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1.
Swedish universities are required to change towards more effective self-regulation as the government has recently reduced state steering and devolved further responsibilities to them. In this paper, self-regulation is related to the concept of autonomy, a concept which is analysed on the two dimensions of purpose and authority, resulting in four models of state governance and consequently in a different space of action for the institutions. However, in order to develop self-regulation, the space granted must also be used effectively to realise autonomy. Six Swedish higher education institutions are analysed concerning how they have used their new space of action and what restrictions they have met in their efforts for self-regulation.  相似文献   

2.
This article addresses the rapidly changing situation in higher education in the People's Republic of China. Although it is impossible to predict the nature of the final product, there can be little doubt that the present vibrant period of intellectual searching and questioning in China is having beneficial effects on Chinese higher education, and on educational exchange with foreign universities. The article examines the state of higher education in China today and investigates why, rather than just the ten bad years of a Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) for the entire country, higher education has suffered from a full twenty bad years. The effects of constant changes in the Party line and the use of class struggle to achieve objectives in higher education are examined as they relate to university administration, curriculum, the university structure, faculty, and libraries. The article focuses on the issues that are now being raised, and the parameters within which future changes in higher education will occur.  相似文献   

3.
This article confronts a widespread prejudice about mathematical knowledge, that mathematics is culture-free, by demonstrating alternative constructions of euclidean geometrical ideas developed from the traditional culture of Mozambique. As well as establishing the educational power of these constructions, the article illustrates the methodology of cultural conscientialization in the context of teacher training.  相似文献   

4.
summary This article presents a case study class response to Mildred Taylors now classic and widely read novel, Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry. Through data collected during one school year, the ways urban, adolescent students use their contemporary lenses to interpret the literary theme of confronting, overcoming and challenging racism are discussed. The participants responses are organized into four reader response categories that explicate the complex and interactive interpretations developed by the children while reading the novel. In addition to providing insights about the participants textual understanding, pedagogical findings indicate that the book can also be used to explore the nature of racism while creating a safe space to confront and more deeply understand racisms impact on the past as well as the students current reality.  相似文献   

5.
This paper is a programmatic sketch of a line of theoretical investigation in the philosophy of science education. The basic idea is that philosophical hermeneutics is an appropriate framework for science education in most of its aspects. A brief discussion is given of hermeneutics in general, of the version of it developed by H. G. Gadamer, and of the reasons for its relevance to science and to the problem of meaning in science education. A key element in this approach is the suggestion that each science be biewed as a language. Arguments against the appropriateness of hermeneutics to natural science are also discussed. One application of the theory to ongoing educational research — misconceptions — is specifically treated.  相似文献   

6.
Women in higher education   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  
The high level of admissions of women into higher education in Japanis analysed in the context of examining revised views about the highereducation of women resulting from changes in the traditional view of therelationship between higher education and social values. Despite the shiftin womens educational expectations, there is still clear evidence that agender track continues; typically men congregate in four year institutionswhilst women focus on Junior Colleges and on particular courses of studydeemed to be appropriate for women. The gender track is furtherdemonstrated by detailed studies of the Junior College and the WomensCollege. Womens employment opportunities are shown to have been affected byrestrictive attitudes of employers which tended in the past to impose onwomen particular modes of employment. The reasons for the emergence of achange in these attitudes in the latter part of the 1980s are explored andthe impact of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1986 is examined. Thearticle concludes by considering the wider implications for women, both inthe work-place and in society more generally, of these developments. It isnoted that highly educated Japanese women tend to hold more conservativevalues and may see their education as an expression of their social statusrather than a way of increasing their earning power. The recentestablishment of a number of courses in Womens Studies may well have aninfluence upon future developments in ideas about women and higher educationin Japan.  相似文献   

