共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 453 毫秒
1.
冯晨昱 《天津市教科院学报》2004,(2):89-92
一、建构主义的教学观 建构主义是认知主义理论的一个分支,被认为是目前最具前景的学习理论,它与行为主义的区别在于:行为主义认为学习是通过建立刺激与反映之间的联结。教育者的目的在于传递客观世界的知识,学习者的目标是在这种传递过程中达到教育者所确定的目标,得到与教 相似文献
2.
何先友 《湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版)》1997,(2)
本文系统地探讨了现代西方学习心理学关于奖励和惩罚的观点和研究，指出联结派学习理论强调的是外部奖惩对学习的影响，认知派学习理论强调的是内部奖惩的效果，对两派的观点进行了评论，并指出未来研究的方向。 相似文献
3.
一、多媒体教学的心理学依据
在学习理论领域中，心理学家形成了不同的学派。归纳起来主要是相互对立的联结派和认知派。认知派认为学习是刺激（S）与反应（R）的连接过程，并把学习看作是对外部刺激作出被动反应。而认知派在近20年发展较快，它强调认知主体的内部心理过程，并把学习看作是信息加工主体的认知活动。随着心理学家对人类学习过程认知规律研究的不断深人，认知学习理论的一个重要分支——建构主义学习理论在西方逐渐流行。由于多媒体计算机和网络通讯技术所具有的多种特性特别适合于实现建构主义学习环境，可以作为建构主义学习环境下的理想认知工具，因而能有效地促进学生认知的发展。当代高新技术。特别是多媒体技术的发展，为我们提供了足够的技术支撑，使我们传统的用“一张嘴巴”干巴巴的说教变成多感官的刺激，使抽象的变得具体、形象：使看不见的变成看得见的；使静的变成动的。这就使我们有可能为学生创设一个尽可能真实的情景，更加符合学生的认识规律，更能为学生所接受。 相似文献
4.
从20世纪中叶认知心理学经历的重大变革出发,对后现代认知心理学的学习理论作详细评价,描述了从认知心理学的联结主义取向发展到认知心理学吸收了联结主义的思想形成了具有后现代主义特色的新的研究取向的过程,阐发了一种后现代认知心理学的新范式,即认知心理学的生成观。 相似文献
5.
建构主义——革新高等教育教学改革 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
一、建构主义——学习理论的新发展
心理学对人类学习现象的解释已经出现了行为主义、认知主义和建构主义等主要学说。其中建构主义是学习理论中行为主义发展到认知主义后的进一步发展。
行为主义重视刺激、反应、强化的安排与联结，重视可视行为的表现与变化，进而进一步认为学习就是通过强化建立刺激与反应之间的联结链， 相似文献
6.
刺激反应学习理论和认知学习理论是目前国内外争论较多、影响较大的两大学习理论体系。而把认知学习理论引入刺激反应联结过程中，把学习的内外部条件结合起来。这一新设想，暂称为认知联结说。这种新的学习理论认为学习的实质在于通过主动认知联结，形成认知结构和能力。 相似文献
7.
黄芳 《中华活页文选(教师版)》2013,(1):19-21
认知主义学习理论与行为主义学习理论相对立。该理论认为，学习就是面对当前的问题情境，在内心经过积极的组织，从而形成和发展认知结构的过程，强调刺激反应之间的联系是以意识为中介的，强调认知过程的重要性。认为学习在于内部认知的变化，学习是一个比S—R联结要复杂得多的过程。谈理论注重解释学习行为的中间过程，即目的、意义等，认为这... 相似文献
8.
安秀梅 《山西大学师范学院学报》2007,6(6):122-124
行为主义哲学把习得语言看作是条件反射的结果，而认知理论把学习语言看作是学生根据所掌握的语法规则创造语言的能力。任务型语言学习理论认为，通过完成一系列需要解决问题的任务达到学习．目的，而人本主义语言学习理论认为，语言教学不仅是教语言而且是帮助学生得到自身的发展。 相似文献
9.
