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Patent trolls (or sharks) are patent holding individuals or (often small) firms who trap R&D intensive manufacturers in patent infringement situations in order to receive damage awards for the illegitimate use of their technology. While of great concern to management, their existence and impact for both corporate decision makers and policy makers remains to be fully analyzed from an academic standpoint. In this paper we show why patent sharks can operate profitably, why they are of growing concern, how manufacturers can forearm themselves against them, and which issues policy makers need to address. To do so, we map international indemnification rules with strategic rationales of small patent-holding firms and large manufacturers within a theoretical model. Our central finding is that the courts’ unrealistic consideration of the trade-offs faced by inadvertent infringers is a central condition for sharks to operate profitably. 相似文献
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改革开放40年来，中国经济的发展令世人瞩目，也积累了大量的企业管理实践经验，以何种方法论对这些特色实践进行理论总结是管理学者必须思考的问题。扎根理论是得到国际学术界广泛认可的优秀方法论，但其经过多年发展已经形成学派的“丛林”，使初学者望而却步。本文在充分回顾国内外有关扎根理论的代表性研究基础上，梳理了扎根理论发展的脉络及不同学派，对最具代表性的经典扎根理论、程序化扎根理论、建构型扎根理论的数据编码流程进行了比较，基于定性与定量研究思想的视角梳理了其演化过程与路径。本文认为，“扎根精神”是扎根理论不同学派共同的学术精神，在秉持“扎根精神”的基础上交流融合是扎根理论未来的发展方向。基于“中国管理扎根研究范式”及已有研究基础，拟提出“扎根方法论（Zhagen Methodology）”，为推动中国本土管理研究、构建中国管理学派做出贡献。 相似文献
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Henry Leffmann 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1929,208(4):569-570
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We investigate if and to what extent the receipt of a “selective” subsidy – a public subsidy awarded through a competitive procedure – helps new technology-based firms (NTBFs) to access R&D alliances. In particular, we theoretically enquire and empirically analyze which founding team-level characteristics allow NTBFs to: i) get a selective subsidy; and ii) access an R&D alliance with another firm or a public research organization/university, once the subsidy is awarded. We use a sample of 902 NTBFs that operate in Italy, where industrial policy has never had an explicit and exclusive mandate neither for targeting NTBFs nor for easing their access to R&D networks. By means of several identification strategies and estimation methods, our results point to the relevance of selective subsidies in facilitating NTBFs to enter R&D alliances, independently from the objective of the policy measure. Second, founders’ technical education figures as a key determinant to get the first selective subsidy. Finally, founders’ previous industry-specific work experience allows NTBFs to better exploit the selective subsidy, by positively moderating the impact of the subsidy on the likelihood to establish a corporate R&D alliance. 相似文献
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Cajal,Golgi, Nansen,Schäfer and the Neuron Doctrine 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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