共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
李章吕 《喀什师范学院学报》2009,30(2):30-33
摹状词理论认为,专名有涵义,专名与一个或一簇摹状词同义,其指称是通过专名的涵义来确定的。但是,克里普克对此却提出了反对意见,认为摹状词理论没有弄清专名和摹状词之间的区分,事实上,专名没有涵义,是严格指示词,而摹状词有涵义,是非严格指示词。在做出上述区分的基础上,克里普克提出了历史的因果的命名理论,指出名称的指称是通过一系列历史的、因果的传递链条而确定的,而不是由某个摹状词决定的。 相似文献
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付志扬 《四川师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2005,(Z1)
一内涵与外延密尔提出专名和通名的区别主要在于:专名只有外延而无内涵;通名则既有内涵,又有外延。专名只能在同一意义上被正确地用于某一对象,通名则能在同一意义上被正确地用于某一类事物中的每一个事物。密尔认为专名表示我们所谈论的是哪种东西,而没有告诉我们任何关于这种东西的事情,如把某条狗命名为“菲多”,这个专名指称这条狗,可它并不能提供任何关于这条狗的性格、习性、长像等信息。而通名指示一些主体,这些主体是通名的外延,它们具有某些特性,这些特性就是通名的内涵,人们根据通名的内涵去决定通名的所指即外延。例如,人这个通名具有“有生命的,有理性的,会用语言交流的”等等特性。二涵义与指称弗雷格在专名的问题上与密尔持不同看法,他认为专名也是有含义的,专名与对象对应,概念词/通名与概念相联系,不论是词、复合指号或表达式,只要指称了一个单一的对象,都被看作是专名。“专名(词,指号,复合指号,表达式)表达它的涵义,并且命名或指示它的指称,我们令指号表达它的涵义并且命名它的指称”。可见,弗雷格在一定程度上把专名的涵义等同于某些相关的限定摹状词的涵义。在《论涵义与指称》中,弗雷格举例谈了指号(名称,词组,表达式),指号的指称和指号的涵义... 相似文献
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辛燕 《唐山师范学院学报》2004,26(1):35-36,108
专名问题及指称问题是语言哲学的基本问题。弗雷格对专名的理解相当宽泛，并认为专名通过他所谓的涵义(sense)间接地与实在相联系。而罗素与其意见相左，严格区分了专名和摹状词这两种符号，并提出了逻辑专名和普通专名在指称功能上的不同，断言一切真正的专名(即逻辑专名)都直接地进行指称。摹状词则不是直接指示某一个体，只有在其他符号的上下文中才具有意义。 相似文献
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本文对专名的涵义和指称问题研究的历史、现状进行了梳理，考察了两种专名指称理论，并提出了对专名指称理论的讨论我们应进行的反思。指出，哲学家们对专名涵义的理解不同造成了混乱；关于专名的涵义和指称问题，也很难提出一个一劳永逸的解决方案。 相似文献
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朱耀平 《华侨大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2012,(3):14-20
罗素认为,摹状词与专名的根本区别在于它并不指称某个对象,因此不应当像对待专名那样来对待摹状词,即不能根据有无指称来判定摹状词的意义。在斯特劳森看来,罗素的摹状词理论的根本问题在于它脱离语句的具体使用场合来谈论语句的真假或其中的某个语词的指称,把语词的意义与它的指称混为一谈。无论是专名还是摹状词,就它们本身来说并不具有指称某个对象的作用,像罗素那样把"是否指称某个对象"作为划分专名与摹状词的标准是错误的。此外,与罗素运用"自我中心词"的概念将摹状词截然二分不同,斯特劳森认为就所有的摹状词的"所指"都与说话者的语境有关而言,它们都可以看作是"包含自我中心词的摹状词",而"不包含自我中心词的摹状词"则可以作为当"包含自我中心词的摹状词"的指称对语境具有最小程度的依赖性时所发生的极端情况来看待。 相似文献
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名称的涵义与指称——从穆勒到克里普克 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
冯棉 《华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》1997,(3)
对名称的涵义与指称的研究是逻辑哲学的一个重要课题。在近代逻辑史上,穆勒和弗雷格代表了名称理论的两个方向。穆勒对词项作了内涵词项与非内涵词项的区分,前者指示实体又蕴涵属性(如通名),后者只指示个体而不具有涵义(如专名)。弗雷格则坚持:在一个完善的语言中,所有名称无一例外地既有指称又有涵义。本文遵循历史发展的脉络,对从穆勒到克里普克的名称理论作了综述和评论,在此基础上,作者建构了新的关于专名的可能世界簇摹状词理论。 相似文献
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对专名涵义与指称的研究,历来是语言学和逻辑哲学研究中的一个重要课题。该文首先简述语言哲学中的两大流派:以弗雷格、罗素、维特根斯坦为代表的摹状词理论和以克里普克为代表的历史因果指称论,然后扼要地探讨两种理论的优缺点。在专名问题上,摹状词理论和历史因果命名理论是相互补充的,前者突显命名初始阶段的内涵性理据,后者突显命名后使用过程的传承历史。专名产生的初始环节应该和专名运用的复杂环节相结合,才能真正地了解专名意义的产生与发展。 相似文献
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专名是严格的指示词,摹状词是非严格的指示词.确定名称的指称不必诉诸意义,只需要经过一个历史因果的命名链条,就可以确定一个名称的指称.由严格指示词构成的同一性真命题才是必然的真命题.历史因果命名理论与以往那种或多或少地将名称与意义联系起来的理论都不相同,它从根本上反对名称与意义有任何必然的联系. 相似文献
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张汉生 《湖南城市学院学报》1999,(4)
在西方逻辑学界,专名问题一直是一个引起人们争议的问题。专名是否有涵义？它是如何指称的？对于这两个问题,作为两派具有代表性的专名理论,即“摹状词说”和“历史因果命名理论”均给不出一个圆满的回答。其实关于专名是否有涵义的争议主要源于逻辑学家关于专名和涵义的标准的不统一,专名指称的确定是摹状词说和历史因果命名理论共同作用的结果。 相似文献
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Syntax has been noted to play an important role in word learning in English; it distinguishes the fundamental conceptual difference between individuals (coded as proper nouns), nonindividuals (coded as mass nouns), and classes of individuals (coded as count nouns). The Japanese language does not have grammatical markers flagging the distinctions between count nouns and mass nouns, between proper nouns and common nouns, or between singulars and plurals. How Japanese 2- and 4-year-olds assign meaning to novel nouns associated with familiar and unfamiliar animals and inanimate objects was studied in the research reported here. When a novel label was given to an unfamiliar object, children assumed it to be a name for a basic-level object category whether the referent was an animal or an inanimate object. If the named object already had an established name, and if the object was an inanimate object, the children mapped the noun to a subordinate category. When the named object was an animal, however, they tended to interpret the label as a proper name. These results demonstrated that in the absence of useful information from syntax, 2-year-old Japanese children are able to fast map a noun to its meaning by elegantly coordinating word-learning biases and other available sources of information. 相似文献