7.
Research and scholarship: Perceptions of senior academic administrators   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
This paper reports selected findings from the first stage of a study on the research role within academic work in Australian universities. These findings come from the interview component of the study and discuss the perceptions that senior academic administrators hold on research and scholarship. The analysis of the interviews indicates that research covers a wide and varied range of activities across the disciplines found in a university and therefore needs to be defined broadly. However, research has three major attributes: new knowledge, enquiry and publication of results and views. Scholarship was perceived to be part of the research process, providing the context for good research by adding the element of breadth to the depth of research. In addition, scholarship describes the manner of pursuing a serious, sustained line of enquiry as well as the dissemination process.  相似文献   

8.
Despite significant expansion in participation over the last three decades, Austrian higher education has been slow to change either its elitist self-concept or structure. But, as is the case elsewhere, the Austrian academic community is beginning to be confronted with such concepts as efficiency, strategic planning, deregulation, and performance evaluation. Inadequate admission policies, extreme overcrowding, and high dropout rates are but three factors placing pressure on Austrian higher education to reform. The system is not only in need of increased budget allocations, but also requires new policies to guide it into the 21st Century.  相似文献   

9.
This case study of a midwestern school districts reform effort explored the treatment fidelity of the Science: Parents, Activities, and Literature (Science PALs) project. Data were collected from the perspectives of three stakeholders: students, school district, and parents. Students and school district supervisors perceptions indicated that teachers were implementing predicted curricular and instructional features promoted by the Science PALs project. Students perceptions of their current teachers classroom performance did not parallel the supervisors perceptions of the teachers implementation. Parents perceptions and comments indicated a high level of satisfaction with the implemented features. Collectively, the three perspectives suggest that the Science PALs project was successful in changing the classroom practices of K–6 teachers involved in the professional development. The results of this study appear to support the findings of other recent studies that indicate the need for extended professional development and support to fully implement changes in elementary school science instruction.  相似文献   

10.
It is the purpose of this article to introduce the influence of current micro-electronic (ME) technology revolution on employment and whole industrial structure as well as guidance and counseling program in Japan. The qualitative impact of ME in Japan has been rapidly changing the job-content and task processing of workers, and further is anticipated to transform the overall employment system and life style of workers. Because of these changes and anticipation, not only education for new skill development but provision of psychological and mental health programs are needed by both workers and managers. Concerning career guidance in schools it is concluded that career guidance workers must realize necessity of their retraining in their professional skills and knowledge, and need to shift the guidance model from matching to career model.  相似文献   

11.
Interest in performance budgeting is growing despite a lack of research on its effectiveness. U.S. states have largely used incremental and formula budgeting processes to fund higher education. However, more than half of them are experimenting with some form of performance budgeting. There have been similar attempts to reform budget practices in the U.S. in the past, but most of these processes have been largely abandoned. Governmental performance budgeting for higher education assumes policy objectives are stable, complex decisions on budget trade-offs can be made at governmental levels on the basis of data, institutions operate as bureaucracies, resources can be linked to outcomes, outcomes are identifiable and can be agreed upon, accountability can be achieved through budget policies, and current practices create incentives to enrol unqualified students. These assumptions are not realistic. Consequently, performance budgeting will not meet proponents expectations and will suffer the fate of past budget fads.  相似文献   

12.
Governments in most western countries consult extensively with clientele groups in the process of formulating higher education policy. The nature of these consultative mechanisms, in turn, influences the manner in which decisions are made, and the substance of policy outcomes. This article explores the changing style of government-interest group interaction in Australia over the decade 1985–94 and how these changes have effected the way policy is determined. It is argued that Australia has gone through three phases over that time. Until 1987 policy was formulated by a stable policy community. From 1988–90, when a number of major reforms were introduced, this framework was replaced by a brief period of state direction. During the early 1990s a new environment characterised by unstable issue networks emerged.  相似文献   

