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1.
Two property regimes for software development may be distinguished. Within corporations, on the one hand, a Private Regime obtains which excludes all outsiders from access to a firm's software assets. It is shown how the protective instruments of secrecy and both copyright and patent have been strengthened considerably during the last two decades. On the other, a Public Regime among hackers may be distinguished, initiated by individuals, organizations or firms, in which source code is freely exchanged. It is argued that copyright is put to novel use here: claiming their rights, authors write ‘open source licenses’ that allow public usage of the code, while at the same time regulating the inclusion of users. A ‘regulated commons’ is created. The analysis focuses successively on the most important open source licenses to emerge, the problem of possible incompatibility between them (especially as far as the dominant General Public License is concerned), and the fragmentation into several user communities that may result. 相似文献
2.
The “free” in “free software” refers to a cluster of four specific freedoms identified by the Free Software Definition. The
first freedom, termed “Freedom Zero,” intends to protect the right of the user to deploy software in whatever fashion, towards
whatever end, he or she sees fit. But software may be used to achieve ethically questionable ends. This highlights a tension
in the provision of software freedoms: while the definition explicitly forbids direct restrictions on users’ freedoms, it
does not address other means by which software may indirectly restrict freedoms. In particular, ethically-inflected debate
has featured prominently in the discussion of restrictions on digital rights management and privacy-violating code in version
3 of the GPL (GPLv3). The discussion of this proposed language revealed the spectrum of ethical positions and valuations held
by members of the free software community. In our analysis, we will provide arguments for upholding Freedom Zero; we embed
the problem of possible uses of software in the broader context of the uses of scientific knowledge, and go on to argue that
the provision of Freedom Zero mitigates against too great a moral burden—of anticipating possible uses of software—being placed
on the programmer and that, most importantly, it facilitates deliberative discourse in the free software community. 相似文献
3.
数字资源开放式授权协议研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章从内容、应用、兼容性等方面探究了GNU自由文档许可证、知识共享协议等主要的开放式授权协议,阐释其对知识生产的促进作用。对于推动开放式授权协议在我国的实践应用具有积极意义。 相似文献
4.
我国科普文化产业发展战略框架研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在定义科普文化产业化的基础上,将科普文化产业分为公益性、准公益性和商业性三个领域,并系统阐明了科普文化产业化发展中的十大关系,提出了科普文化产业微观和宏观两种不同发展模式,及十八条发展科普文化产业的对策建议。 相似文献
5.
This article proposes a syntactic parsing strategy based on a dependency grammar containing formal rules and a compression technique that reduces the complexity of those rules. Compression parsing is mainly driven by the ‘single-head’ constraint of Dependency Grammar, and can be seen as an alternative method to the well-known constructive strategy. The compression algorithm simplifies the input sentence by progressively removing from it the dependent tokens as soon as binary syntactic dependencies are recognized. This strategy is thus similar to that used in deterministic dependency parsing. A compression parser was implemented and released under General Public License, as well as a cross-lingual grammar with Universal Dependencies, containing only broad-coverage rules applied to Romance languages. The system is an almost delexicalized parser which does not need training data to analyze Romance languages. The rule-based cross-lingual parser was submitted to CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies. The performance of our system was compared to the other supervised systems participating in the competition, paying special attention to the parsing of different treebanks of the same language. We also trained a supervised delexicalized parser for Romance languages in order to compare it to our rule-based system. The results show that the performance of our cross-lingual method does not change across related languages and across different treebanks, while most supervised methods turn out to be very dependent on the text domain used to train the system. 相似文献
6.
Claims about the potential of free software to reform the production and distribution of software are routinely countered
by skepticism that the free software community fails to engage the pragmatic and economic ‘realities’ of a software industry.
We argue to the contrary that contemporary business and economic trends definitively demonstrate the financial viability of
an economy based on free software. But the argument for free software derives its true normative weight from social justice
considerations: the evaluation of the basis for a software economy should be guided by consideration of the social and cultural
states which are the ultimate goals of any economic arrangement. That is, the software economy should be evaluated in light
of its ability to provide justice. We conclude with a discussion of possible avenues for reform. 相似文献
7.
在Web2.0网络时代,用户会收集各种来源的数字资源,加以混合、拼贴出新作品,所以网络著作权的问题一直存在。本文在分析web2.0与创作共用协议的内容基础上,探讨了web2.0与创作共用协议之间的关系,认为web2.0的许多特性和创作共用协议相互影响,创作共用协议是为了解决web2.0应用模式所遇到的著作权难题而应运而生的产物。 相似文献
8.
