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1.
David Chiszar Santford Wellborn Mary Ann Wand Kent M. Scudder Hobart M. Smith 《Learning & behavior》1980,8(3):511-511
In Experiment 1, boid and colubrid snakes defecated with shorter latencies after their home cages were cleaned than did control snakes that received equivalent handling without cage cleaning. Experiment 2 replicated this finding and also showed that snakes exposed to clean cages emit more tongue flicks after reintroduction to the clean home cage than do control snakes. Experiment 3 demonstrated that cage cleaning has similar effects in two species of crotalid snakes. The increase in tongue flicking after cage cleaning is interpreted as investigatory behavior and reflects the fact that snakes respond to the absence of familiar odors. Experiment 4 showed that a clean cage containing odors derived from snake feces produces less tone-flick exploration and fewer defecation responses in rattlesnakes than does a clean cage without such odors. 相似文献
2.
David Chiszar Terrence Carter Leslie Knight Lorna Simonsen Shannon Taylor 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(3):273-278
Garter snakes (Thamnophis radix), hognose snakes (Heterodon platyrhinos), and rattlesnakes (Crotalus species) flick their tongues and crawl about in an open field containing no food or sexual (i.e., reproductive) odors. As Experiment I shows, the taxa differ reliably in both rate of tongue flicking and rate of locomotion. In Experiment II, garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) placed into an open field for 5 min showed more tongue flicking than snakes that were handled and placed directly back into their home cages, indicating that the first group was exploring the apparatus rather than responding only to handling. During Minutes 3 through 5 (Experiment III) in the open field, garter snakes emitted fewer tongue flicks than they did during the first minute, and after 20 min, the rate of tongue flicking was virtually zero. However, snakes were capable of responding to presentation of new objects and/or odors, indicating that the previous response decrement was not derived from effector fatigue but rather from some habituatory process. Experiment IV revealed that satiated snakes habituated more rapidly than hungry snakes during exploration of the open field. Hence, exploratory behavior in these snakes is at least partially under the control of the same factors which mediate food-related appetitive activities. 相似文献
3.
In Experiment 1, four groups of male rats were given a session as an intruder in either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive colonies of conspecifics and later received either a 2-h exposure to the odors of the alpha colonies or an exposure-control session with the odors of a nonalpha colony. Two additional groups of rats that had been attacked and defeated by alpha residents were later given a 12-h exposure session with alpha-colony odors or nonaipha-control odors. Twenty-four h after the colony-intruder session, all subjects were given a single 6.5-mA shock from a prod with alpha-colony odors present in the bedding of the test chamber. Attacked rats that had been given exposure-control sessions showed significantly less prod burying and greater freezing than nondefeated subjects. This implies that the alpha-colony odors elicited conditioned fear. In contrast, the attacked subjects that had been given a pretest exposure session with alpha-colony odors showed significantly more prod burying and significantly less freezing. This suggests that the alpha-odor exposure resulted in the extinction of fear to these odors. Furthermore, the 12-h exposure to alpha-colony odors was found to be more effective in reducing fear-mediated responses than was the 2-h exposure. In Experiment 2, three groups of rats were exposed to a cat while they were in a protective cage; later they were given a 12-h exposure session with cat odors, a 12-h exposure-control session with no cat odors, or no exposure treatment. Compared with the two control groups, the subjects that were exposed to cat odors showed less freezing during subsequent prod-shock tests in the presence of cat odors, but they did not show prod burying. The reported changes in fear-mediated reactions to the odors of conspecifics and a predator are discussed in terms of both associative and nonassociative processes. 相似文献
4.
In a series of simultaneous two-choice preference tests, water snakes (Natrix r. rhombifera) displayed a significant preference for a clean area of a test chamber vs an area soiled by a conspecific. No differential responsiveness was found for a clean area as compared to an area soiled by either a sympatric species of garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) or by the individual water snake Ss. A similar series of tests with individual garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) revealed significant preferences for areas soiled either by the Ss themselves or by conspecifics as compared to clean areas. No preferences were found for a clean area of the test chamber vs an area soiled by a sympatric water snake (Natrix r. r.). The possible role of chemical cues in the mediation of dispersion and social responsiveness was discussed. 相似文献
5.
