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1.
The effect of increased development and professionalization in elite Association Football referee training and the relationship with reduced home advantage in the English professional leagues were examined. The central aim was to chart the evolution of referee training, and how these developments in referee training have assisted in reducing home advantage. Interviews were conducted with elite and ex-elite referees, as well as those involved in the management, training and administration of elite referees in order to identify more recent adaptations to elite referee training and further explain the relationship between training and the reduction in home advantage. Findings indicate training and support is pronounced within elite refereeing has developed appreciably over time, and has contributed significantly to an increase in performance, decision-making correctness and subsequent decline in home advantage. 相似文献
2.
Tom Webb 《Soccer & Society》2017,18(1):47-62
The structure employed in England for referees and elite referees is something which has evolved as the game of Association Football has developed over time. This referee promotion, support and management system has changed more rapidly since the inauguration of the Premier League and latterly since the introduction of ‘full-time’ or ‘professional’ referees. The change in the promotion and support for elite referees has necessitated changes to that management structure at the elite level in particular. This article has utilized historical research to analyse the changes to these structures alongside semi-structured interviews as a means of analysing this evolving network for elite referees. Findings indicate that support for the changes which have occurred in elite refereeing regarding the establishment of ‘full-time’ referees are opposed, with alternating views also encompassing the current structure employed for managing elite referees in England and the pathways utilized for referee promotion. 相似文献
3.
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the effect of positioning on the correctness of decision making of top-class referees and assistant referees during international games. Match analyses were carried out during the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Confederations Cup 2009 and 380 foul play incidents and 165 offside situations were examined. The error percentage for the referees when indicating the incidents averaged 14%. The lowest error percentage occurred in the central area of the field, where the collaboration of the assistant referee is limited, and was achieved when indicating the incidents from a distance of 11-15?m, whereas this percentage peaked (23%) in the last 15-min match period. The error rate for the assistant referees was 13%. Distance of the assistant referee to the offside line did not have an impact on the quality of the offside decision. The risk of making incorrect decisions was reduced when the assistant referees viewed the offside situations from an angle between 46 and 60°. Incorrect offside decisions occurred twice as often in the second as in the first half of the games. Perceptual-cognitive training sessions specific to the requirements of the game should be implemented in the weekly schedule of football officials to reduce the overall error rate. 相似文献
4.
Stuart Galloway 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1125-1126
Abstract In association football, two similar but arguably different refereeing roles are required, those of the referee and assistant referee. Role specificity was investigated with a foul play assessment task and an offside decision-making task. Deliberate practice was investigated to account for role-specific differences. First, role specificity was clearly observed. Second, years of officiating, hours of practice per week, and number of matches officiated were each positively correlated with skill. The results support role specificity in association football refereeing. Further research should help to create role-specific perception and decision-making training programmes both for referees and assistant referees. 相似文献
5.
足球裁判员是足球比赛的督促检查执行者,裁判水平的高低对足球竞赛工作的顺利进行具有举足轻重的作用。系统分析当前中国足球裁判队伍存在裁判人口少、执法水平较低、裁判培训机制落后等现状问题,并提出相应的对策和合理化建议,以期为中国足球裁判员的水平提升提供一些理论参考。 相似文献
6.
该文运用文献资料法、问卷调查法,通过调查甘肃省校园足球裁判的职业、裁判等级分布、学历现状,以及甘肃省校园足球裁判的后备人才储备、裁判员地域分布与裁判员讲师队伍培养现状,立足甘肃校园足球裁判发展实情,从推动裁判员队伍常态化建设、稳步提升校园足球裁判综合素质能力、完善校园足球裁判员队伍梯队建设、提高校园足球裁判待遇水平、加强甘肃足协和校园足球竞赛主管部门的交流等方面为切入点,制定出推动甘肃省校园足球裁判又好又快发展的策略,旨在为甘肃校园足球裁判发展提供理论支撑。 相似文献
7.
足球裁判能力的培养与提高,对足球运动的发展起到积极推动作用,是足球竞赛工作的重要保证。本文通过模拟教学手段,结合足球选项课裁判教学的特点,运用模拟临场裁判的实际操作,并施加必要的手段,设计出一套模拟裁判教学程序,达到有效提高学生裁判执法,水平,旨在改进和提高足球选项课法规及执法的教学质量。 相似文献
8.
