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1.
《Research Policy》2019,48(7):1647-1665
This study investigates how research group characteristics relate to the early career success of PhD candidates who are trained in the group. In particular, I study how the citation impact of early-career PhDs is related to the staff composition and funding of the group. Using data on a cohort of Swedish doctoral graduates in science, engineering, mathematics and medicine, two sets of findings are obtained. First, students who were trained in groups with a lower number of PhD students perform better in terms of academic productivity. From the perspective of research policy, this finding suggests a decreasing return to funding additional PhD student positions allocated to professors who are already maintaining larger research groups. Second, PhD students trained in groups with funding for PhD research that is conditioned by funder influence over the topic of thesis research are more likely to stay in academia. Controlling for career destination, however, PhDs from such groups have lower than average scientific productivity and citation impact. These results suggest that funders of PhD studies face a trade-off between the two different funding objectives of “getting what they want” in terms of research content and fostering successful scholars. 相似文献
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《普罗米修斯》2012,30(2):315-330
The contribution of employment in high technology industry to future employment growth in the US economy is estimated to be small. Much high technology employment is not professional work at all, but routine labour, and much of that performed by minority groups with few career opportunities. Most new jobs will occur in occupations requiring no more than secondary education. High technology may generate employment in other areas, but often low grade work performed in the “homework economy”. Appropriate education for employment in high technology industry and in computer-related fields is not necessarily specialised and technical; high-quality general education is probably more important. Instrumental education, ignorant of the demands of high technology, and of the demands a modern economy makes upon high technology, is likely to be counter-productive. Commercial and technical success requires a combination of cultural learning and technical skill. 相似文献
3.
Martijn Burger Spyridon Stavropoulos Shyaam Ramkumar Joke Dufourmont Frank van Oort 《Research Policy》2019,48(1):248-261
This paper examines the opportunities and risks of employment, skills and education that are related to a circular economy (CE) in the United States. Combining occupational skills and education data with a newly introduced definition of CE employment, we compare circular- and non-circular-oriented occupations in terms of skills and abilities. Building on the seminal paper by Consoli et al. (2016) and looking at all occupations within a broad range of CE-related industries, we detect and address heterogeneity in job requirements within the CE. We distinguish core activities within CE employment – focusing on renewable energy, repair, re-use of materials and the sharing economy – from enabling activities, which are focused on management, design, and ICT-applicability of the CE. While core CE-activities generally require more manual and technological skills, enabling activities, in contrast, require more complex cognitive skills. Neither core nor enabling CE sectors, however, are entirely cohesive in terms of skill requirements. Part of the education and skills demand is identifiably driven by ‘circularity’, particularly with regard to technical skills for the core of the CE. This may require specific education and training programs for future development of the CE. 相似文献
4.
Sotaro Shibayama 《Research Policy》2019,48(3):676-692