13.
Scientific thought is regarded here as both a type of goal-directed behaviour (practice) and its product, and the question of its nature posed in terms of that goal and of means appropriate for achieving it, preferably with regard to an existing paradigm (exemplar) such as the Galilean-Newtonian. Empiricism, a widely received view of the nature of science, is examined and rejected, as is the general idea that scientific thought has philosophical foundations. The question of the actual or possible scientific status of the human sciences is raised and some methodological guidelines for an answer to it suggested.This paper is a version of one commissioned for the forthcoming International Handbook of Science Education edited by Ken Tobin and Barry Fraser (Kluwer Academic Publications). Thus it deals in a condensed way with wide-ranging and complex matters that would ordinarily be treated separately and at greater length. (Editor)  相似文献   

14.
This study examined the interaction between college students attachment orientation and mentors relational style in the prediction of students behaviors and perceptions in academic mentoring and of their subsequent academic achievement. Ninety college students were administered the Adult Attachment Interview and their professors-mentors completed the Attachment Style Questionnaire. Students displayed more adaptive behaviors and perceptions in mentoring and earned higher grades when their attachment orientation was in contrast to their mentors relational style. Implications for the practice of academic mentoring in college are discussed.  相似文献   

15.
This paper deals with changes in Mexican higher education over the past 20 years, with particular reference to modifications in policy underway since the late 1980s. There is a general overview of the structure of the Mexican system and the basic changes that occurred during the expansionary period of the 1970s: unplanned growth in public universities which quickly became large, unwieldy organizations; the rapid expansion of the academic profession; heavy influence of politicization in public institutions, which diluted many of the traditional forms of academic organization; and an expansionist and undemanding government funding policy which was basically geared to giving access to growing student demand. The 1980s were a period of economic crisis which translated into restricted public funding for higher education and a government stance of benign neglect. However, during the past four years a new policy has been formulated which has channelled more funds toward the sector in a context of new demands: evaluation of institutional and individual performance, closer links with the productive sector, diversification of funding (mainly through higher student fees), and differential salary scales for academics among other things. The paper concludes with some remarks on emerging processes and various unresolved issues in a context where two rationales seem to be at odds within the system: the traditionalmodus operandi of institutions where assessment has always been lacking, and the new government policy which demands quality and accountability from higher education.
Resumen Este ensayo brinda una visión de conjunto de los principales cambios producidos en la educación superior mexicana a lo largo de los uúltimos veinte años, con énfasis en las modificaciones más recientes en las políticas estatales aparecidas durante el gobierno de Salinas de Gortari. Se revisan las principales transformaciones de la expansión no regulada de los años setentas y posteriormente el período de abandono benigno de la crisis de los ochenta. Se subrayan los principales aspectos de las políticas en curso: renovado impulso al financiamiento estatal en un contexto de evaluación institucional e individual, de insistencia en buscar vínculos entre instituciones y aparato productivo, de búsqueda de nuevas formas de financiamiento (especialmente el aumento de cuotas a estudiantes), y de escalas salariales diferenciadas de acuerdo con el desempeño académico. Termina el artículo señalando algunos de los procesos emergentes y algunas cuestiones críticas (issues) no resueltas en un contexto de pugna entre la lógica tradicional de las instituciones universitarias no acostumbradas a evaluarse y a dar cuentas públicamente de su desempeño, y la nueva lógica de las políticas gubernamentales.
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16.
Foreign study is a multifaceted phenomenon - its impact is felt on academic institutions in both the host and sending countries, on the economies of nations, and of course on the individuals involved. With more than one million students studying abroad, foreign study has assumed considerable importance in higher education planning. This article considers the many aspects of foreign study and discusses the interrelationships of these elements. The policies of the host nations, for example, have an impact on higher education planning in the sending countries. The non-return of foreign students, traditionally referred to as the brain drain, is considerably more complex than was once thought since Third World graduates settled in the industrialized nations often retain contacts with their home countries and increasingly return after a period abroad. This article also considers the various push and pull factors which determine the constantly changing flow of foreign students.This study was supported by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. It was presented at the International Seminar on Higher Education and the Flow of Foreign Students, convened by the Hochschul-Informations-System, with support from the Federal Ministry of Education and Science and the Lower Saxony Ministry of Science and Arts in Hannover, Germany on 26th–28th April 1990.  相似文献   

