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1.

Background and aims

Over the last few decades, demographic change has affected the German population in terms of a decreasing proportion of young people and an increasing proportion of elderly people. Both age groups have deficits in motor performance in common, either due to maturation and secular declines (children and adolescents) or due to biologic aging (seniors). As a consequence, deficits in postural control and muscle strength can be observed in children, adolescents, and seniors. Given these functional limitations, it is not surprising that risk of falling and, thus, medical care is particularly high in these age groups. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to investigate whether resistance or balance training have an effect on intrinsic fall risk factors (i.e., deficits in balance and strength) in children, adolescents, and seniors.

Methods

Healthy prepubertal, adolescent, and elderly subjects participated in a series of longitudinal studies. Muscle strength of the lower extremities was assessed by means of an isokinetic device and/or force plates. Postural control was determined during quiet and perturbed stance on a balance platform, during unperturbed multitask walking on a pressure sensitive walkway, as well as during perturbed walking on a treadmill. In addition, activity of lower extremity muscles was recorded.

Results

Balance training significantly improved postural sway, the ability to compensate for stance and gait perturbations, and strength performance of the lower extremities in adolescents, and seniors, however not in prepubertal children. Resistance training significantly enhanced strength performance, but not performance in biomechanic tests assessing postural control in adolescents and seniors.

Conclusion

The investigated effects of balance and resistance training on postural control and strength together with data from epidemiologic studies imply that the combination of balance and resistance training is best suited for fall prevention, because it effectively counteracts a large number of intrinsic fall risk factors.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of this investigation is to assess the effectiveness of a 6-week balance training (BT) protocol, integrated in regular training sessions, on postural sway of young female volleyball players (n = 26, age 13.0 +/- 0.2 years) divided into two groups (intervention and control; 13 per group). Trials were performed for bipedal and unipedal stance conditions before and after the BT protocol, using a pressure platform to collect center-of-pressure (COP) time series that were processed to calculate sway area, COP path length, and maximum displacement range in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. The intervention group exhibited smaller sway areas in eyes closed conditions (intervention = 42.76 mm2, control = 67.60 mm2; p < 0.05) and Romberg quotients (intervention = 1.11 mm, control = 1.82 mm) in bipedal stance, while all the other parameters were unaffected. BT also reduced sway area (intervention = 122.70 mm2, control = 187.18 mm2) and anteroposterior COP displacements (intervention = 20.18 mm, control = 22.38 mm) of the non-dominant limb for single-leg stance. No significant change was found for the dominant limb. Although it is possible to hypothesize a beneficial effect of BT on young athletes, further investigations are required to clarify its actual effect on balance performance with respect to normal volleyball training.  相似文献   

3.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of maximal specific physical effort on postural balance and rifle stability in biathletes in a standing shooting position. The study included 10 junior elite biathletes. The measurements were taken with the Vicon system and AMTI force platform. Postural balance and rifle stability characteristics were determined at rest as well as 1 and 5 min post maximal specific physical effort which was performed on a ski ergometer and continued until exhaustion. Maximal physical effort exerted a significant effect on all examined postural sway and rifle sway characteristics. The duration of the post-exercise changes was longer than 5 minutes. Higher post-effort rifle sway was observed in the vertical direction than in the across the shooting line direction. Post-effort postural balance impairment in the shooting line was much greater than in the across the shooting line direction. Moreover, a strong correlation was found between postural balance and rifle stability. Maximal physical effort influenced postural balance and rifle stability during aiming. Rifle sway during aiming in a standing shooting position seems to be coordinated with the postural sway of the biathlete’s body. Thus, an increase in postural sway contributes to greater sway and lesser stability of the rifle.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to measure alterations in sensorimotor skills and balance resulting from slackline training and conventional balance training. Forty-three physically fit subjects were randomized into three groups. Two groups practiced three times a week for 15?minutes, including at least once supervised session, on the slackline or perform conventional balance training for 6 weeks. The control group was not allowed to perform any balance training. Before and after the intervention, the subjects underwent sensorimotor and strength tests. The results of our intra-class correlation analysis showed that the stability parameters from the multifunctional training device (MFT, 0.7), the height during the countermovement jump (CMJ, 0.95) and the maximum force (0.88) during leg press showed excellent reliability. A post hoc comparison indicated a larger effect of conventional training (almost 11% reduction in MFT stability) compared with slackline training in group-wide comparisons of the pre- to the post-training measurements. The factor analysis showed that stability and sensorimotor assessment using MFT were correlated, as were height during CMJ and maximal force during leg press, which represented dynamic strength. Because CMJ had the highest intra-class correlation value, it was chosen over maximum force from leg press. For these reasons, only two out of nine measured parameters, namely MFT stability and CMJ, were analysed across groups. The only observed difference between the two groups was MFT stability (slackline???1.5%, conventional???13%), whereas the improvement of CMJ was the same (slackline?+?3%, conventional?+?3%). It can be concluded that slacklining is partly complementary to conventional sensorimotor training.  相似文献   