Sofia Kaliarnta 《Ethics and Information Technology》2016,18(2):65-79
In a special issue of “Ethics and Information Technology” (September 2012), various philosophers have discussed the notion of online friendship. The preferred framework of analysis was Aristotle’s theory of friendship: it was argued that online friendships face many obstacles that hinder them from ever reaching the highest form of Aristotelian friendship. In this article I aim to offer a different perspective by critically analyzing the arguments these philosophers use against online friendship. I begin by isolating the most common arguments these philosophers use against online friendship and proceed to debunk them one by one by pointing out inconsistencies and fallacies in their arguments and, where needed, offering empirical findings from media and communication studies that offer a more nuanced view on online friendships. I conclude my analysis by questioning the correctness of the application of the Aristotelian theory of friendship by the critics of online friendship: in my view, the critics are applying the Aristotelian theory to online friendships in a rather narrow and limited way. Finally, I conclude my thesis by proposing that in the rapidly changing online landscape, a one-size-fits-all application of the Aristotelian theory on friendship is not sufficient to accurately judge the multitude of relationships that can exist online and that the various positive and valuable elements of online friendships should also be acknowledged and analyzed. 相似文献
9.
《International Journal of Information Management》2017,37(4):339-349
Software vendors often provide free downloads of free trial versions of software but normally with some restrictions attached (e.g., time and/or functionality restrictions). The question arises as to what extent the restrictions could influence a user’s propensity to procure the full version. This study seeks to answer this question through two important theoretical backbones: expectation-disconfirmation and coping. Based on these two theories, we built a research model of a user’s coping reactions toward software trial restrictions. A field experiment was conducted to verify the hypotheses. Results show that negative disconfirmation on time/functionality restriction positively influenced the adoption of rational thinking strategy, which in turn positively influence the level of action coping. As a result, the degree to which rational thinking and action coping strategy were exploited positively influenced a user’s willingness to pay for the full-version software. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
10.
David M. Douglas 《Ethics and Information Technology》2011,13(3):185-197
Like the ownership of physical property, the issues computer software ownership raises can be understood as concerns over
how various rights and duties over software are shared between owners and users. The powers of software owners are defined
in software licenses, the legal agreements defining what users can and cannot do with a particular program. To help clarify
how these licenses permit and restrict users’ actions, here I present a conceptual framework of software rights and duties
that is inspired by the terms of various proprietary, open source, and free software licenses. To clarify the relationships
defined by these rights and duties, this framework distinguishes between software creators (the original developer), custodians
(those who can control its use), and users (those who utilise the software). I define the various rights and duties that can
be shared between these parties and how these rights and duties relate to each other. I conclude with a brief example of how
this framework can be used by defining the concepts of free software and copyleft in terms of rights and duties. 相似文献
11.
“公众理解科学”运动的内涵演变及其启示 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着科学技术和社会的发展以及民主进程的推进,西方"公众理解科学"运动的内涵与形式在20多年经历着不断的演变,从以科学共同体为主体的公众理解科学发展到科学共同体、政府和公众共同参与的科学理解公众.本文通过回顾、总结"公众理解科学"的历史背景及发展历程,分析和研究了科学与社会、公众的关系的演变过程以及变化的原因、解决方案,并提出了其对我国科技政策领域的借鉴意义. 相似文献
12.
We use Brownian dynamics with hydrodynamic interactions to calculate both the Kirkwood (short-time) diffusivity and the long-time diffusivity of DNA chains from free solution down to channel confinement in the de Gennes regime. The Kirkwood diffusivity in confinement is always higher than the diffusivity obtained from the mean-squared displacement of the center-of-mass, as is the case in free solution. Moreover, the divergence of the local diffusion tensor, which is non-zero in confinement, makes a negligible contribution to the latter diffusivity in confinement. The maximum error in the Kirkwood approximation in our simulations is about 2% for experimentally relevant simulation times. The error decreases with increasing confinement, consistent with arguments from blob theory and the molecular-weight dependence of the error in free solution. In light of the typical experimental errors in measuring the properties of channel-confined DNA, our results suggest that the Kirkwood approximation is sufficiently accurate to model experimental data. 相似文献
13.
