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1.
International knowledge spillovers, especially through multinational companies (MNCs), have recently been a major topic of academic and management debate. However, most studies treat MNC subsidiaries as relatively passive actors. We challenge this assumption by investigating the drivers of knowledge protection intensity of MNC subsidiaries. We argue that knowledge protection intensity is determined by MNC subsidiary mandates and by opportunities and risks originating from the host region. We hypothesize that not just competence-creating but also competence-exploiting mandates increase knowledge protection intensity. In addition, technological cluster regions in the host country can be expected to provide opportunities for knowledge sourcing and MNC subsidiaries may be willing to protect knowledge less intensively to participate in cluster networks. We test our hypotheses using a dataset of 694 observations of 631 MNC subsidiaries in Germany and develop recommendations for research, managers and policy makers. 相似文献
2.
本文对跨国公司在华投资母子间的知识流动及其决定因素进行实证调查,得到三个结论:(1)母子间存在双向知识转移,且传统知识转移与逆向知识转移程度不同;(2)双向知识转移的决定因素有较大差异,母子关系和受方吸收能力只影响传统转移,而知识相关性、子公司技术依赖和子公司知识活动能力只影响逆向转移;(3)本文根据相关信息推理出在华跨国公司双向转移的逻辑与已往文献不同,传统知识转移不是一个简单的教授过程而是体现母公司意图、子公司认同的教授过程,逆向转移也不是学者所说的子公司说服过程而是母公司主动发现、主宰的选择过程。 相似文献
3.
中国跨国公司逆向知识转移组织机制的实证研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文运用知识管理相关理论,以中国跨国公司为研究对象,通过问卷调查和企业访谈,探析了组织机制对中国跨国公司逆向知识转移的影响。研究发现合作式运作结构、沟通机制、控制机制(层级命令、子公司自主权)对逆向知识转移有显著的促进作用,而知识管理机制对逆向知识转移的作用与预期相反且不显著。本文突破了以往跨国公司知识转移研究中只关注知识特性的局限,侧重于知识转移的组织设计和组织机制,丰富了跨国公司知识转移领域的研究视角。 相似文献
4.
A growing number of studies suggest that only innovative subsidiaries generate positive technological effects in host countries. In this context, this paper explores the variability in the intensity of innovative activity across MNC subsidiaries within a late-industrialising host economy in connection with two factors: the subsidiaries’ functional integration within (a) their global corporations and (b) their host economy. We found that the more innovative subsidiaries were those that enjoy integration to both the local economy and their global corporation. However, they represented a small proportion of all subsidiaries, most of which were disconnected from both their global corporation and the local economy. We also found that, in common with some findings in advanced country contexts, but in contrast to common expectations in industrialising economies, subsidiaries that were strongly integrated into their parent corporations undertook more, not less, intensive innovative activity than those that were well integrated into the host economy. 相似文献
5.
20世纪80年代以后，跨国公司理论出现了一些新的发展趋势，包括对跨国公司基本假设向异质制转变、跨国公司网络化，对跨国公司子公司基本假设的异质化，以及研究重点不断向子公司层面转移．本文以跨国公司子公司由同质观向异质观的发展为线索，回顾和综述跨国公司的四个子公司理论，从而在一定程度上认识跨国公司理论发展的内在机制。 相似文献
6.
This paper explores what factors determine the nature, extent, and location of Japanese multinationals’ R&D activities abroad. Taking advantage of a rich micro-level dataset from the survey on Japanese overseas subsidiaries, the study distinguishes between two types of overseas R&D: basic/applied research and development/design. We find several differences between the determinants of those R&D activities. These differences confirm the view that basic/applied research of overseas subsidiaries aims at the exploitation of foreign advanced knowledge, whereas their development/design activities are mostly influenced by the market size of the host country. Our results provide a convincing and comprehensive explanation of the geographical distribution of overseas R&D by Japanese MNEs. 相似文献
7.
从母公司向子公司转移知识是跨国公司在东道国快速复制企业运作经验的快捷途径,也是其高效获取全球竞争优势的重要手段。本文通过实证研究发现,知识特性对跨国公司知识转移工具的选择有显著影响,即转移知识的特性不同,选择的知识转移工具的类型也有显著不同。研究还发现,如果同时考虑母子公司间的知识差距与战略差异的调节效应,根据知识特性选择转移工具的合理性就更明显。 相似文献
8.