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Infants watched an experimenter retrieve a stuffed animal from an opaque box and then return it. This happened twice, consistent with either 1 animal appearing on 2 occasions or 2 identical-looking animals each appearing once. The experimenter labeled each object appearance with a different novel label. After infants retrieved 1 object from the box, their subsequent search behavior was recorded. Twenty-month-olds, but not 16-month-olds, searched significantly longer for a second object inside the box when the labels were both proper names than when they were 1 count noun followed by 1 proper name. The effect was not significant when proper names were replaced by adjectives. Twenty-month-olds' understanding of meaning distinctions among several word categories guided their object individuation. 相似文献
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Acquiring Proper Nouns for Familiar and Unfamiliar Animate Objects: Two-Year-Olds' Word-learning Biases 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
D. Geoffrey Hall 《Child development》1991,62(5):1142-1154
In 2 studies, 2-year-old children learned a novel word modeled as a proper noun (e.g., "This is Zav") for an animate stuffed toy. Children who learned the word for a familiar object (i.e., one for which they knew a basic-level count noun for the kind) interpreted the word appropriately as a proper noun reliably more often than children who learned the word for an unfamiliar object (i.e., one for which they did not know such a count noun). When the creature was familiar, children typically interpreted the novel word as if it were a proper noun referring uniquely to the labeled individual. When the animal was unfamiliar, children frequently interpreted the word as if it were a count noun referring to a kind of object. Children's spontaneous comments during the tasks provided striking additional evidence that their interpretations of the proper noun varied with the familiarity of the object. The results suggest that young children's sensitivity to the form class of proper nouns is affected by the familiarity of the referent object. The findings are discussed in terms of interpretative biases in word learning. 相似文献
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区域性地名的多元组合和语义类型——以山东省安丘市村名为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
李玲 《广东技术师范学院学报》2008,(11)
地名具有强烈的延续性和稳定性,是人类文化史的活化石。地名中的村名具有特殊的结构形式,具有偏正式、联合式、动宾式和附加式等词或固定短语的结构。村名中语义类型的结构元素有“通名”和“专名”．其间包括地理特征、方位和姓氏、物产、情感观念、历史变迁等要素。 相似文献
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牛和林 《襄樊职业技术学院学报》2008,7(6):122-124
香烟名称属于商品语言词汇系统中的专有名词,与其他词语一样,包括音、形、义三个方面。它的主要功能是用来指称和标识的,不仅具有其他商品名称的一般特征,而且更具有自己明显的特色。 相似文献
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This research investigated how children interpret the meaning of a new word associated with a familiar artifact. The existing literature has shown that syntactic form-class information plays an important role in making this kind of inference. However, this information is not available to Japanese children, because Japanese language does not have a grammatical distinction between count nouns and mass nouns, proper nouns and common nouns, or singular and plural. In Study 1, 12 three-year-old monolingual Japanese children were tested to examine whether they interpreted a new noun associated with a familiar artifact to be a material name or a new label for the object. They interpreted the new word as a new category label for