文化建设。校园文化是教育、教学等工作的重要组成部分,它具有导向、教育、陶冶、创造、辐射、激励、娱乐和社会化等功能,对学生健康而又全面的成长具有举足轻重的作用。 相似文献
14.
Milne R 《Social studies of science》2012,42(2):290-306
The paper explores the role of imagined geographies in the shaping of new technologies. I argue that the role of place in future-oriented visions of technoscience is a neglected topic in studies of the social shaping of technology. The paper proposes an approach that combines the sociology of expectations with the geography of science. It focuses on the interplay between envisaged and current geographies to highlight the recursive dynamics of place and imagination. To illustrate this approach, the paper discusses the example of biopharming, the production of biopharmaceuticals using genetically modified crops. I argue that expectations for biopharming bear the imprint of place, or rather of the places in which they are imagined, as well as those they imagine, and ultimately those they produce. I use this example to suggest how social studies of science and technology can usefully investigate the spaces, places and scales of technological development. 相似文献
15.
The strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Katja Rost 《Research Policy》2011,40(4):588-604
There is an ongoing debate in innovation research as to which type of social capital is more conducive to innovation: structural holes as proposed by Burt or network closure as proposed by Coleman. Although Coleman focused on the quality of relationships, Burt argued that the structural configuration of relationships was more important. I argue that, instead of being alternative substitutes, Burt's social capital theory complements Coleman's theory. More precisely, I demonstrate that, in the presence of strong ties, weak network architectures (structural holes or a peripheral network position) leverage the strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation. This implies that weak network architectures have no value without strong ties, whereas strong ties have some value without weak network architectures but are leveraged by this type of structure. The findings indicate that innovation research tends to overestimate the impact of weak network architectures in the creation of innovation. By pointing to the necessity of strong ties, the results may be of particular interest for research on open innovation. They suggest that open innovation will not work if closed innovation principles are pushed back. 相似文献
16.
Erica R.H. Fuchs 《Research Policy》2010,39(9):1133-1147
This paper explores the role of the state in re-architecting social networks and thereby new technology directions in the United States. It draws on a case study of DARPA's Microsystems Technology Office from 1992 to 2008. Leveraging one of the most radical directorships in DARPA's history, I argue that the perceived “death” of DARPA under Tony Tether was because past analyses, by focusing on the organization's culture and structure, overlooked a set of lasting, informal institutions among DARPA program managers. I find that despite significant changes in the recipients and outcomes of DARPA attentions, these same institutions for directing technology were in place both before and during Tether's directorship. Drawing on these results, I suggest that we must add to technology policy-making a new option—embedded network governance. 相似文献
17.
Paula Helm 《Ethics and Information Technology》2018,20(4):303-313
This paper aims to provide new insights to debates on group privacy, which can be seen as part of a social turn in privacy scholarship. Research is increasingly showing that the classic individualistic understanding of privacy is insufficient to capture new problems in algorithmic and online contexts. An understanding of privacy as an “interpersonal boundary-control process” (Altman, The environment and social behavior, Brooks and Cole, Monterey, 1975) framing privacy as a social practice necessary to sustain intimate relationships is gaining ground. In this debate, my research is focused on what I refer to as “self-determined groups” which can be defined as groups whose members consciously and willingly perceive themselves as being part of a communicative network. While much attention is given to new forms of algorithmically generated groups, current research on group privacy fails to account for the ways in which self-determined groups are affected by changes brought about by new information technologies. In an explorative case study on self-organized therapy groups, I show how these groups have developed their own approach to privacy protection, functioning on the basis of social practices followed by all participants. This informal approach was effective in pre-digital times, but online, privacy threats have reached a new level extending beyond the scope of a group’s influence. I therefore argue that self-determined sensitive topic groups are left facing what I present as a dilemma: a tension between the seemingly irreconcilable need for connectivity and a low threshold, on the one hand, and the need for privacy and trust, on the other. In light of this dilemma, I argue that we need new sorts of political solutions. 相似文献
18.
Recently a new fashion of semi-supervised clustering algorithms, coined as constrained clustering, has emerged. These new algorithms can incorporate some a priori domain knowledge to the clustering process, allowing the user to guide the method. The vast majority of studies about the effectiveness of these approaches have been performed using information, in the form of constraints, which was totally accurate. This would be the ideal case, but such a situation will be impossible in most realistic settings, due to errors in the constraint creation process, misjudgements of the user, inconsistent information, etc. Hence, the robustness of the constrained clustering algorithms when dealing with erroneous constraints is bound to play an important role in their final effectiveness. 相似文献
19.
Co-opetition between giants: Collaboration with competitors for technological innovation 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Devi R. Gnyawali 《Research Policy》2011,40(5):650-663
We investigate why and how co-opetition (simultaneous pursuit of collaboration and competition) between large firms occurs, evolves, and impacts the participating firms and the industry. We develop a multi-level conceptual framework by combining literature-based conceptual arguments and insights from an in-depth study of an exemplar case of co-opetition between Samsung Electronics and Sony Corporation. Our study demonstrates that co-opetition is challenging yet very helpful for firms to address major technological challenges, to create benefits for partnering firms, and to advance technological innovation. We also show that co-opetition between giants causes subsequent co-opetition among other firms and results in advanced technological development. Moreover, co-opetition capabilities of firms play an important role in enhancing common benefits as well as in gaining proportionately larger share of the benefits. 相似文献
20.
知识员工在知识供应链的构建与运转中发挥着重要的作用,如何对知识员工进行有效的管理,使其更好地发挥知识潜能,促进知识创造,是值得深入研究的问题。文章从员工价值、激励措施、文化建设及组织特性等方面进行了探讨。 相似文献