Luc Small 《Ethics and Information Technology》2007,9(3):179-186
I explore philosophically the phenomenon of home wireless networks as used to share broadband Internet connections. Because
such networks are frequently unsecured, third parties can use them to access the Internet. Here I consider carefully whether
this kind of behaviour should be properly called theft. I begin with a brief non-technical introduction to 802.11 wireless
networks. Subsequently, I present a four part argument – appealing to the unsecured nature of the networks discussed, entrenched
software and hardware behaviours, trespass law, and the openness of ‹public park’ spectrum – suggesting that this kind of
behaviour is permissible and should not be construed as theft. Substantively, I conclude that, despite the quite compelling
considerations that these arguments bring to bear, this behaviour is theft. Additionally, I draw attention to significant flaws in the design and implementation of wireless technology (specifically
in the out-of-the-box configuration for wireless access points and in the wireless connectivity of early versions of Windows
XP) that facilitate the intentional and unintentional theft of Internet bandwidth. I suggest some simple mechanisms that could
be incorporated into the technology which would serve to remove the ethical ambiguity in its usage by third parties, including
adding the ability for a network owner to explicitly mark her network as not for public use,␣and changes to default hardware
and software behaviours. I conclude by encouraging increased use of value-sensitive design practices in the development of
future wireless technologies. 相似文献
14.
Thomas C. Anderson 《Ethics and Information Technology》2000,2(3):153-158
Many who speak glowingly about the possibilities for human relations in cyberspace, or virtual communities, laud them precisely because such communities are to a great extent free of the real spatial-temporal restrictions rooted in the limitations of our bodies. In this paper I investigate the importance of the body in establishing and maintaining human relations by considering the thought of the twentieth century French philosopher Gabriel Marcel. Because Marcel emphasized the central importance of the body in one's personal self-identity as well as in initiating and maintaining intersubjective bonds in human communities, he is able to offer some interesting reflections on the character of virtual communities. I suggest that a number of the features of cyberspace and its communities that make it attractive to many are precisely the characteristics that Marcel would consider detrimental to establishing intimate lasting human communities. I conclude by indicating why I think that Marcel would be concerned that certain trends in our high tech culture may well lead many to prefer ``living' in virtual, rather than real communities. 相似文献
15.
16.
Relationships between open source software companies and communities: Observations from Nordic firms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper deals with the relationships between firms and communities in open source software (OSS). A particular feature of OSS is that important resources are not directly controlled by firms, but partly reside within communities that co-exist with the firms. Despite this, firms explicitly try to utilize the resources within these communities in order to create and appropriate value. Consequently, the relationships that firms have to these communities influence their way of doing business. Based on case studies of Nordic OSS firms, a typology consisting of symbiotic, commensalistic, and parasitic approaches to handle the firm-community relationship is developed. Depending on the chosen approach, firms encounter different managerial issues and also use different operational means of subtle control. While firms relying on a symbiotic approach have greater possibility to influence the community through subtle means of control, they are also confronted with more challenging managerial issues. 相似文献
17.
政府支出对居民消费的影响一直以来是经济学领域研究的热点问题,也是世界各国政府较为广泛关注的重要问题。围绕这个问题进行探讨开始于20世纪80年代,总结国内外学者的众多研究方法,主要有欧拉方程研究思路和协整分析思路这两种方法。沿着欧拉方程分析思路,借鉴Karras模型对政府支出对居民消费的影响进行实证分析。 相似文献
18.
19.
企业合作复杂网络研究——以汽车制造业为实证的分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从复杂网络的角度对企业合作网络进行研究，看其是否拥有复杂网络的统计特征。据此，分别从理论和实证两个方面进行了分析，首次提出了企业合作复杂网络的形式化定义。通过对汽车制造业的实证分析，所得到的实证结果表明汽车制造业的企业合作网络是一个复杂网络。 相似文献
20.
Alfonso Gambardella 《Research Policy》2006,35(6):875-892
We study the production of knowledge when many researchers or inventors are involved, in a setting where tensions can arise between individual public and private contributions. We first show that, without some kind of coordination, production of the public knowledge good (science or research software or database) is sub-optimal. Then we demonstrate that if ‘lead’ researchers are able to establish a norm of contribution to the public good, a better outcome can be achieved, and we show that the general public license (GPL) used in the provision of open source software is one such mechanism. Our results are then applied to the specific setting where the knowledge being produced is software or a database that will be used by academic researchers and possibly by private firms, using as an example a product familiar to economists, econometric software. We conclude by discussing some of the ways in which pricing can ameliorate the problem of providing these products to academic researchers. 相似文献