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1.
Jacques Fijalkow Angeline Liva 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1988,3(4):431-447
The behavior of 34 first-grade children was observed when copying a text — their procedures for dividing the text verbal behavior and written production — in order to obtain task with which to follow the child’s progress through the first two years of schooling. Four successive levels appear after analysis of these data. On the first level, the construction of written units, the child faces particular problems with the title, lines, blanks and letters. The text is merely a commonplace object for the child. The second, or literal, level involves systematic letter-by-letter copying; letter naming appears. The text becomes a sequence of letters. On the third level, the child strives to copy visually and/or phonetically identifiable groups of letters: phonemes, syllables, or pronounceable non-syllabic strings of letters. Oral support is often implicit. The text is not seen by the child as a representation of speech. The word constitutes the unit of reference on the fourth level. The wide span group succeeds in copying the text word-by-word, while the narrow-span subgroup needs to repeat the trial twice, using the syllable as the support unit. Oral behavior is omnipresent. The text has become a sequence of words for the child. 相似文献
2.
Margarida Alves Martins Cristina Silva 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2001,16(4):605-617
Following several studies on the relationship between phonological awareness, children’s knowledge of letter names and their understanding of the alphabetic code, we pose the hypothesis that children’s knowledge of letter names may contribute to their analysis of the oral segments of words, thereby enabling them to produce writing in which some of the sounds are represented by appropriate letters. The participants were 80-syllabic 5-year-old kindergarten children, who were assigned to 2 experimental and 2 control groups and submitted to phonological and letter knowledge tests. We asked the children in the experimental groups to write a set of words in which either the initial sound (Exp. G. 1) or the middle sound (Exp. G. 2) coincided with the name of a letter known by the child; the children in the control groups were asked to write a set of control words. The results show that the introduction of facilitating words prompts syllabic children to produce writing in which some of the sounds are represented by appropriate letters; Exp. G. 1 gave better results than Exp. G. 2. Finally, there is a positive relationship between the results achieved by children in phonological and letter name tests and the number of sounds they write phonetically. 相似文献
3.
Spelling is a challenge for individuals with dyslexia. Phoneme-to-grapheme correspondence rules are highly inconsistent in French, which make them very difficult to master, in particular for dyslexics. One recurrent manifestation of this inconsistency is the presence of silent letters at the end of words. Many of these silent letters perform a morphological function. The current study examined whether students with dyslexia (aged between 10 and 15 years) benefit from the morphological status of silent final letters when spelling. We compared, their ability to spell words with silent final letters that are either morphologically justified (e.g., tricot, “knit,” where the final “t” is pronounced in morphologically related words such as tricoter, “to knit” and tricoteur “knitter”) or not morphologically justified (e.g., effort, “effort”) to that of a group of younger children matched for reading and spelling level. Results indicated that the dyslexic students’ spelling of silent final letters was impaired in comparison to the control group. Interestingly, morphological status helped the dyslexics improve the accuracy of their choice of final letters, contrary to the control group. This finding provides new evidence of morphological processing in dyslexia during spelling. 相似文献
4.
The ‘Spello’ program was designed to use interactive speech feedback on a talking-computer system to improve children's spelling and phonological skills. In two versions of the program, the synthesizer pronounced the word to be spelled and the student tried to type in the word correctly. Both versions of the program showed the students which letters were correct in their spelling attempts. One version pronounced only the target word, as often as the child requested. The other version also provided intermediate speech feedback for children's spelling attempts, so they could hear how their own attempts sounded, and compare them to the target word. Twenty-eight children aged seven to fourteen studied 16 words they had misspelled on pretests and 16 words of related word structure. For children ten years or older, training with intermediate speech feedback led to greater benefits in phonological coding skills than training with word-only feedback, reflected in the ability to read nonsense words related in structure to the trained words. Intermediate speech feedback also led to a marginally significant advantage in spelling the trained words. When the groups switched conditions, however, there was no difference in their tested skills after a second week of training. 相似文献
5.