Honeybees were trained to discriminate between simultaneously presented color-odor compounds, one group with color and odor confounded and a control group with color relevant and odor irrelevant; in subsequent differentially reinforced training with the colors in the absence of the odors, the performance of the two groups was the same (Experiment 1). When, however, response to the colors was measured in a 10-min extinction test, discrimination was found to be poorer after confounded training (Experiment 2), and like results were obtained in an extinction test with the odors after control animals had been trained with odor relevant and color irrelevant, the confounded animals showing poorer discrimination of the odors than the controls (Experiment 3). The results of the first two experiments, in which overshadowing of color by odor was found only with an extinction test, require us to take seriously the possibility that our previous modeling experiments (with probability of correct choice in differentially reinforced training as the measure of performance) may have been insufficiently sensitive to noncontinuity effects. Our first efforts to model extinction suggest, however, that all the results of the present experiments can be understood without sacrifice of the parsimonious independence principle. 相似文献
6.
In two experiments, we examined whether or not a loss of control over food availability would interfere with subsequent two-way shuttle-escape learning. Rats that had experienced loss of control over food delivery were impaired in their acquisition of a shuttle-escape response, relative to the response-contingent and the continuous-reinforcement control rats (in Experiments 1 and 2) and to the lack-of-control and home cage control rats (in Experiment 2). Rats that had received noncontingent food delivery without a prior history of control over food exhibited poorer performance than did the home cage control rats. Moreover, loss of control resulted in a larger interference effect than did lack of control, supporting the view that the learning of response-outcome noncontingency is the main determinant of the interference effect. 相似文献
7.
8.
Experiment 1 compared the responses of 10 laboratory-reared and 10 wild-reared rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to a real snake and to a range of snake-like objects. Most wild-reared monkeys showed considerable fear of the real, toy, and model snakes, whereas most lab-reared monkeys showed only very mild responses. Fear was indexed by unwillingness to approach food on the far side of the snake and by behavioral disturbance. Experiment 2 examined the effectiveness of seven flooding sessions in reducing snake fear in 8 wild-reared rhesus monkeys. Mean latency to reach for food, trials to criterion (four consecutive short latency responses), and total exposure time to criterion declined significantly across flooding sessions. Behavioral disturbance declined within sessions but not across sessions. Results of a final behavioral test revealed that substantial long-lasting changes had occurred in only 3 of the 8 monkeys. The results are discussed in the context of dissociation between different indices of fear. 相似文献
9.
This study further investigates the relationship between cage size and activity in the open field. Male hooded rats were housed at weaning either individually or in pairs in small, medium, or large cages and observed after 15 days in an apparatus providing a choice between three environments of identical construction and dimensions to the different home cages. Three experimental conditions were employed. Both isolated and pair-housed rats were tested alone in the unfamiliar apparatus and some isolated rats were first habituated to the apparatus. Time spent in each size apparatus component was recorded. The results failed to explain earlier findings of a positive relationship between open-field behavior and cage size in isolated rats, in terms of spatial preference. Isolated component preferences were inversely related to cage size, while pair-housed preferences were positively related to cage size. Component preference was not related to component area or perimeter distance. The implications of this spatial behavior for exploration and emotionality theories are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Alfred V. Bacotti 《Learning & behavior》1976,4(1):41-44
Eleven rats were exposed to a multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 1-min schedule of reinforcement. All rats were initially fed a daily ration of food in the home cages immediately after the end of each session. In a later phase of the experiment, the same amount of food was fed 1 h after the end of each session. Later, five rats were again fed immediately after each session. Amount of food received and deprivation level in terms of percent of free feeding weight were constant across conditions. Response rates decreased within each session under immediate feeding. When feeding was delayed, rates in each component of the multiple schedule increased throughout the session and the decreasing trends were generally eliminated. The results suggest that home cage feeding time, apart from changes in deprivational level, is an important variable in the control of behavior in experimental sessions. 相似文献
11.