17.
The article starts with some basic considerations of crucial trends such as the expansion of new technologies and media, demographic changes, economic crises, changes in the relation between the sexes and the emergence of multicultural societies.The following two sections deal with the global dimensions in socio-economic change and the tension between universality and diversity in education. They also consider the relation between schools and their competitors in the area of nonformal education, such as youth movements, sports clubs, etc.Following this, some essential expectations in relation to the changing role of schools from governmental institutions to service agencies are analyzed; other aspects treated include the demands on participation at the grassroots level, knowledge transmission with regard to practical utilization, the growing interest in vocational education and the wide-spread divergencies in moral standards within societies.The conclusion to the article concentrates on the postulate that schools must define their existence and legitimacy by finding an equilibrium between adjustment (in terms of modernization) and conservation (in terms of maintaining continuity).
Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil des Artikels stellt der Verfasser grundlegende Betrachtungen an über wichtige Entwicklungsströmungen wie z.B. über die Ausweitung neuer Technologien und Medien, demographische Veränderungen, Wirtschaftskrisen, Wandlungen in den Beziehungen zwischen den Geschlechtern und die Entstehung multikultureller Gesellschaften.Die beiden nächsten Abschnitte handeln von den globalen Dimensionen des sozioökonomischen Wandels sowie von der Spannung zwischen der Universalisierung und der Diversifizierung des Erziehungswesens. Ferner werden die Beziehungen zwischen den Schulen und den mit ihnen konkurrierenden Einrichtungen im Bereich der nicht-formalen Erziehung wie z.B. Jugendbewegungen, Sportvereinen usw. erörtert.Darüber hinaus werden wesentliche Erwartungen analysiert in Hinblick auf die sich ändernde Rolle der Schulen von Regierungseinrichtungen zu Dienstleistungsagenturen. Die Forderung nach Beteiligung auf der Basisebene sowie die Vermittlung von praxis-orientierten Kenntnissen, das wachsende Interesse an beruflicher Bildung und die weitverbreiteten Divergenzen moralischer Richtlinien innerhalb verschiedener Gesellschaften, werden im Hauptteil des Aufsatzes besprochen.Der Artikel schließt mit dem Postulat, daß Schulen zu einer Definition ihrer Existenz und ihrer Legitimität gelangen müssen, indem sie das Gleichgewicht herstellen zwischen Anpassung (im Sinne von Modernisation) einerseits und Erhaltung (im Sinne von Kontinuität) andererseits.
Résumé Cet article présente tout d'abord quelques considérations fondamentales sur les tendances cruciales telles l'expansion des nouvelles technologies et des media, l'évolution démographique, les crises économiques, les changements qui apparaissent dans les rapports entre les deux sexes, l'émergence de sociétés multiculturelles.Les deux parties qui suivent traitent les dimensions globales du changement socioéconomique et examinent les tensions entre l'universalité et la diversité de l'éducation. Elles examinent également la relation entre les écoles et leurs concurrents dans le domaine de l'éducation non-formelle, tels les mouvements de jeunes, les associations sportives, etc.Ensuite l'auteur analyse quelques-unes des exigences essentielles relatives au rôle variable des écoles comme institutions gouvernementales se mouvant en organismes de service; les autres aspects traités incluent les demandes de participation au niveau de la base, le transfert des connaissances en ce qui concerne l'utilisation pratique, l'intérêt sans cesse croissant pour l'enseignement professionnel et les normes de plus en plus divergentes concernant les valeurs morales au sein des sociétés.La conclusion de cet article met un accent sur le postulat selon lequel les écoles doivent définir leur existence et leur légitimité en trouvant un équilibre entre adaptation (en termes de modernisation) et conservation (en termes de maintien de la continuité).
