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1.
Christoph Grimpe 《Research Policy》2012,41(8):1448-1460
Although competitive funding of public research has been characterised as providing output incentives that raise efficiency and productivity, we know very little about whether the quality of a scientist's research is in fact the primary award criterion on which funding bodies base their grant decision. This paper provides insights into scientists’ strategies for obtaining project-based research funding in the presence of multiple funding opportunities. It draws a distinction between four types of grants, including the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP6), government, foundation, and industry grants. Based on a sample of more than 800 scientists at universities and public research institutes in Germany, the results indicate that scientist productivity measured in terms of publication and patent stock is a statistically significant determinant only for obtaining foundation and industry grants while the award of an FP6 or government grant is influenced by other characteristics. The results further show that the different grants are not complementary, i.e. scientists specialise in certain grants. In this respect, the analysis informs science, technology and innovation policy about potential discrepancies between policy rhetoric, stipulated award criteria, and actual funding outcomes which makes it possible to fine-tune the debate on how public research should be financed. 相似文献
2.
The European university landscape: A micro characterization based on evidence from the Aquameth project 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Cinzia Daraio Andrea BonaccorsiAldo Geuna Benedetto LeporiLaurent Bach Peter BogetoftMargarida F. Cardoso Elena Castro-MartinezGustavo Crespi Ignacio Fernandez de LucioHarold Fried Adela Garcia-AracilAnnamaria Inzelt Ben JongbloedGerhard Kempkes Patrick LlerenaMireille Matt Maria OlivaresCarsten Pohl Tarmo RatyMaria J. Rosa Cláudia S. SarricoLéopold Simar Stig SlipersaeterPedro N. Teixeira Philippe Vanden Eeckaut 《Research Policy》2011,40(1):148-164
This paper provides a new and systematic characterization of 488 universities, from 11 European countries: Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and UK. Using micro indicators built on the integrated Aquameth database, we characterize the European university landscape according to the following dimensions: history/foundation of university, dynamics of growth, specialization pattern, subject mix, funding composition, offer profile and productivity. 相似文献
3.
Performance-based university research funding systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Diana Hicks 《Research Policy》2012,41(2):251-261
The university research environment has been undergoing profound change in recent decades and performance-based research funding systems (PRFSs) are one of the many novelties introduced. This paper seeks to find general lessons in the accumulated experience with PRFSs that can serve to enrich our understanding of how research policy and innovation systems are evolving. The paper also links the PRFS experience with the public management literature, particularly new public management, and understanding of public sector performance evaluation systems. PRFSs were found to be complex, dynamic systems, balancing peer review and metrics, accommodating differences between fields, and involving lengthy consultation with the academic community and transparency in data and results. Although the importance of PRFSs seems based on their distribution of universities’ research funding, this is something of an illusion, and the literature agrees that it is the competition for prestige created by a PRSF that creates powerful incentives within university systems. The literature suggests that under the right circumstances a PRFS will enhance control by professional elites. PRFSs since they aim for excellence, may compromise other important values such as equity or diversity. They will not serve the goal of enhancing the economic relevance of research. 相似文献
4.
最近10多年来,我国人文社科单项项目经费资助强度稳步增长,但是项目经费资助强度的绩效问题目前研究比较缺乏。本文以教育部双一流建设高校为例,综合采用联立方程模型、面板门槛回归模型进行了深入研究。研究结果表明：项目经费强度对科研成果具有保障和激励机制;项目经费强度对学术论文的绩效总体较差,对学术著作的绩效尚可;近年来项目经费强度的绩效呈下降趋势;当科研成果较高时项目经费强度的绩效总体良好;学术论文和科研人员数量与项目经费强度负相关;人文社科研发人员的贡献大于研发经费。 相似文献
5.