Academic training, where senior scientists transfer their knowledge and skills to junior scientists through apprenticeship, plays a crucial role in the development of scientists. This study focuses on two aspects of academic training, autonomy and exploration, to investigate how different modes of training are incentivized and how they affect junior scientists’ performance and career prospects. Drawing on a sample of 162 supervising professors and their 791 PhD students in life science labs in Japanese universities, this study suggests two fundamental conflicts in academic training. First, autonomy granted to PhD students under apprenticeship improves their long-term performance but decreases short-term performance. Because the latter effect costs supervisors, while the former does not benefit them in general, this inter-temporal tradeoff creates an incentive conflict between supervisors and students, inducing non-autonomous training. The short-term cost for supervisors can be compensated in the form of labor input or reputation gain from previous students in the long term, but this typically happens when students are trained with limited scope of exploration, which hinders the originality of students’ knowledge production. This reduces the diversity of knowledge production, presenting another incentive conflict between individual scientists and the collective scientific community. 相似文献
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While postdoctoral fellowships are viewed as positions that prepare PhD students for academic careers, studies show that most postdocs will not find tenure-track employment within universities. Postdocs consequently pursue non-academic jobs that differ in the degree to which they utilize a postdoc’s scientific training, yet we know little about how this occurs. To help address this gap, this study inductively investigates factors that may influence a postdoc’s transition to a non-academic career. The study uncovers multiple individual, PI, as well as organizational and policy factors, including the lack of relevant skills, absence of support—and in some cases opposition—from their principal investigators, and poor availability of non-academic career preparation opportunities, among others. Viewed collectively, these elements likely hinder a move to non-academic scientific positions and thus have consequences for postdoc career trajectories and, by extension, the utilization of new knowledge. The paper opens the door for future research, theorization, and policy action that might smooth the transition of postdocs into non-academic careers and potentially improve the impact of publicly-funded research. 相似文献
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当代社会进步、科技发展与职业岗位变动的时代背景中,职业教育需要在专业教育中加强技术通识教育,培养“宽口径、复合型”的应用技术人才。技术通识教育体系主要包括技术公共知识教育、通用技能教育以及技术基本规范教育等内容,对于促进学生职业发展发挥着奠基性作用。 相似文献
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[目的/意义]考察情报学学生对大数据和人工智能的认识,能够为情报学教育体系调整与改革提供不一样的视角,也可为相关研究补充有价值的建议和意见。[方法/过程]文章以江苏省各高校所培养情报学学生为对象,面向学生自身的特点和需求,设计了包含50个问题的调查问卷,考察了情报学学生对情报学教育体系现状和未来发展趋势的认知。对发回的问卷结果围绕问卷填写者的基本情况、情报学教育课程设置、情报学人才培养目标以及专业技能培养四个方面进行分析。[结果/结论]情报学学生以学习知识和技能为第一要务,并以就业或升学为重要目标。情报学学生对于情报学的认知和理解将很大程度上影响学科未来的发展,其对于新兴技术及这些技术在情报学教育中地位的看法,更值得认真思考和对待。 相似文献
8.
高校毕业生是我国宝贵的人力资源,然而当前大学生就业工作的形势不容乐观,要充分认识到高校毕业生就业工作的复杂性和艰巨性。本文从分析毕业生存在职业方向不明确、专业知识与专业技能错位等就业问题入手,指出高校毕业生职业指导工作的不足,提出以就业力为导向的职业指导4P新模式,并在江西蓝天学院进行初步实践。 相似文献
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中国高等院校大学生的就业压力对高校的就业指导工作提出了新的挑战,为更好地帮助在校大学生规划职业生涯,提高高等院校就业指导的效果,提出四阶段就业指导模式。在分析高等院校目前就业指导模式局限性的基础上,结合大学生不同年级的学习特征,运用系统思考的方法构建以认识自己、职业探索、做出决策和付诸行动4个阶段为主导的就业指导模式。提出大学生就业指导是系统工程,应在职业生涯规划的基础上对大学生实施全过程的指导和帮助,并根据不同学习阶段的特征,开设有针对性的就业指导课程,使学生循序渐进地学习和掌握相关知识和技能,规划与管理自己的职业生涯,从而实现顺利就业。 相似文献
10.
当今大学生就业问题面临着严峻的考验,为了从根本上解决就业难的问题．作为高校应该重点在低年级学生群体中开展职业生涯规划教育．这对学生找准职业定位、提高综合素质和就业竞争力有着重要的现实意义。本文力图从打造第一课堂、构建全方位、多层次的学生发展平台、开展职业咨询等多途径提升学生的职业生涯规划技巧和能力。 相似文献
11.
《Research Policy》2022,51(7):104551
Firms frequently enter collaborations with other organizations for the purpose of innovating. In this paper, we argue that engaging in R&D collaboration can have the unintended consequence of increasing the mobility of highly skilled personnel. We investigate our research question using a representative dataset that combines information from the Swedish Community Innovation Survey (CIS) with employer–employee registry data. Our econometric analysis shows that R&D collaborations by firms are associated with higher levels of outgoing mobility among skilled employees, particularly among those with technical (“STEM”) education and master's or doctoral degrees. We also find support for the interpretation that R&D collaboration augments employees’ general human capital, subsequently increasing their outside employment options. We discuss important implications for firm collaboration strategies. 相似文献
12.