This paper aims to analyse the risk of intellectual property (IP) infringements by competitors from abroad and in particular to consider whether this risk is higher for international innovating firms. We distinguish three different types of IP infringements from abroad: the usage of firms’ technical inventions, product piracy, and copying of corporate names and designs. Our analysis rests on the German data from the Europe-wide Community Innovation Survey (CIS). We use a unique data set of about 900 observations, which are retrieved from two survey waves. While the earlier wave contains information about international and domestic innovation activities, the later wave reports IP infringements. In a second analysis, the likelihood of infringements from innovation host countries and no-innovation host countries abroad is examined. Before the empirical analysis, an exploratory study was carried out in China with interviews of German firms with innovation activities in China and with a legal advisor for small and medium-sized German enterprises. The results show that firms with international R&D activities are increasing their chances of losing technological knowledge to their local competitors abroad. R&D activities in countries with weak intellectual property rights increase the risk for all types of IP infringements compared to domestic R&D activities. Infringements by competitors from the host country are driven by the production of new produces in this country. Export intensity is the major driver of infringements from no-innovation host countries. R&D activities in China and North America also increase the risk of an infringement. However, firms that innovate only in their home country experience significantly more product piracy cases than international innovating firms. 相似文献
9.
文化差异对总部知识转移的调节效应研究:基于德资跨国公司的调查 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
文化差异是跨国公司跨国界知识转移的重要壁垒.以德资跨国公司为例,借鉴 Hofstede 的民族文化模型,分析个体主义-集体主义、权力距离、不确定性规避、长期导向-短期导向四个维度上的文化差异对总部知识转移动力、转移渠道的丰富性与知识转移效果之间关系的调节作用,并据此提出相应的提高跨文化知识转移效果的措施. 相似文献
10.
通过典型单案例研究对跨国公司战略管理知识转移的机制进行探讨和建构,选取A公司的北京分公司作为研究对象,在文献综述的基础上,深挖案例证据,通过深层分析和归纳得出最后研究结论。研究结果最终揭示:隐性、复杂性和专有性三个知识特征,以及信任、文化距离和子公司的战略地位三个组织关系特征是战略管理知识转移的重要前因变量,而知识质量和吸收能力是子公司战略目标实现的重要中间变量,需要引起跨国公司及其子公司的重视。本案例构建的研究模型需要多案例研究以及实证研究的进一步检验和论证。 相似文献
11.
12.
Resource allocations, knowledge network characteristics and entrepreneurial orientation of multinational corporations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper analyses entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in multinational corporations (MNCs) and develops a new typology of MNC EO based on combining R&D and asset growth investment intensities as orthogonal resource allocations. A cluster analysis of US MNCs on these two dimensions reveals three types of entrepreneurial stance: conservative, aggressive-asset growth and balanced. Internal knowledge network characteristics are shown to vary by stance, with more aggressive stances linked to knowledge governance supportive of the entrepreneurship process. In linking entrepreneurial orientation to the knowledge network of the MNC, this paper identifies factors important to the strategic management and on-going renewal of MNCs. In addition, the vector of R&D investment vs. asset growth investment is an indicator of entrepreneurial aggression and presents a new method of understanding the international strategies of MNCs. 相似文献
13.
Christian Köhler 《Research Policy》2012,41(8):1344-1356
The shift toward more open and interconnected innovation activities has been a major topic in recent academic and practitioner discussions. Firms must connect their in-house R&D activities with external partners, such as leading customers or universities, to increase the effectiveness of their innovation activities. Hence, management needs to define where to search for valuable knowledge in its environment. In this paper we argue that knowledge search has to reflect the heterogeneity of various knowledge sources with regard to the knowledge they can provide and how these sources can be activated. We hypothesize that search strategies driven by science, suppliers and the product market will contribute differently to innovation success with new-to-market versus imitated products. Moreover, we explore the effect of these types of knowledge search within different sectoral patterns of innovation. Our empirical analysis rests on a sample of almost 5000 firms from five Western European countries. The results support our hypotheses and highlight the potentials and shortcomings of different types of knowledge search. 相似文献
14.
突破性创新已成为企业盈利和增长的关键性力量。针对既有文献对突破性创新驱动因素的研究不足,考察了高绩效工作实践系统和知识扩散对跨国公司在华突破性产品创新的影响关系。基于165家在华跨国公司高层管理人员填写的调查问卷,采用因子分析和结构方程模型对研究假设进行检验。实证结果揭示了高绩效工作系统的三种实践:工作轮换、员工培训和跨部门沟通对突破性产品创新的前置效应以及知识扩散对突破性产品创新与企业绩效的传导机制,同时,本文还发现突破性创新导向的技术战略可以显著提高在华跨国公司的运营绩效。最后,论述了本文的理论贡献、实践价值、不足和进一步研究的方向。 相似文献
15.