Funding incentives, collaborative dynamics and scientific productivity: Evidence from the EU framework program 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this paper we examine how incentives for collaboration shape collaborative behavior and researcher productivity in the context of EU-funded research networks. EU-funded research networks require researchers to collaborate as a condition for securing research funding. The presence of research funding, therefore, may influence collaborative behavior. Our approach involves isolating the effects of funding, collaboration and previous collaborations (prior to funding) on research output, and examining how the pattern of collaboration affects research productivity over time. Employing a panel of 294 researchers in 39 EU research networks over a 15-year period we find that while the impact of funding on productivity is generally positive the overall impact of collaboration within the funded networks is weak. When we delineate between pre-, during- and post-funding periods, however, we find some important differences. During the period of funding, collaboration did not lead to an increase in research production. In the post-funding period we find that although the number of collaborations decreases within the network, the impact of collaboration on productivity is positive and significant. Our findings suggest that collaborations formed to capitalize on funding opportunities, while not effective in enhancing researcher productivity in the short run, may be an important promoter of effective collaborations in the longer run. 相似文献
6.
Leland L. Glenna Rick Welsh David ErvinWilliam B. Lacy Dina Biscotti 《Research Policy》2011,40(7):957-968
Policies designed to promote the commercialization of university science have provoked concern that basic and publicly accessible research may be neglected. Commercialization policies have altered traditional institutional incentives and constraints, which raises new questions regarding the influence of scientists’ values on university research agendas. Our research builds on previous quantitative studies measuring changes in research outcomes and qualitative studies probing differentiation among scientists’ value orientations. We developed a nation-wide survey of 912 plant and animal biotechnology scientists at 60 research universities. Our analysis reveals that scientists’ value orientations on what we classify as “market” and “expert” science affect the amount of industry funding they receive, the proprietary nature of their discoveries, and the percentage of basic science research conducted in their laboratories. We also find that the percentage of industry funding is significantly associated with more applied research. Our findings provide insights for science and society theory and suggest that strong incentives for public-science research along with adequate public-research funds to preserve the university's vital role in conducting basic and non-proprietary research are needed to complement private-sector research investments at universities. 相似文献
7.
本文运用R&D税收优惠的METC、B指数和R&D使用成本等三个指标测算了我国政府对企业R&D税收优惠强度,并与世界主要国家指标进行比较,发现我国R&D税收优惠强度居于中等水平。在以我国1995~2008年的28个制造业数据为样本的实证检验中,发现政府R&D税收优惠对企业R&D支出的激励效应是显著的,而且在高科技企业中激励效应更为明显。本文的政策启示在于我国政府应调整R&D资助方式,逐渐加大对企业R&D税收优惠的范围和幅度,不断降低政府直接资助的比重。 相似文献
8.
主要从专利资助对象、资助类型、资助额度和资助程序等对我国30个省(市)的专利资助政策进行深入系统地分析,从中找出地方专利资助政策存在的对象不明、审查不严、缺乏激励等问题,并提出地方专利资助政策的引导机制、审查能力建设、专项资助等对策,从而为资助政策适应新要求提供参考。 相似文献
9.
科学合理评价高校科研效率对于提升高校科研创新能力、实现创新型国家战略建设具有重要的推动作用。本文基于浙江省26个高校2003-2010年的面板数据,运用全局主成分因子分析方法对存在空集的科研产出进行综合评价后,利用BCC—DEA、Malmquist—DEA模型考察高校科研效率水平及变动情况。研究表明,浙江省处于有效水平的高校比例偏低,人员冗余比例高于经费冗余比例;浙江省高校平均全要素生产率波动较明显,科研效率下降的高校占比高达50%。最后,本文结合实际发展情况,对不同类型高校提出改进措施,认为优化既有人才结构、提高整体质量水平以及合理配置经费投入的规模与结构是提高浙江省科研效率的关键。 相似文献
10.
An important characteristic of the role of foreign trade in the technological catch-up of countries is the complementary nature with technological change, human capital development and local R&D efforts. Using cointegration techniques, evidence based on Portuguese long-run growth suggests that by investing in certain capacity-building activities, namely human capital and local R&D efforts, countries can improve their ability to identify, value, assimilate, and apply (or exploit) knowledge that is developed in other (more developed) countries. Although human capital has a stronger direct impact on total factor productivity than internal R&D efforts, the latter's indirect impact, by means of machinery and equipment imports, is tremendous. Trade also emerges as a powerful direct contributor to long-term total factor productivity, especially in its embodied form, through the acquisition of advanced machinery and equipment from more developed countries. The (smaller) productivity enhancing effect of licenses and FDI seems to be strongly dependent on institutional circumstances, namely those related to human capital investments and incentives. 相似文献
11.