In Experiment 1, male rats were exposed to either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive conspecific colonies and tested 24 h later, with or without alpha odors, for freezing behavior and burying of a wall prod that had been the source of a brief electric shock. The results indicated that prior defeat experience and the presence of alpha odors alone during testing had no significant effects, but the combination of prior defeat and alpha-odor testing significantly decreased burying and increased freezing behavior. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of noncontact exposure to a cat, as a predatory Stressor, during subsequent prod-shock tests involving the presence or absence of cat odors. Exposure to a cat failed to disrupt later prod burying and did not produce freezing. However, the presence of cat odors during testing significantly reduced the amount of defensive burying,without resulting in an increment in freezing. In Experiment 3, rats were given 1, 5, or 30 inescapable preshocks in the presence of either cat odors or a hedonically neutral citronella odor and were tested 24 h later for prod burying and freezing with or without these odors. Both the cat and the citronella odors resulted in a significant reduction in burying and an increase in freezing for rats given 5 and 30 preshocks and tested in the presence of these respective conditioned odors. For the groups that were given 5 preshocks, preshock and later testing in the presence of cat odors resulted in significantly less prod burying and more freezing than for rats that were preshocked and tested in the presence of citronella. The findings of these three ethoexperimental studies are discussed in terms of the learned-helplessness theory, the stress-coping-fear-defense (SCFD) theory, and the concept of selective CS-US associability. 相似文献
12.
Male and female laboratory rats invariably investigate a novel conspecific placed in their home cages. In Experiment 1, mature male rats were exposed in their home cages to active and inactive juvenile males. Inactive juveniles were pretreated with haloperidol to induce behavioral stasis in a normally upright, quadrupedal stance. In repeated daily observations, males exposed to active juveniles displayed significantly longer intervals of investigation than did males exposed to inactive juveniles. In Experiment 2, mature males and females were repeatedly exposed to active and inactive castrate females. Males investigated significantly longer than did females, active female castrates were investigated significantly longer than were inactive female castrates, and sex of subject interacted significantly with activity-nonactivity of the social stimulus animal. In Experiment 3, mature males and females were repeatedly exposed to active and inactive castrate males. Males investigated significantly longer than did females, active male castrates were investigated significantly longer than were inactive male castrates, and sex of subject interacted significantly with activity-nonactivity of the social stimulus animal. The results demonstrate that sexual dimorphism in persistence of social investigation may be interpreted as a sex difference in response to normal movement cues of a stimulus complex characterizing a conspecific. 相似文献
13.
本文运用刚体运动学原理及集中质量方法,建立了单体和双体深水网箱在波浪作用下的数学模型,并利用物理模型试验结果对数学模型进行验证。在此基础上,比较了单体网箱和双体网箱的水动力特性。由数值模拟结果可知,在相同波况条件下,双体网箱各类锚绳受力特征值均大于单体网箱对应工况各类锚绳的受力特征值,考虑双体网箱锚绳受力增加情况,其中锚碇锚绳受力平均增幅为65%,连接锚绳受力平均增幅为262.2%,网格锚绳受力平均增幅为95.6%;双体网箱浮架中心点的水平方向运动幅度总体上小于单体网箱对应情况,两种形式网箱的浮架中心点竖直方向运动幅度和倾角大小几乎相等,而两类网箱的网衣体积损失率总体上比较相近。 相似文献
14.
Experiment 1 involved the use of plastic and wooden objects and trial-unique problems. The rats performed successfully on nonconceptual oddity problems given before and after conceptual training, showing that the testing conditions were suitable, but they showed chance performances on the trial-unique problems. Experiment 2 involved the use of olfactory discriminanda. Five pretraining problems and 300 unique five-trial problems were presented. Two of 3 rats performed better than chance on Trial 2 and on Trials 3–5, but all performed at chance levels on Trial 1 throughout. The data suggest that the rats responded to specific odors on Trials 2–5 following the Trial 1 experience, as opposed to respondingconceptually to the “odd” odor. Had they responded conceptually to odd odors, they should have performed better than chance on Trial 1. These findings and the general logical argument that they support are considered in the context of the numerous inconclusive reports of the use of the oddity concept by nonprimate animals. 相似文献
15.