Bruce A. Murray Mary Jane McIlwain Chih‐hsuan Wang Geralyn Murray Stacie Finley 《Journal of Research in Reading》2019,42(1):123-136
Learning irregular words involves mental marking of irregular letters in the spelling, a process not fully understood. In a within‐subjects experiment, we manipulated the type of scaffolding given to beginning readers to evoke mental marking. We pretested to sort 103 kindergarten and first‐grade participants into sequential decoders, who decode letter by letter, and hierarchical decoders, who recognise vowel patterns. In the control phase, children read irregular words in sentence contexts with minimal scaffolding. In the experimental phase, participants read additional irregular words in sentence contexts by ‘operating on the word’ to mark irregular letters. Results indicated that the experimental condition induced better untimed word reading, but it did not improve spelling or reading in a flash presentation. Hierarchical decoders were significantly more successful than sequential decoders in untimed word reading, spelling and reading in the flash presentation. These results suggest that learning hierarchical decoding predisposes readers to learn irregular words. 相似文献
6.
关于字母词的几个问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目前,关于字母词的界定、名称、读音、词形和编纂等问题存在着争议。其实字母词是在现代汉语中完全由字母构成或由字母和非字母语素混合构成的词语。“字母词”是一个合适的名称。字母词的读音以英文字母音为标准,宜选择通用简单的词形为规范。字母词有资格进入汉语词典。 相似文献
7.
This article reports on a case study of a young child (aged five) at a very early stage of his journey as a writer, evidencing ‘pre-alphabetic tendencies’, who has not yet internalised the construction of his name. Analysis of a ‘baseline’ piece of Daniel's writing demonstrates his awareness that the production of random letters conveys a simple message. However, Daniel does not recognise yet the relationship between spoken language and the corresponding grapheme–phonemes. At present he is not making the connections between his aural, oral and visual concepts of how words as text are constructed. In addressing the development of early years writing, the practitioner should be aware of the learning needs of the child as the child develops as an emerging writer in a highly complex problem-solving activity. The complexity of the structural and developmental processes needed to become a writer requires that the child is taught not within a predominantly whole-class structure with its demands for completion within fast-paced time limits. The emerging writer requires sustained recursive opportunities to engage with the experiences, which take the child from the steps of ‘mark making’ to the abstractions of written composition. The decision was made to use the strategy of socio-dramatic play as the framework for the intervention with Daniel. The use of a play/literacy connection (socio-dramatic play) serves to unlock and support the child's writing/spelling development. The child is being supported in his development by the teacher strategically easing the cognitive load, i.e. in this case, through scribing for the child. 相似文献
8.
张宜民 《内江师范学院学报》2011,26(3):70-73
詈语的使用是一种极为普遍的社会现象,对语言学有很重要的价值。从微观的语音特征来分析汉语普通话和英语的常见詈语词汇,并找出它们的异同点可启发更多思考。汉英詈语词的声母或首字母多为爆破音、摩擦音和塞擦音,仅有几个不圆唇的元音也可如此。 相似文献
9.
Skilled and less skilled beginning readers were taught to read and define 10 printed pseudowords. Then they rehearsed the spellings of the words in one of two ways. Experimental subjects performed activities to retain spellings in memory as orthographic images. Control subjects rehearsed the letters similarly but with the correct spellings in view. Post-tests revealed that experimentals remembered spellings better than controls. This indicates that the activity of committing letters to memory is better for learning spellings than copying letters which is what most spelling programs have learners do. Experimental subjects' superior knowledge of spellings, however, did not enable them to read the words faster or more accurately than controls, possibly because of overlearning. Comparison of good and poor readers' word-learning behavior revealed greater deficiencies in phonological than in semantic processes. Correlational analysis indicated that background skills are much more powerful than specific learning experiences in accounting for individual differences in reading and spelling performances. 相似文献
10.
Henry G. Timko 《Journal of Experimental Education》2013,81(2):68-69
Forty first-grade children responded to a delayed recognition matching-to-sample task involving 3–letter nonsense words. A 2X2X3 counterbalanced design involving sex, word shape (same and different), and shared letters (first, last, and none) was employed. Response words with the first letter or the last letter identical to that in the sample were chosen more often (p < . 01) than responses with no elements identical to those in the sample. Words with the same first letters were confused more often (p < . 05) than words which shared terminal letters. There was no significant main effect for shape, nor were there differences due to shape at any of the identical letter dimension levels. 相似文献
11.