5.
This 9-month randomised controlled workplace physical activity trial investigated the effects of soccer and Zumba exercise, respectively, on muscle strength, maximal jump height, sit-and-reach flexibility and postural sway among female workers. A total of 107 female hospital employees aged 25–63 were cluster-randomised to a soccer group, a Zumba group or a control group. Training was conducted outside working hours as two to three 1-h weekly sessions the first 3 months and once a week the last 6 months. Tests were conducted at baseline, after 3 and 9 months. The soccer group improved maximal neck extension strength both after 3 (1.2 kg; P < 0.05) and 9 months (1.7 kg; P < 0.01) compared to the control group. The Zumba group improved maximal trunk extension strength (3.1 kg; P = 0.04) after 3 months, with improvements in postural sway velocity moment (?9.2 mm2/s; P < 0.05) and lower limb lean mass (0.4 kg; P < 0.05) after 9 months. No significant intervention effects were revealed in vertical jump height or sit-and-reach flexibility. The present study indicates that workplace-initiated soccer and Zumba exercise may be beneficial for improvement of the neck and trunk strength, which may have preventive effects with regard to future perceived muscle pain in the respective body regions. Furthermore, the Zumba group revealed positive effects on lower limb lean mass and postural sway compared to the control group.  相似文献   

6.
该研究对40名自愿参与的男性大学生施加8周的功能性力量和传统力量训练,以期通过基于下肢运动生物力学、FMS和运动能力测试,探究功能性力量与传统力量的训练效果,进而为大学生进行功能性和传统力量训练提供理论依据与参考建议。研究分为实验组和对照组,对实验组进行了8周的功能性力量训练,对照组进行了8周的传统抗阻力量训练,并在训练前后分别进行了下肢内外翻力矩、FMS和运动能力测试。研究结论：（1）持续8周的功能性力量训练可以显著提高大学生的功能动作质量（FMS）,但与传统力量训练相比,并没有对功能动作质量的提高带来更显著的效果;然而对下肢运动生物力学的影响要显著优于传统力量训练。（2）持续8周的功能性力量训练与传统力量训练相比,更能提高大学生的速度能力、协调能力以及灵敏素质,然而其对下肢的弹跳能力的影响却远不如传统力量训练,弹跳能力仍需要进行大的抗阻力量训练才能得到显著提高。（3）功能性力量训练不能替代传统力量训练对于肌肉的力量、爆发力以及平衡能力的影响,因此,在力量训练时,应当考虑传统抗阻力量训练和功能性力量训练对运动能力的不同影响,有选择地进行训练。  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

Purpose: Trampoline parks are becoming popular in many countries, providing recreational facilities for children and adults. This study investigated the effects of trampoline training on knee muscles strength and balance in young adults. Methods: Twenty-six participants (14 males, 12 females) were randomized into trampoline training (TT) and resistance training (RT) groups to undergo a 6-week supervised intervention program (2 × 30 min per week). TT group performed basic trampoline exercises while the RT group performed resistance training targeting lower extremities muscles. Peak knee extension and flexion torque, postural sway characteristics, and Y balance test (YBT) performance were evaluated before and after the intervention. A mixed model analysis of variance (group × time) was applied. Results: After training there were significant improvements in knee extension torque (mean differencepost-pre [95% CI], TT: 0.27 [0.00, 0.54] N?m/kg, RT: 0.31 [0.09,0.54] N?m/kg, p = .001), knee flexion torque (TT: 0.25 [0.17,0.33] N?m/kg, RT: 0.21 [0.08,0.34] N?m/kg, p < .001), and dynamic balance (YBT composite scores, mean differencepost-pre [95% CI], TT: 4.9 [?0.3, 10.2]%, RT: 5.2 [2.4,8.0]%, p = .001). No difference between groups was found. Conclusion: Trampoline training can be as effective as resistance training for improving knee muscles strength and dynamic balance in young men and women.  相似文献   

8.
One of the challenges faced by aging people is de-creased postural stability and increased risks for falls.Thereis general agreement that postural control involves manysen-sory and motor systems,and a number of investigators havefound that ageis relatedto declinesin visual,vestibular,andsensorimotor functions[1].With increasing age,the timerequired to process and integrate sensory information andmotor reactionincreases[2].Proprioception,the afferent infor-mationregarding body position and bala…  相似文献   