Gaiter snakes (Thomnophis sirtalis) accustomed to a fish diet were injected with either saline or lithium chloride 30 min following the ingestion of earthworms. On subsequent tests at 4-day intervals, the LiCl-injected snakes showed significantly increased attack latencies to worms, which were often refused, but not to fish. Behavioral observation of feeding and concurrent tests with surface substance extracts of worm and fish indicate that chemosensory mediation is involved. 相似文献
16.
In Experiment 1, three groups of pigeons were autoshaped and then administered one of three different response-elimination procedures. Group TRC (truly random control) and Group Backward (backward conditioning) ceased responding more rapidly than Group CS-only. In a subsequent reacquisition test with a novel CS, Groups TRC and Backward were retarded relative to Group CS-only. In Experiment 2, the CS-only and TRC response-elimination treatments were not differentially effective in extinguishing the response. The treatments were followed either by five sessions of unpredictable US presentations (US-only) or by five sessions of remaining in their home cages (hold) prior to the reacquisition test. The TRC treatment retarded reacquisition relative to the CS-only treatment; the US-only posttreatment manipulation failed to reliably retard reacquisition relative to Hold, although retarding effects of US-only are discernible in a block-by-block analysis. Applications and limitations of a context-blocking account of these results are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Although rats emit different odors in a goalbox upon receipt of unsignaled reward and nonreward, recent studies have failed to find odor differences from unsignaled large and small reward, apparently disconfirming the generalization that frustration-producing manipulations lead to a distinctive emission. Experiment 1 tested the hypothesis that providing discriminative runway signals, permitting subjects to anticipate the large and small rewards, would lead to different odor emissions. Results supported the hypothesis: donor rats emitted odors sufficiently different to provide cues for differential responding in test subjects. However, an attempt to replicate the recent observations on unsignaled rewards suggested that these, too, occasioned goalbox emissions. Therefore, Experiment 2 again gave donors unsignaled large and small reward, but increased the incentive for discrimination in test rats. Test subjects readily discriminated, confirming the conclusion that large and small rewards occasion different emissions even without discriminative signals and supporting a frustration-odor interpretation. 相似文献
18.
In three conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, latent inhibition (LI) was examined as a function of the time interval (1 or 21 days) between the conditioning and the test phases. In Experiments 1 and 2, the effects of US intensity on LI were examined. LI increased in the 21-day condition, as compared with the 1-day condition, with medium and high US intensity, but not with weak US intensity. Groups not preexposed to the CS flavor had similar aversions when testing was conducted 1 day after conditioning, as compared with 21 days. In Experiment 3A, delay-induced super-LI was obtained when the delay was spent in the home cage and the experimental stages took place in a different context (as in Experiments 1 and 2). In Experiment 3B, when all the stages, including the delay period, were conducted in the home cage, there was no super-LI effect. The modulation of delay-induced super-LI as a function of US intensity and context extinction is discussed in relation to association deficit and retrieval interference theories of LI. 相似文献
19.
Richard E. Brown 《Learning & behavior》1991,19(1):18-28
Two experiments investigated the effects of isolation rearing on olfactory communication in rats. In Experiment 1, there were significant rearing and gender effects on the time spent investigating conspecific odors, the preferences for these odors, and the amount of urine marking over these odors by sexually naive male and female rats. Experiment 2 found significant effects of rearing condition and sexual experience on the responses of male rats to conspecific odors. In general, isolation rearing increased the time spent investigating conspecific odors, but reduced the amount of urine marking over these odors and altered the odor preference scales. These results suggest that the responses of both male and female rats to the odors of conspecifics are modified by rearing experience. The importance of learning conspecific odor signals for the development of normal social behavior is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Foraging honeybees were trained in a concurrent blocking design with a compound stimulus (AX) reinforced and one of its components (A) either reinforced for a blocking group or nonreinforced for a control group. In Experiment 1, a compound of two colors was used; in Experiment 2, a compound of two odors was used; in Experiment 3, a color-position compound, with position defined in terms of proximity to a distinctive visual landmark, was used; and, in Experiment 4, an odor-position compound was used. In each of the first three experiments, the blocking group responded less than did the control group in a subsequent test with X; in the fourth experiment, the two groups did not differ. The results are in accord with expectations based on those of previous experiments with honeybees in which the independence assumption was found to hold for intermodal compounds but not for intramodal compounds. 相似文献