20世纪以来,西方学习理论主要分为行为主义学习理论和认知学习理论两大流派,两者各具特点,但又有本质区别。前者十分关注学习过程的内部规律,后者更多地强调了学习主体在学习过程中的重要意义。本文概括了行为主义学习理论和认知学习理论的基本观点,有助于进一步认识英语的教育理念和教学规律,从而有利于提高英语教学质量。 相似文献
10.
学习是“学习者因经验而引起的行为、能力和心理倾向的比较持久的变化。这些变化不是因成熟、疾病或药物引起的,而且也不一定表现出外显的行为。”不同的学习理论对学习从不同的视角予以解读。行为主义学习理论认为学习是刺激、反应之间的联结,外部刺激是积极因素;认知主义学习理论认为学习是学习者内部的信息加工过程,外部条件只是学习发生的环境,学习者自身是积极因素;建构主义与情境认知则将学习置于情境之中,把关注点放在学习者的意义建构和外部情境,揭示了个体与环境之间的互动关系,从而将行为主义学习理论向外的视角和认知主义学习理论向内的视角相整合。 相似文献
11.
《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2012,36(2):131-140
This article explores a teaching approach that aims to engage learners more fully in the deep learning process that is characterised by the development of critical thinking skills. The concept of critical thinking skills is reconsidered in the context of the need to shift focus away from teaching teachers about learning to teaching students about learning. A cross‐disciplinary approach is used, with the educational theory of interactional learning being placed alongside the literary theory of reception study. The result of placing these hitherto unconnected theories side by side is to open up a debate concerning the rhetoric we use when discussing the value of learning, by introducing a new discourse concerning ‘dialogue strategies’. This case study of the potentials in using dialogue strategies during a lecture illustrates how students’ conceptual sophistication in cognitive thinking is achieved by asking them to scrutinise their own involvement in the learning experience. 相似文献
12.
Knud Illeris 《European Journal of Education》2015,50(1):29-40
This article is an account of how the author developed a comprehensive understanding of human learning over a period of almost 50 years. The learning theory includes the structure of learning, different types of learning, barriers of learning as well as how individual dispositions, age, the learning environment and general social and societal conditions influence learning possibilities. All this started when the author, aged 27, broke off his career as a travel agent and joined a course for matriculation at the university. He found this course extremely ineffective and got the idea that a firm knowledge about how human learning takes place might be a starting point for the development of more engaging and effective learning, teaching, schooling and education. Over the years, he gathered inspiration from a broad range of learning theorists such as Piaget, Rogers, Ausuble, Leithäuser, Schön, Kolb, Furth, Mezirow, Kegan and his own Danish instructor, Thomas Nissen. But the theory was built up as his own structure by critically adding new elements from the examination of other theories and carefully analysing experience from teaching, supervising and observing learning courses at all levels from primary school to adult education and university studies. 相似文献
13.
从操作理论、信息加工理论,社会建构者理论和社会认知理论等经典学习理论流派的角度阐述自我调节学习的实质和范畴。 相似文献
14.
从认知到情境:学习范式的变革 总被引：88，自引：0，他引：88
学习的情境理论强调学习过程中个体与其所依存的物理和社会文化历史情境的相互作用 ,在学习的实质、内容、方式以及教育应用等诸多方面 ,情境理论都呈现出与认知理论有所不同的新范式。情境理论对以往的学习理论具有一定的整合作用 相似文献
15.
多媒体学习的认知机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
多媒体学习的认知机制是从两个层面上加以研究的。一个层面是专门的多媒体认知机制理论,包括双重编码理论、多媒体学习模型与新双重编码理论,另一个层面是一般性的认知机制理论,包括工作记忆模型、分布式认知理论、认知负荷理论以及生成学习理论等。这些理论对前一层面的模型起支撑作用,并能指导对多媒体学习的深入研究。但是,多媒体学习的认知机制研究应当是以建构主义学习理论而不是认知主义的学习理论为背景的,应当具有大脑认知神经科学的证据予以支持,应当是关注学习的情境性问题。 相似文献
16.