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18.
The rapid spread of Integrated Science Courses throughout the world should not conceal the difficulties facing teachers in utilizing Integrated Science curricula. These problems derive from lack of precision in definition and give rise to basic tensions between scientific and educational principles in course design. Learning by discovery approaches, applied to the pupil's level of intellectual development, have to bridge the gap between knowledge from everyday experience and an articulated appreciation of the unity of science. The contrasting environments which condition everyday experience complicate the resolution of these problems. Three kinds of dilemma in teachers' utilizing of Integrated Science curricula are identified from the evaluation of Project for Science Integration in Ghana: (1) how far experience can be incorporated before beginning to sacrifice conceptual unity; (2) how pupils' understanding of the theoretical implications of practical activities can be achieved; and (3) how the varying results of individual pupils' experience can be adapted to the successful teaching of prescribed objectives. These dilemmas exemplify the need for a realistic assessment of the experience of Integrated Science teaching over the last decade, leading to more conceptual precision, a greater awareness of curricular possibilities, and more enlightened decision-making.
Zusammenfassung Die rapide Ausbreitung von integrierten Wissenschaftskursen auf der ganzen Welt sollte nicht über die Schwierigkeiten hinwegtäuschen, denen Lehrer beim Gebrauch von integrierten Wissenschaftscurricula gegenüberstehen. Diese Probleme ergeben sich aus dem Mangel an Präzision in der Definition und verursachen grundlegende Spannungen zwischen den wissenschaftlichen und erzieherischen Prinzipien beim Aufbau der Kurse. Heuristische, auf den intellektuellen Entwicklungsstand des Schülers bezogene Ansätze müssen den Abstand zwischen täglicher Erfahrung und artikulierter Erkennung der Einheit der Wissenschaft überbrücken. Erschwert wird die Lösung dieser Probleme noch durch die verschiedenartige Umwelt, auf der die tägliche Erfahrung beruht. Drei Arten von Dilemma beim Gebrauch der integrierten wissenschaftlichen Curricula durch die Lehrer werden aufgrund der Evaluation des Projekts für Wissenschaftsintegration identifiziert: (1) inwieweit Erfahrung eingebracht werden kann, ohne der konzeptuellen Einheit zu schaden; (2) wie erreicht werden kann, daß die Schüler die theoretischen Implikationen praktischer Betätigung verstehen; und (3) wie die verschiedenen Ergebnisse der Erfahrung individueller Schüler für erfolgreiches Lehren vorgeschriebener Ziele genutzt werden können. Dieses dreifache Dilemma bezeugt die Notwendigkeit einer realistischen Auswertung der im letzten Jahrzehnut mit integrierten wissenschaftlichen Curricula gemachten Erfahrungen zum Zweck grösserer konzeptueller Präzision, verstärkter Wahrnehmung der Möglichkeiten für Curriculumgestaltung und aufgeklärterer Entscheidungen.
Résumé La rapidité de la diffusion, partout dans le monde, des Cours de Sciences Intégrées ne devrait pas masquer les difficultés qui se présentent aux enseignants utilisant les curricula des sciences intégrées. Ces problèmes découlent d'un manque de précision dans la définition et produisent des tensions fondamentales entre les principes scientifiques et éducationnels dans la conception des cours. L'apprentissage par la découverte, appliqué au niveau du développement intellectuel des élèves, doit combler le fossé entre les connaissances tirées de l'expérience quotidienne et l'appréciation articulée de l'unité des sciences. Les environments bien différents qui conditionnent l'expérience quotidienne compliquent la solution de ces problèmes. L'évaluation du Projet pour l'Intégration des Sciences au Ghana permet d'identifier les trois dilemmes dans lesquels sont enfermés les enseignants qui utilisent les curricula des Sciences Intégrées: (1) jusqu'à quel point peut-on incorporer l'expérience avant de commencer à sacrifier l'unité conceptuelle; (2) comment parvenir à ce que les élèves comprennent les incidences théoriques des activités pratiques; (3) comment les résultats différents de l'expérience de chaque élève peuvent-ils être adaptés à l'enseignement fructueux des objectifs inscrits au programme. Ces dilemmes montrent bien la nécessité d'une estimation réaliste de l'expérience de l'enseignement des sciences intégrées au cours de la dernière décennie, pour parvenir à une précision conceptionnelle supérieure, à une prise de conscience plus approfondie et à des décisions plus éclairées.