汉语中长期存在着外来词的使用规范问题,引起有关部门重视。单独使用外文字母词既不合法、表达意义又不够明确,容易在言语交际中造成误解,因此,不应提倡单独使用外文字母词。应区分不同情况,规范使用外文字母词:有些外文字母词在汉语中已有对应的意译词语,就不应当再使用;有些外文字母词在汉语中一时难以作出简短而又明确的意译,应当在外文字母词后加汉语注释。规范使用带外文字母的词语可与规范使用外文字母词作同样处理。从汉语外来词溯源、形式及影响和规范四个角度看,外来词在使用中存在着外文化入侵及表意不清两大问题,外来词使用应该予以规范。 相似文献
12.
Some previous studies of visual word recognition have reported an interaction between visual field and word length (measured by number of letters), such that recognition is affected more by word length for words presented in the left than for words presented in the right visual field. However, when manipulating serial position of letters in words to measure length effects, there are also reports of symmetrical word length effects in the two visual fields. Here we report two experiments, presenting four‐ and seven‐letter words, suggesting that the serial position and length effects in the hemispheres are separable and task dependent. For tasks that rely more heavily on letter‐level processing such as letter search (Experiment 1), performance in both hemifields showed similar effects of serial position; however, when comparing four‐ and seven‐letter words, an effect of word length was evident only in the left visual field, in line with the well‐established interaction between word length and hemifield. An interaction between word length and hemifield was confirmed for the same stimuli when they were employed in a lexical decision task, which forced whole‐word processing (Experiment 2). We conclude that the effects of serial position and number of letters in the two visual fields are separable, and are selectively affected by task type. 相似文献
13.
Vanessa Genisio Mireille Bastien-Toniazzo 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2003,18(3):239-249
Two tasks of word identification were proposed to children in their last year of upper preschool classes. The results show
that identification is not based on an holistic processing but on an analytic one: some letters are enough, especially the
first ones. Moreover, their order does not matter. During this period where reading is visuo-semantic in nature, children
process letters as words properties. This kind of processing provides them with an “epilinguistic” knowledge about visual
properties of the words, which is one of those precursors of decoding acquisition. 相似文献
14.
Background
Letter knowledge is crucial in the first stages of reading development. It supports learning letter-sound mappings and the identification of the letters that make up words. Previous studies have investigated the longitudinal impact of early letter knowledge on children's further word reading abilities. This study employed an artificial orthography learning paradigm to explore whether the rate of letter learning modulates children's reading and word identification skills.Methods
In an initial training phase, 8-year-old Spanish children (N = 30) learned nine artificial letters and their corresponding sounds (two vowels and six consonants). The letter learning rate was set according to the number of attempts needed to name at least seven letters (i.e., 80% correct). These ranged from 1 to 4. In a second training phase, children visualized words made up of the trained letters while listening to their pronunciations. Some words included a context-dependent syllable (i.e., leading to grapheme-to-phoneme inconsistency), and others had an inconsistent syllable (i.e., phoneme-to-grapheme inconsistency). The post-test consisted of a reading aloud task and an orthographic-choice task in which the target word was presented with a distractor equal to the target except for the substitution of a letter.Results
Children showed a high accuracy rate in the post-test tasks, regardless of whether words contained context-dependent or inconsistent syllables. Critically, the letter learning rate predicted both reading aloud and identification accuracy of words in the artificial orthography.Conclusions
We provide evidence for the vital role of letter knowledge acquisition ability in children's decoding and word identification skills. Training children on this ability facilitates serial letter-sound mapping and word identification skills. Artificial orthography paradigms are optimal for exploring children's potential to achieve specific literacy skills.15.