Media interest in the association code of football is an accepted part of the modern form of the game. The impact of this increased attention from the media can be traced both through an understanding of the developing media/sport relationship during the 1920s and 1930s and specific examples of this burgeoning relationship through the career of W.P. Harper, a prominent referee, who recorded and maintained some of the press coverage he received during his career. This paper explores the embryonic impact of the media on referees, utilizing W.P. Harper as an example, charting incidents during his career and the associated media coverage that these high profile examples received. The consideration afforded to the early role of the media, and the direct impact on referees, assists in a greater understanding of the development of this relationship and therefore an increased comprehension of the role of the media in Association Football in the game today. 相似文献
9.
The topic of corruption in football has recently shifted from the periphery to the centre of social scientific attention. Although it is a topic of growing interest, research into corruption in football has been empirically limited and not adequately developed in theory. In this paper, the author studies referee bribery in Chinese professional football leagues, which would be helpful to compensate for the relative absence of experience and theories. By qualitatively analyzing primary and secondary sources, the author, using unspoken rules as a theoretical perspective, reviews referee bribery related to corruption in Chinese football. According to this study, bribing referees in Chinese professional football leagues between 1998 and 2009 was a common practice and deemed to be an unspoken rule by all football clubs. This paper identifies three forms of bribing referees to manipulate matches: paying off referees, manipulation of referees by CFA officials, and investing in emotional bonds. By describing bribe giving as an unspoken rule, the author looks at the widespread referee bribing and its tacit acknowledgement by clubs. This study focuses on examples related to Chinese football leagues; however, it also provides a framework under which corruption in international football can be understood and analyzed. 相似文献
10.
现代足球比赛是快速、富于竞争、充满激情的竞赛,为了取胜夺标,比赛双方在身体、技术、作风、心理、战术思想的对抗越演越激烈,对抗性已成为现代足球运动发展趋势。同时,对足球裁判员的要求也越来越高,足球裁判员在比赛中判罚的准确性对比赛的顺利进行至关重要。足球裁判员是足球场上的组织者和法官。裁判员的水平直接影响着足球比赛的质量,对犯规准确性的判罚是衡量裁判员水平的标准。本文采用调查访问及问卷调查法,对初级裁判员临场执法的错漏判因素进行探讨。结果发现存在理论与实际判罚脱离、判罚降格处理、红黄牌亮出等等问题。找出不利裁判员准确判罚的因素加以研究,对提高足球裁判员水平有着重要的促进作用。 相似文献
11.
我国男子足球裁判员的现状及发展对策 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
现代职业足球运动的发展对足球裁判员提出了更高的要求，为了与我国职业足球相适应，建立一支高水平的裁判员队伍是中国足球协会裁判委员会需要解决的问题。通过对我国优秀男子足球裁判员基本情况进行调查分析，指出中国要重视裁判员基层队伍的建设，建立规范的选拔、培训、考核体系、逐步提高我国足球裁判员的数量和质量，建立金字塔式的裁判员培养模式。 相似文献
12.
裁判职业化:足球职业化发展的必然趋势 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
职业足球由各个层次的职业人员构成。通过对足球职业化发展内在规律的认识，探讨了足球裁判职业化的概念及理论。透析了现今足球职业圈中的裁判业余化现状，指出裁判职业化是适应高水平比赛的客观要求和必然结果。并从6个方面瞻望推进裁判职业化给现代职业足球带来的美好前景。 相似文献
13.
AbstractThe history and issues surrounding elite football in Japan have been addressed by a number of scholars. However, grassroots football, although fundamental to the development of the code, has rarely been explored in the academic literature. In Japan, the importance of grassroots football has received heightened attention by the Japanese Football Association (JFA) since 2003, with 20% growth in the number of registered players under 12 years old from 2003 (262,956 players) to 2014 (315,178 players) a result of the JFA’s initiatives in this area. Japan is currently one of the most successful countries in Asia in terms of grassroots football development and the JFA won the Asian Football Confederation’s award, namely ‘The Best Member Association of the Year 2013 for Grassroots Football’. This paper explores the key driver behind the development of grassroots football development, namely the 47 Prefectural Football Associations, which provide programmes and technical, physical and promotional services which include activities to increase opportunities, facilities, coach education, elite pathways, and competitions for grassroots football. The paper concludes that the factors which have resulted in the success of Japan’s grassroots football revolve around governance of Prefectural Football Associations, coach education programmes, increased opportunities by clubs, leagues and schools, and collaboration with stakeholders within and outside of Prefectural Football Associations. 相似文献
14.
João Aragão e Pina Ana Margarida Passos Helena Carvalho M. Travis Maynard 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(6):692-700
Football is central to the lives of countless individuals around the globe. While most of the attention of those passionate about the sport is focused on the players, football referees are often just as important in shaping the outcome of the games. Therefore, research is increasingly examining the role of referees. Even so, our understanding of the factors that create an excellent football referee is still scarce.