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19.
This paper compares two contrasting conceptions of discovery through writing. The first — the classical position — claims that discovery is a consequence of planned rhetorical organisation. The second — the romantic position — claims that discovery is a consequence of the spontaneous spelling-out of ideas in continuous prose. An experiment is described in which two variables distinguishing between the positions are manipulated, and the effect on discovery is measured. The results support the romantic position. The implication of these findings, and the methods used, for computer-based writing are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
New Zealand (Aotearoa) was colonized from Britain and the colonizers imposed on the indigenous Maori people a foreign view of education. From then on tradition has vied with local adaptations to produce a school system with substantial traces of the Old Country but with many local features. The curriculum for boys continued to dominate, with that for girls struggling to make itself felt. There has been constant debate about basics and frills though these terms have not been clearly defined. More recently there has been more serious consideration of the curriculum but this has been overtaken by a market forces view of schooling. A new administration system comes into operation on 1st October 1989. The future is unclear but it is reasonable to hope that there will continue a dialectic which may one day produce a genuine synthesis suited to the multicultural nature of Aotearoa.
Zusammenfassung Neuseeland (Aotearoa) wurde von Großbritannien kolonisiert, und die Kolonialherren zwangen dem einheimischen Volk der Maori ein fremdes Erziehungssystem auf. Von da an konkurrierten Tradition und lokale Anpassungsformen. so daß ein Schulsystem mit wesentlichen Merkmalen des Alten Landes, aber trotzdem mit vielen lokalen Grundzügen aufgebaut wurde. Das Curriculum der Jungen dominiert weiterhin das Curriculum der Mädchen, welches nur mühsam zur Geltung kommt. Es wurde ständig über Grundzüge und Extras debattiert, obwohl diese Begriffe nicht klar definiert sind. In letzter Zeit machte man sich ernsthaftere Gedanken über das Curriculum, dies wurde aber von einer marktorientierten Erziehungsauffassung überholt. Am 1. Oktober 1989 wurde ein neues Verwaltungssystem eingeführt. Die Zukunft ist unklar, aber es besteht begründete Hoffnung, daß eine Dialektik fortgeführt wird, die eines Tages eine echte Synthese hervorbringt, die der multikulturellen Kultur Aotearoas gerecht wird.
Résumé La Nouvelle Zélande a été colonisée par la Grande Bretagne, et les colonisateurs ont imposé un système d'éducation étranger à la population indigène maori. Dès lors, la tradition et les adaptations locales rivalisèrent pour produire un système scolaire comportant des traces substantielles du vieux pays et de nombreuses caractéristiques locales. Le curriculum pour les garçons n'a pas cessé de dominer alors que celui pour les filles lutte toujours pour s'imposer. Il y a un débat permanent sur l'essentiel et le superflu, bien que ces termes n'aient pas été clairement définis. Récemment, on s'est occupé plus sérieusement du curriculum, mais cet intérêt a été dépassé par une vision de l'instruction déterminée par les forces du marché. Un nouveau système administratif entre en vigueur le ler octobre 1989. Le futur est incertain mais il est raisonnable d'espérer que se poursuivra la dialectique qui pourrait produire un jour une véritable synthèse adaptéc à la nature multiculturelle d'Aotearoa.
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