随着我国“大众创业、万众创新”战略部署的推进，国民的创业热情被点燃。然而，我国创业资助的供给体系仍不够完善，部分新生企业家在选择创业导向时存在迷失的情形。基于GEM指标体系，解析了创业资助对新生企业家创业导向的影响机制，并借助社会认知论探究了创业自我效能对创业资助影响新生企业家创业导向的中介效应。研究发现：(1) 创业资助不仅能促进新生企业家追求产品研发，还能推动新生企业家实施规模扩张。相对而言，金融支持更能驱动新生企业家实施规模扩张；政府项目和税收优惠更能激励新生企业家追求产品研发。(2) 创业资助能增强新生企业家对创业机会、自身能力及网络关系的感知度和对创业风险的容忍度，提升其创业自我效能，进而促进其实施规模扩张或追求产品研发。(3) 与OECD国家相比，非OECD国家金融支持、政府项目及税收优惠等创业资助体系尚不完善，因而对新生企业家追求产品研发的激励效应较弱。 相似文献
12.
“官产学研”融合是新时代创新型国家建设的重要举措,有效释放政府研发资助的调节红利至关重要。本文借助理论模型阐释高校创新活动与地方创新发展之间的逻辑关系,揭示政府研发资助对高校创新溢出的调节影响可能存在较为复杂的动态机制。采用Hansen的门槛回归方法以及中国30个省份的面板数据实证研究发现,高校创新能力提升对区域创新发展具有积极影响,但在不同水平时影响弹性系数有所差异,高校创新能力处于（0.275 3 0.560 3\]区间的溢出效应最佳。政府研发资助对高校创新溢出具有动态调节作用,当资助强度高于0.085 3门槛阈值,高校创新才会释放正向溢出的“挤入效应”,并且随着研发资助强化,溢出轨迹呈现出边际递增规律。相应研究启示在于,定位高校创新溢出的最佳区间,跨越政府研发资助的约束门槛,才能有效撬动“官产学研”的内生驱动,加速区域创新转型。 相似文献
13.
14.
《Research Policy》2022,51(2):104448
The management of research productivity is central to university governance and drives a broad range of decisions, including those on hiring, promotion and funding allocation. Policymakers and academic leaders responsible for improving their institutions’ research performance need an evidence-based understanding of the organizational factors that can be managed in pursuit of better publication outcomes. Our paper reviews the empirical evidence on the drivers of research productivity that can be actively managed by organizations and policymakers. Such drivers include organizational structures, research culture, features of task environment for academic work, and resource allocation. To advance the state of science in research productivity literature, we then analyze assumptions and highlight mechanisms that need to be explored in order to improve theoretical and methodological state of the field. We suggest directions for future research with the aim to create a deeper and more cohesive body of knowledge on how organizations, funding bodies, and government agencies can influence scientific performance at the individual level. To advance the practice of research management, we offer a rigorous synthesis of existing empirical evidence that can help academic leaders in supporting and developing faculty research productivity within their institutions. 相似文献
15.
Joaquín M. Azagra-Caro Fragiskos Archontakis Antonio Gutiérrez-Gracia Ignacio Fernández-de-Lucio 《Research Policy》2006,35(1):37-55
The growing importance of regions in the analysis of innovation and the pressure on European universities to interact with their environment justify this article. It argues that faculty support for the objectives of university-industry relations (UIR) does not vary across disciplines and does not respond to university encouragement in a region with low absorptive capacity. These results are in contrast with those obtained in studies of technology leading countries like the USA. Furthermore, incentives for UIR may generate unpredicted dynamics while instruments to cooperate are not significant. Finally, support for the objectives of UIR should not be confused with the degree of R&D cooperation. The former is sensitive to university age while the latter is sensitive to gender, discipline, commitment to R&D and university encouragement. Empirical evidence is obtained from a sample of faculty from the Valencian Community (Spain) and analysed through a set of models for discrete choice. 相似文献
16.