9.
目的：采用Meta分析系统评价整合性神经肌肉训练（INT训练）对运动员运动表现不同效应指标影响的确切效果,为促进INT训练在运动员训练实践中的应用提供依据。方法：截至2020年8月10日,检索Web of Science、Pubmed、Medline、CNKI、Wan Fang、VIP数据库中关于INT训练对运动员群体力量、速度、跳跃、平衡、灵敏协调等素质干预的随机对照实验文献,由2名研究者独立对纳入文献进行筛选、数据提取及质量评价,使用Reviewer Manager 5.3软件进行效应量合并、敏感性分析、亚组分析和异质性检验,运用Stata14.0软件进行Meta回归和发表偏倚分析。结果：16篇文献中108份研究纳入Meta分析,其低偏倚风险11篇,中等偏倚风险5篇,纳入分析总样本量809人。Meta分析结果显示：（1） INT训练对最大力量有显著性影响,对于受试者下肢力量促进效果优于上肢;（2） INT训练对短跑能力影响的合并效应量不具有显著的统计学意义,除Lindblom研究外,其他2项测试结果呈阳性,INT训练干预后,成年受试者短跑测试成绩明显提升;（3） INT训练对跳跃能力有显著性影响,训练周期和测试方式的差异可能是造成效应量异质性较高的原因;（4） INT训练对平衡能力有显著性影响,训练周期、干预频次/周和测试方式的差异可能是造成效应量异质性较高的原因;（5） INT训练对灵敏素质有显著性影响,性别、年龄和干预时间的差异可能是造成异质性较高的原因。结论：INT训练对于青少年组,男性组运动员最大力量水平产生更好的效应,且对于下肢力量促进效果显著优于上肢;对于成年组运动员短跑和冲刺能力的提升效果优于未成年组;对于成年组、女性组运动员跳跃能力产生更好的训练效应,总效应量随干预时间的减少而降低,且对于纵跳、单脚侧、前跳能力的提升效果优于多级跳;能显著影响并提升运动员单腿支撑平衡能力;对于运动员在变向、加减速度灵敏协调素质的提升效果明显。INT训练对运动员运动表现促进效果大小与受试者运动经历、训练目标的导向、干预的周期、频次和时间等因素密切相关。  相似文献   

10.
As hill jumps are very time-consuming, ski jumping athletes often perform various imitation jumps during training. The performed jumps should be similar to hill jumps, but a direct comparison of the kinetic and kinematic parameters has not been performed yet. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate 11 common parameters during hill jumps (Oberstdorf Germany), squat jumps (wearing indoor shoes), and various imitation jumps (rolling 4°, rolling flat, static; jumping equipment or indoor shoes) on a custom-built instrumented vehicle with a catch by the coach. During the performed jumps, force and video data of the take-off of 10 athletes were measured. The imitation and squat jumps were then ranked. The main difference between the hill jumps and the imitation and squat jumps is the higher maximal force loading rate during the hill jumps. Imitation jumps performed on a rolling platform, on flat ground were the most similar to hill jumps in terms of the force–time, and leg joint kinematic properties. Thus, non-hill jumps with a technical focus should be performed from a rolling platform with a flat inrun with normal indoor shoes or jumping equipment, and high normal force loading rates should be the main focus of imitation training.  相似文献   

11.
应用Imoove动态平衡测试训练系统,让下肢有伤病的运动员在三维动态不稳定平台上,保持身体稳定,做出抗干扰反应,有针对性地进行了为期8周的组合动作康复训练,测试分析三维动态不稳定平台开展康复训练的效果。康复训练后,运动员的协调性、平衡能力有所提升,特别是协调性得到了比较明显的提高。为优选康复训练方案、提高康复训练效果提供科学依据。  相似文献   