认知的改变是行为改变的前提,一直以来人类通过不同的学习理论认知世界,从早期的行为主义学习理论到认知主义学习理论、建构主义学习理论再到情境学习理论,人类文明的不同发展阶段需要不同的学习理论来引领。本文把情境学习理论运用于大学生实习过程,打通学校课堂和实际工作场景之间的隔阂,把整个实习工作场景结构化、情境化,把整个工作场景当做课堂,通过改造我们的学习方法,让学生转变单一的课堂学习方式,学会在实践中如何学习,如何成长。 相似文献
17.
强化理论是当代学习心理学最重要的理论之一,广义上的强化理论包括桑代克的效果律、斯金纳的操作强化理论和班杜拉的认知强化理论。发展的强化理论已从S—R条件作用理论转向为认知交互作用理论,强化因此而被赋予了特殊的涵义。 相似文献
18.
合作学习的基本理论及其借鉴意义 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
合作学习是20世纪70年代初在美国兴起的教学理念。合作学习理论的代表人物之一罗伯特.斯莱文在其文章中着重阐述了合作学习的动机理论、社会凝聚力理论、认知发展理论和认知精致化理论;另两位代表人物约翰逊兄弟则将合作学习理论分为认知发展理论、社会行为理论和社会互赖理论。合作学习是以学生为中心的教学理念;它的动力理论及凝聚力理论也与归因理论有着密切的联系。合作学习的中心是合作,但它也强调了如何尊重学生,如何调动学生的学习兴趣、提高他们学习的动机,如何组织教学和改革教学的形式,如何改进学习方法和教学环境,尤其是如何培养学生的综合素质。 相似文献
19.
An extensive body of research has indicated the benefits of collaborative, contextualised and enquiry-based learning for teachers’ professional development and school improvement. Yet professional learning is also known to be constrained by a number of factors, including the organisational limitations of schools, conflicting cultural practices and wider political demands. Schools–university partnerships have been developed to overcome some of these difficulties by transcending particular school contexts and offering alternative theoretical and practical perspectives. The complex combination of motivations, backgrounds and working contexts in such partnership work calls for attention to the individual and collective learning experiences of those involved, including the ways in which school and university contexts are, or could be, effectively bridged. This paper focuses on understanding the learning experienced by a cohort of teachers and school leaders involved in a two-year schools–university partnership Master of Education (M.Ed.) course in England. A mixed group of 15 experienced primary and secondary teachers and school leaders reflected on their learning at five points of time during and shortly after completing their M.Ed. course. Qualitative analysis of the group’s interview responses and reflective writing led to the identification of six related aspects of personal and professional learning experience: being a learner; learning as part of professional practice; widening repertoire; changing as a learner; personal growth; and critically adaptive practice. The identification and visual representation of these aspects of experience emerging within the group offers useful insight into teachers’ perspectives on learning in school and university contexts and their experiences of progression over time. We conclude that more explicit and central attention to the professional and personal learning elements of schools–university partnerships can help to resolve some of the binary ‘theory–practice’ tensions that have been extensively discussed in relation to partnership programmes and teacher professional development. There is a need to acknowledge variation in teachers’ learning experiences within schools–university partnerships, bearing in mind the ongoing nature of this reflective process with each new group of school and university colleagues. Analysis of participants’ learning experiences in school and university contexts also draws attention to the wider structures, values and cultures that influence, and are influenced by, schools–university partnership work. 相似文献
20.
Geoffrey Hall 《Learning & behavior》1996,24(3):233-255
Pavlovian conditioning is taken to reflect the formation of links between the central representations of stimuli. A link will be formed when presentation of the relevant stimuli is scheduled in a way that ensures that two representations are activated concurrently. Once this has occurred, a representation can be activated not only by the occurrence of the appropriate stimulus but also by way of the link. Evidence is reviewed to suggest that activation produced by this second route is, in some ways, functionally equivalent to direct activation; in particular, an associatively activated representation (animage) appears capable of forming further associative links with other event representations. Learning about associatively activated stimulus representations may play a role in a range of phenomena. Its contribution to the following is discussed: sensory preconditioning, second-order conditioning, acquired equivalence and distinctiveness, equivalence class formation, and the perceptual learning effect. Finally, consideration is given to the way in which existing theories of associative learning might be modified in order to accommodate this process. 相似文献