One of the most intriguing aspects of the recent empirical literature on FDI-related spillover effects is the increasing identification of mixed results. A few studies, particularly in advanced countries have found positive effects; however, a more common scenario in recent studies is the prevalence of insignificant or even negative effects. This is despite the fact that theory predicts substantial positive effects in association with a supposed technological superiority of MNCs relative to domestic firms, particularly in the context of less advanced countries. In this paper, by distinguishing subsidiaries according to their orientation to carry out creative vs. exploitation activities in the host economy, we are able to distinguish situations with positive and negative spillover effects, and we explain why they may be emerging. More specifically, we find that only subsidiaries that are oriented to technologically creative activities have a significantly positive effect in India. In contrast, subsidiaries oriented mostly to technologically exploitative activities generate negative effects in some circumstances. The implications for theory and policy are discussed. 相似文献
16.
跨国公司母子公司之间的知识转移研究:一个情境的视角 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
跨国公司母子公司之间的知识转移,是跨国公司在更大范围内扩展其竞争优势的必要前提之一。跨国公司所积累的国别性专有知识产生于各东道国特定的社会政治、经济和文化背景下,因此,跨边界知识转移的有效性必然受到知识特性因素、宏观的文化和制度因素以及微观的企业因素等一系列情境因素的影响。 相似文献
17.
This paper examines how innovation-related capabilities for production, design and marketing develop at the subsidiary level within multinational enterprises (MNEs). We focus on how subsidiary autonomy and changing opportunities to access external (host country) sources of capability contribute to the accumulation of specialist capabilities in five Taiwan-based MNE subsidiaries in the semiconductor industry. Longitudinal analysis shows how the accumulation process is subject to discontinuities, as functional divisions are (re)opened and closed during the lifetime of the subsidiary. A composite set of innovation output measures also shows significant variations in within-function levels of capability across our sample. We conclude that subsidiary specialisation and unique subsidiary-specific advantages have evolved in a way that is strongly influenced by the above factors. 相似文献
18.
Barriers to innovation have mainly been studied in a single country context. This paper studies differences in the perception of innovation barriers between innovative and non-innovative firms for 18 EU countries. The countries are grouped by their distance to the technological frontier using Community Innovation Surveys for the years 2002–2004 and 2004–2006. The results show that knowledge barriers related to the availability of skilled labour, innovation partners and technological knowledge are more important for firms located in countries close to the frontier, while the opposite is true regarding the availability of external finance. Moreover, while the share of innovators decreases with the distance to the technological frontier, the share of firms not interested or in no need of innovation increases. This is consistent with the idea that as firms approach the technological frontier, they increasingly need to focus on the creation of own knowledge and the adoption of innovation-based growth strategies to stay competitive. 相似文献
19.
从跨国公司母子公司知识冲突对知识转移绩效的影响机理出发,运用实验研究方法对知识冲突与知识转移绩效的关系进行了假设检验。研究结果表明,结构型知识冲突和存量型知识冲突对知识转移的个体绩效、团队绩效、组织绩效具有正向影响作用;关系型知识冲突对知识转移的个体绩效、团队绩效、组织绩效具有负向影响作用;跨国公司母子公司知识转移的个体绩效、团队绩效、组织绩效呈现出层层递进的演进机制。结构型知识冲突和存量型知识冲突属于良性知识冲突,适度的良性冲突对提升跨国公司母子公司知识转移绩效水平具有积极的促进作用。关系型知识冲突属于恶性知识冲突,对跨国公司母子公司知识转移绩效水平具有消极的负面效应。 相似文献
20.
Federica Saliola 《Research Policy》2009,38(2):369-381
This paper combines insights from different streams of literature to develop a more comprehensive framework for the analysis of knowledge transfer via value chain relationships. We integrate the existing literature in three ways. First, we consider value chain relationships as a multi-facet process of interaction between buyers and suppliers, involving different modes of knowledge transmission and development. Second, we assess whether and to what extent value chain relationships are associated with the presence of multinationals and with their embeddedness in the host economy. Third, we take into account the capabilities of local firms to handle the technology as a factor influencing knowledge transfer through value chain relationships. Using data on 1385 firms active in Thailand in 2001-2003, we apply a multinomial logit model to test how the nature and intensity of multinational presence and the competencies of local firms affect the organization of international knowledge transfer. We find that knowledge intensive relationships, which are characterized by a significant transmission of technical and organizational competencies along the value chains, are positively associated with the presence of global buyers in the local market, with the efforts of MNCs to adapt technology to local contexts, and with the technical capabilities of domestic firms. By contrast, the age of subsidiaries and the share of inputs purchased locally appear to increase the likelihood of value chain relationships with a lower technological profile. 相似文献