Sepehr Ghazinoory Zahra Hashemi 《The Journal of High Technology Management Research》2021,32(1):100394
Tax incentives and direct funding are two different public support instruments used to facilitate the formation and growth of firms. Limited empirical evidence has compared the effectiveness of two different policies and their interactions for firms. In this paper, we investigate the main and interaction effects of these interventions on high-tech firms. Since large and small firms innovate in different ways, we compare the use of both incentives by Iranian high-tech SMEs and large firms through a factorial design technique. This paper presents significant differences both across instruments and across firm size. Results show that for SMEs, tax exemption has a significant effect on R&D investment, and funding has a significant effect on R&D investment, R&D employees, and new products. However, there aren't any interaction effects between instruments. For large firms, funding is an effective instrument for R&D investment. Also, there is an interaction effect between tax incentives and direct funding on new products. These findings indicate that funding is a more effective instrument than tax exemption, especially for SMEs, but suggest some changes in supporting policies of high-tech firms in Iran. 相似文献
17.
技术转移作为高校社会服务职能的重要体现形式，对高校科研活动究竟产生了何种影响是学术界关注的热点问题。本文以2008-2014年中国106所“211”及省部共建高校为样本，研究了高校技术转移对其论文产出和专利产出的影响效应，并对不同来源的科研资助（政府资助和企业资助）在高校技术转移与科研产出关系中的中介作用和调节作用分别进行了实证检验。结果表明：（1）高校技术转移对论文产出的影响不显著，而对专利产出具有显著正向影响；（2）高校技术转移对其获取政府资助和企业资助均具有显著的正向影响，政府资助和企业资助在高校技术转移与专利产出关系中发挥积极的中介作用；（3）政府资助对高校技术转移与论文产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用，而企业资助对高校技术转移与专利产出的关系具有显著的负向调节作用。 相似文献
18.
Morris Teubal 《Research Policy》1997,25(8):1161-1188
This paper presents an evolutionary framework for horizontal technology policies (HTPs) especially market-friendly ones involving project-based incentives (e.g. R&D project based grants rather than tax-based incentives to yearly expenditures on R&D). HTPs are a category of technological policies whose objective is to promote technological development per se, and associated management and organizational routines, irrespective of industrial branch or technological area. They are being increasingly adopted by both advanced countries and newly industrialized countries in response to the new opportunities and threats opened up by the technological revolution and by the processes of liberalization and globalization; and they complement the more specific and well-known selective and vertical policies aimed at individual sectors and technologies. The analysis is conducted within a learning-to-innovate framework with emphasis on collective, organizational learning; search; and market-building. The outcome is a technology policy cycle with distinct infant, growth, and mature phases. Proactive ‘generation’ of a critical mass of projects for efficient learning and diffusion of innovation routines becomes the aim of the infant phase; while the mature phase of the policy should focus on policy restructuring including drastic reductions in the support of routi projects and enhanced support of more complex types of innovation. The paper also emphasizes the importance of a neutrality component in incentives in the infant phase of increasing selectivity; and of building policy capabilities for efficient policy design and implementation. 相似文献
19.
The paper analyses scientific research production at the laboratory level. The evidence on which the study is based describes precisely the research activity over the period 1993-2000 of more than eighty labs belonging to Louis Pasteur University, a large and well-ranked European research university. The research organization of the labs is analysed by focusing on the characteristics of the research personnel in relation with the scores in two outcomes that are publications and patents. The paper proposes a five-classes typology of laboratories that highlights different styles of research organization and productivity at the laboratory level. It also studies the determinants of the publication performances of labs. We show how appropriate combinations of inputs in academic labs may be strongly associated to high publication performances. We find that combining full-time researchers and university professors in labs tend to preserve incentives. Highly publishing labs also patent. The size of the labs, the individual promotions, and the role of non-permanent researchers and of non-researchers are also underlined. 相似文献
20.
颠覆性技术因具有破坏性、交叉性、高风险高回报等特点,一旦研发成功,会带来产业的重大变革、国家的竞争力飞跃甚至世界格局的重塑等颠覆性结果。世界上很多国家,特别是科技强国,会通过设立颠覆性技术研发管理机构、出台支持颠覆性技术发展的战略政策、部署颠覆性技术研发项目等方式开展颠覆性技术的研发与管理工作,并形成了不同特色的管理与资助体系。为更加系统、直观的揭示国外典型国家颠覆性技术研发与管理资助情况,本文从技术、项目、机构、国家四层进行建模研究,重点以机构层为例,对美国、欧洲、日本的颠覆性技术研发与管理资助体系开展分析,并通过三维叠加对国外典型国家和地区整体颠覆性技术研发与管理资助体系进行整体归纳分析。 相似文献