the object, rather than as a name for the material. How children related the new category to the old familiar one was then examined in Studies 2 and 3. The results of Study 2, in which 24 three-year-olds participated, showed that children could flexibly shift between two interpretations using shape information. When the named object had a typical shape for the familiar category, they mapped the new word to a subordinate category. In contrast, when the shape of the named object was atypical, they mapped the new word to a new category that was mutually exclusive to the familiar category by excluding the named object from the familiar category. In Study 3, 12 three-year-olds were tested to examine relative importance of shape and functional information in this inference process. The results of the three studies suggest that children flexibly recruit clues from multiple sources, but the cluesare weighed in hierarchical order so that they can determine the single most plausible solution in a given situation when different clues suggest different solutions. 相似文献
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Children under 21 /2 years old tend to interpret novel words in accordance with the Mutual Exclusivity Principle, but tend not to reinterpret familiar words this way. Because alternative principle have been proposed that only predict the novel word effects, and because tests of the familiar word effects may have been flawed, a new test was administered. In Experiment 1 ( N = 32), 24- to 25-month-olds heard stories in which a novel noun was used for an atypical exemplar of a familiar noun. When asked to select exemplars of the familiar noun, they showed a small but reliable tendency to avoid the object from the story. In Experiment 2 ( N = 16), the novel nouns in the stories were replaced by pronouns and proper names, and the children did not avoid the story object in the test of the familiar noun. Thus, the aversion to this object that was observed in Experiment I was not due to its greater exposure or its being referenced immediately before testing, but to toddlers' Mutual Exclusivity bias. Their bias is hypothesized to be a form of implicit probabilistic knowledge that derives from the competitive nature of category retrieval. 相似文献
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In 4 experiments, we examined how young children incorporate new word meanings into their lexicons. 2-year-olds were each taught a new noun for an object that already had a known label (e.g., a "fep" for a dog). Children's interpretations of the new nouns were assessed by asking subjects to select the named toy from an array of 4 toys (e.g., "Point to a fep"). The experiments were designed to determine which of several possible semantic relations between novel and familiar words was most consistent with children's performance. It was found that children often seemed to interpret the new word as referring to a subordinate of the known category. This tendency was reduced when the named object could sensibly receive a proper name (e.g., when the named object was a stuffed animal), particularly when children had to consider both the familiar and the novel label for the object in the same session. Although not all alternative explanations have been ruled out, these results suggest that, from a very young age, children may spontaneously form language hierarchies when they hear a novel work for an object that already has a familiar name. 相似文献
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汉语中宾语前数量词的出现与否会对一些句法结构产生制约。有些宾语前如果没有数量词,句子就不能成立或不自由,而有些句子的宾语前却排斥数量词。从这些句子宾语的指称来看,有的是定指的、有的是不定指的,还有的属于无指。但不管哪一种指称情况,名词宾语前数量词的出现与否都与其在篇章中的地位密切相关,以数量名形式出现的宾语常常会充当后文的主题,数量词把名词宾语前景化。突出其指称的对象在话语中的显著性。 相似文献
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英语姓名所包涵的文化内容极其丰富,它不但折射英语国家的历史文化,反映某个时代特征,而且还寄寓着人们的情感和希望。随着我国经济的发展,中国人与国际间的接触日益频繁,为了交流的便利,许多人觉得取一个英文名很有必要,了解英语姓名文化是你取一个地道而得体的英文名字的前提。 相似文献