研究了在瞬息变幻的知识经济时代,大学生可雇佣性远远超越了吸引雇主的一般性就业能力的范畴。反而,为了获得最优的经济和社会产出,毕业生必须具有一种前瞻性能力,能够驾驭工作环境和构建自我管理职业生涯。理想的毕业生品质模型展示了自我管理和职业生涯构建技能的重要性,同时表明了其对终身职业发展和可雇佣性强化的作用。 相似文献
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《International Journal of Information Management》2017,37(6):726-734
The activities in our current world are mainly supported by data-driven web applications, making extensive use of databases and data services. Such phenomenon led to the rise of Data Scientists as professionals of major relevance, which extract value from data and create state-of-the-art data artifacts that generate even more increased value. During the last years, the term Data Scientist attracted significant attention. Consequently, it is relevant to understand its origin, knowledge base and skills set, in order to adequately describe its profile and distinguish it from others like Business Analyst. This work proposes a conceptual model for the professional profile of a Data Scientist and evaluates the representativeness of this profile in two commonly recognized competences/skills frameworks in the field of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), namely in the European e-Competence (e-CF) framework and the Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA). The results indicate that a significant part of the knowledge base and skills set of Data Scientists are related with ICT competences/skills, including programming, machine learning and databases. The Data Scientist professional profile has an adequate representativeness in these two frameworks, but it is mainly seen as a multi-disciplinary profile, combining contributes from different areas, such as computer science, statistics and mathematics. 相似文献
15.
随着基础教育事业的加速发展,中小学学科教师作为基础教育的生力军,其职业能力的高低是决定素质教育成败的关键因素。教育技术是信息化时代教师专业发展、职业能力提升的重要保障。加强中小学教师教育技术能力的培养,成为基础教育教学改革的重要任务。通过对中小学教师教育技术能力进行剖析,为有针对性地提高中小学教师的教育技术能力提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
16.
职业锚理论实际上是人们选择和发展自己的职业时所围绕的中心,是个人的动机、需要、价值观、能力相互作用和逐步整合的结果。随着研究生自主择业的就业格局变化,而许多大学生在职业生涯规划时存在诸多迷茫和困惑,不能适应时代的变迁。开展研究生的职业生涯规划教育已成为高校教育教学工作的重要内容之一。在研究生职业生涯规划中引入职业锚理论,开展职业锚类型识别,使学生认识自我,充分了解市场,寻找出自己的职业锚,从而进行合理的职业定位,最终找到适合自己的职业。本文分析了当前研究生职业规划中存在的问题,并结合职业锚理论对于研究生的职业规划提出了有价值的建议和对策。 相似文献
17.
近年来,大学生就业难的问题愈发严重,高校职业规划教育的缺失是其中的一个重要原因。美国职业规划教育起步较早,政府保障到位,社会参与度高,高校设有专门服务机构,服务内容全面,教师专业化程度高。我国可以借鉴其成功经验,从社会、高校和学生三个方面提高大学生职业规划教育的实施效果。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(1):104411
Women and men often contribute differently to research knowledge. Do differences in these contributions partially explain disparities in academic career outcomes? We explore this by looking at how gender is embodied in research language, and then ascertain whether the adoption of more gendered research language affects career outcomes beyond the researcher's attributes. We identify different forms of gendered knowledge—gender referents (explicit references to sex and gender) and gender-associated terms (words that are implicitly associated with women or men researchers)—by applying natural language processing techniques to nearly one million doctoral dissertations published in the United States between 1980 and 2010. We then determine whether employing gender referents and gender-associated terms affects the course of PhDs’ ensuing careers. We find women researchers have lower chances of securing academic positions than men in every field; explicit references to women as research subjects are modestly rewarded in comparison to references to men; and more career opportunities are afforded to research knowledge associated with men. These results suggest that academia is slowly correcting the traditional and explicit bias of studying men at the exclusion of women. Still, there remains a stronger implicit bias against knowledge associated with women scholars. We discuss relative differences between humanities and social sciences versus natural sciences, technology, engineering, and math, as well as potential treatments for offsetting bias in those fields. 相似文献
20.
随着知识经济和全球一体化的日益深化,科研人员的国际流动日益频繁,海归学者群体内部的差异性也日益显著,但这一议题尚未引起学界广泛关注。本文聚焦我国高层次人才 “长江学者奖励计划”,以1999—2017年间入选的科学技术领域长江学者特聘教授为研究样本,以入选国家高层次人才计划时的年龄为职业发展速度指标,分析了不同类别和不同层次的海外经历对高校科研人员职业成就进展的影响。研究发现：海外经历对高层次人才计划入选时间的催化剂作用具有异质性。获得海外博士学位即归国以及海外经历仅为短暂求学/访问的科研人员在职业发展中均不具优势,而全职海外经历缩短职业成就时间的效果明显。此外,海外经历的加速效应因科研人员所在研究平台的不同呈现异质性。入职“双一流”高校的海归学者往往更快入选国家高层次人才计划。基于研究发现,论文对我国公派访问政策和高校当前的人才引进实践进行了讨论。 相似文献