Based on our analysis of the opinions of 24 football experts, we demonstrate the multidimensionality of excellence in the performance of football referees. From a Categorical Principal Components Analysis (CatPCA), we were able to pinpoint that football referee excellence is shaped by three distinct dimensions: individual preparation, game preparation and game management. Additionally, we were able to see if these perceptions were different from individuals “within” the game versus those “outside” the game. Namely, we used CatPCA to graphically display the main correlations between the latent dimensions of football refereeing performance and the “inside” and “outside” perspective of the game. The findings of our work contribute towards the knowledge of the factors that shape football referee excellence, while also highlighting areas in need of additional research attention. 相似文献
15.
AbstractMatch-fixing has been a key term in Chinese professional football since its inception in the early 1990s. In the light of notorious match-fixing scandals, criticism has arisen that the professionalization of football and the inflow of the free market system mirror the evils of capitalism in post-reform Chinese society. This paper, however, aims to offer an alternative perspective on the inherent governing deficiencies of Chinese professional football, to elaborate on the causes of these match-fixing incidents. By analyzing the status of each corruption-involved actor within the governance structure of Chinese professional football, the paper argues that the following factors collectively account for a large part of the historical and institutional causation of the rampant match-fixing scandals in Chinese professional football: the underplayed role of sport law; the overplayed role of Chinese Football Association officials; the ambiguous ownership and decision-making processes of the clubs; and, the powerless and unprotected role of the referees, the players, and the coaches. 相似文献
16.
我国足球裁判员管理现状与对策研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
运用文献资料法，专家访谈法，比较分析法对我国职业足球裁判员的管理现状－－裁判员的选派办法及原则，裁判员的监督体制，收支状况及裁判员的处罚等进行了论述，指出存在的一些主要问题，并从裁判员的选拔上岗、财产监察制度、俱乐部财务管理，司法介入力度、监督部门的独立性、“中超”的建立、裁判的职业化及舆论监督对我国裁判员的管理进行对策性研究，以期对我国足球的进一步深化改革有所裨益。 相似文献
17.
Tom Webb 《Soccer & Society》2018,19(2):205-221
The association football/media relationship has evolved since the sport was covered in newspapers, and on radio and television. The impact of the media on association football is undeniable with increased wealth in the game directly attributable to the increasing monetary value of television deals covering the English Premier League. This has, in turn, meant that refereeing decisions are now subject to intensified scrutiny and historically this has been identified as a significant source of pressure for referees. This article has utilized semi-structured interviews with the broadcast media in the UK alongside a notational analysis of 20 live Premier League matches in the 2013–2014 season, in order to analyse the pressure exerted by the media on referees. Findings indicate that the pressure on referees is not as great as previously accepted. Interviews and notational analysis demonstrate a more considered interpretation of the role of the referee today in association football. 相似文献
18.
本研究在深入调研的基础上,根据长拳竞赛规则的主要特点,结合现代电子计算机技术,构建编创长拳裁判员裁判练习多媒体系统软件,该软件将能够有效地辅助裁判员进行裁判练习,提高临场裁判能力,为竞技武术竞赛规范化的进一步发展提供帮助。 相似文献
19.
Christian Rullang Freya Gassmann Eike Emrich Christian Pierdzioch 《Sportwissenschaft》2016,46(3):232-240
In recent years unfair competition and match fixing have become an increasing focus of public attention. Uncovered instances of match fixing influence the integrity of football. In the field of professional football there are well-known cases, such as the Calciopoli scandal in Italy and the case of the German referee Robert Hoyzer, where referees were involved in match fixing. However, so far little is known about how often attempts are made to influence referees and their decisions in amateur football in Germany. Data from a large scale survey of referees (n = 4813) showed that approximately 10?% of referees in amateur football have already been approached in an attempt to influence their decisions by offers of money or non-cash benefits. Results of logistic regressions show various correlats of being approached for match fixing by offers of money or non-cash benefits. The probability of being approached increases with the duration of referee activity, the number of games refereed per year, and decreases with age. 相似文献
20.
对我国足球裁判学术研究的探讨 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
随着中国足球改革的进一步深入，中国足球取得了长足的进步，进入了2002年世界杯决赛圈，但与足球运动紧密相连的足球裁判改革确没有取得大的进展，尤其是关于足球裁判的科研显得匮乏。为了中国足球的职业联赛和中国足球的进一步发展，必须把足球裁判科研提高到认识论的高度，用理论指导实践，从而提高中国足球裁判员的整体执法水平。 相似文献