Salim Abu&#x;Rabia 《Journal of Research in Reading》1997,20(2):137-147
This study was designed to investigate whether Arabic orthography differs from the Latin orthography of English texts regarding context effects among poor and normal readers. Usually, Arabic texts are presented without vowels for normal readers, and with vowels for younger and beginning readers. The Arabic vowels are mostly not alphabetic letters, but strokes above and/or below the letters. The subjects were 60 native Arab eighth graders, 20 poor readers and 40 normal readers of Arabic. Subjects were required to read vowelled and unvowelled words with and without context in Arabic. The results showed that normal as well as poor readers significantly improved their reading accuracy when they read vowelled and unvowelled words in context. Further, normal readers significantly improved their reading of vowelled and unvowelled words in context more than did the poor readers. The findings of this study illustrated the significance of cross-cultural linguistic considerations for the development of comprehensive reading theory. 相似文献
16.
Does alphabetic-phonetic writing start with the proper name and how does the name affect reading and writing skills? Sixty 4- to 5½-year-old children from middle SES families with Dutch as their first language wrote their proper name and named letters. For each child we created unique sets of words with and without the child’s first letter of the name to test spelling skills and phonemic sensitivity. Name writing correlated with children’s knowledge of the first letter of the name and phonemic sensitivity for the sound of the first letter of the name. Hierarchical regression analysis makes plausible that both knowledge of the first letter’s name and phonemic sensitivity for this letter explain why name writing results in phonetic spelling with the name letter. Practical implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
17.
简谈网络语言 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
张豫峰 《柳州职业技术学院学报》2004,4(4):82-84
网络语言是一种适合网络群体在Inter网上进行交流的新兴语言，具体表现为拟音词语，字母构成的缩写词语、代用词语和象形符号等四种情况。社会上对网络语言有两种看法，一种持担心和疑虑的态度，另一种持支持态度。作为语言工作者，对待语言现象要有高瞻性、预见性，并能作出相应有益的分析。 相似文献
18.
Research into sighted children’s reading shows that letter recognition skill predicts phonological awareness skill. Congenitally–blind children do not receive exposure to environmental print and do not generally learn to recognise written letters of the alphabet prior to schooling in Braille. A cross–sectional analysis revealed that blind children with no knowledge of written letters or written words showed no ability at measures of phonological awareness. Blind children with knowledge of written letters and no written words showed much increased phonological awareness scores and blind children with knowledge of written letters and written words scored higher still on phonological awareness measures. It was concluded that letter learning is a major contributor to the development of phonological awareness in blind children. It suggests key similarities in the underlying processes of reading development across two different populations using different modalities to learn to read. 相似文献
19.
黄小萍 《华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2008,(1):126-132
英语是表音文字,但英语的拼法看来很不规则,字母与音素不相对应的现象不少,然而,有些语言学家认为英语拼写优点很多,几近最佳的拼写法,英语拼写中的不规则现象是出于某种需要而产生的,并不是任意的变化无常的。许多表面看似古怪难解的拼写和读音现象,实则为有趣的音系规则所致。当我们懂得了其中的奥妙,那些古怪的现象非但不怪,而成了妙不可言,美不胜收的语言现象。拟探讨英语拼读不一致的根源和潜在的规则,认为探讨英语的拼写与读音的深层次的规则和联系对于英语词汇的教学有重要的意义。 相似文献
20.
An 11 year‐old spelling retarded boy was exposed to two different remediation programmes over 21 weeks. The first phase of the study was devoted to practice on a machine which allows two attempts at spelling a given word before presenting its correct spelling on a visual display panel. In the second phase, a rule‐based approach was introduced to teach those words which the child had failed to learn in Phase I. By the end of Phase I, the child had mastered over half the stimulus words and most of these were retained at follow‐up. However, progress was slow, and no generalisation occurred to matched untaught words. The rule‐based approach was effective in the immediate short term, but only half the stimulus words learnt were retained at follow‐up and no generalisation took place to untaught words. The design of the study did not allow for comparison of the relative efficacy of the two approaches. It was concluded that remedial instruction needs to span a much longer time period if it is to result in significant long‐term improvement in spelling skills. 相似文献