12.
羽毛球运动员的下肢快速力量训练不仅指爆发力训练,起动和二次启动、制动、反应力等快速力量对运动员的能力有非常重要的影响。负重训练法、跳深练习法、组合训练法、综合训练法对运动员提高不同形式的快速力量都有一定效果,但要偏重提高具体的快速力量,在训练中根据运动员的实际情况选择合适的训练方法进行针对性训练。  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The ageing neuromuscular system is affected by structural and functional changes that lead to a general slowing down of neuromuscular performance and an increased risk of falling. As a consequence, the process of ageing results in a reduced ability to develop maximal and explosive force, as well as in deficits in static and dynamic postural control. A decrease in the number and size of type II fibres in particular accounts for the age-related decline in muscle mass (sarcopaenia) and strength performance. Multiple denervation and re-innervation processes of muscle fibres seem to be responsible for the reduced number of muscle fibres. Recently, it has been suggested that it is not the decline in motoneurons that accounts for the loss in number of muscle fibres but the disturbed potential of fibre regeneration and re-innervation. Furthermore, an age-related reduction in the number of satellite cells has also been associated with sarcopaenia. The ability to compensate for platform and gait perturbations deteriorates with ageing as reflected in longer onset latencies and inefficient postural responses. All sites within the somatosensory system are affected by ageing and therefore contribute to postural instability. However, morphological changes of muscle spindles appear primarily to be responsible for the impaired ability to compensate for balance threats in old age. Given these neuromuscular limitations in old age, it is important to apply adequate training interventions that delay or even reverse the onset of these constraints. Strength training has the potential to enhance maximal as well as explosive force production capacity. This is accomplished by neural factors, including an improved recruitment pattern, discharge rate, and synchronization of motor units. Furthermore, an increase in number of satellite cells most likely accounts for training-induced muscle hypertrophy. Recent studies have investigated the impact of balance training in old age on the ability to develop maximal and explosive force. In addition, the effects of balance training on reflex activity during gait perturbations were also examined. Increases in maximal and explosive force production capacity and an improved ability to compensate for gait perturbations were observed. It is evident from the literature that researchers are increasingly studying the effects of more specifically designed training programmes on performance in populations of older adults. Thus, in the near future, strength training could be replaced by high-velocity forms of power training and balance training by perturbation-based training programmes. It is hypothesized that this new approach is more efficient in terms of fall prevention than the traditional approach.  相似文献   

14.
To investigate the impact of unilateral balance training on postural control of the trained and contralateral limb in healthy elderly. Fifty-one healthy old adults were randomly assigned into training group (TG) and control group (CG). Participants of the TG performed unilateral balance training (dominant (DOM) leg) over 4 weeks (4×/week). Centre of pressure analysis was performed at baseline, 5 weeks follow-up and 9 weeks follow-up under the following conditions: (1) one-leg stance without additional task, (2) one-leg stance with motor task and (3) one-leg stance with cognitive task. From baseline to 5 weeks follow-up, a mixed analysis of variance detected a significant time × group interaction for the DOM leg (P < 0.05), indicating higher improvement of the TG in comparison to CG. No significant interaction effect was found for the non-DOM leg. Within the TG, the non-DOM leg significantly improved in mean velocity (P = 0.001) and anterior–posterior range (P < 0.001). Unilateral balance training was effective to improve postural control of the trained leg. The effect on the contralateral leg was small and not significant within this study design. Improvements were retained after 4 weeks without training. A tendency is given that unilateral balance training might be beneficial to improve postural control of the contralateral leg.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this investigation is to assess the effectiveness of a 6-week balance training (BT) protocol, integrated in regular training sessions, on postural sway of young female volleyball players (n = 26, age 13.0 ± 0.2 years) divided into two groups (intervention and control; 13 per group). Trials were performed for bipedal and unipedal stance conditions before and after the BT protocol, using a pressure platform to collect center-of-pressure (COP) time series that were processed to calculate sway area, COP path length, and maximum displacement range in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. The intervention group exhibited smaller sway areas in eyes closed conditions (intervention = 42.76 mm2, control = 67.60 mm2; p < 0.05) and Romberg quotients (intervention = 1.11 mm, control = 1.82 mm) in bipedal stance, while all the other parameters were unaffected. BT also reduced sway area (intervention = 122.70 mm2, control = 187.18 mm2) and anteroposterior COP displacements (intervention = 20.18 mm, control = 22.38 mm) of the non-dominant limb for single-leg stance. No significant change was found for the dominant limb. Although it is possible to hypothesize a beneficial effect of BT on young athletes, further investigations are required to clarify its actual effect on balance performance with respect to normal volleyball training.  相似文献   

16.
Recurve archery is an Olympic sport that requires extreme precision, upper body strength and endurance. The purpose of this research was to quantify how postural stability variables both pre- and post-arrow release, draw force, flight time, arrow length and clicker reaction time, collectively, impacted on the performance or scoring outcomes in elite recurve archery athletes. Thirty-nine elite-level recurve archers (23 male and 16 female; mean age?=?24.7?±?7.3 years) from four different countries volunteered to participate in this study prior to competing at a World Cup event. An AMTI force platform (1000Hz) was used to obtain centre of pressure (COP) measurements 1s prior to arrow release and 0.5s post-arrow release. High-speed footage (200Hz) allowed for calculation of arrow flight time and score. Results identified clicker reaction time, draw force and maximum sway speed as the variables that best predicted shot performance. Specifically, reduced clicker reaction time, greater bow draw force and reduced postural sway speed post-arrow release were predictors of higher scoring shots. It is suggested that future research should focus on investigating shoulder muscle tremors at full draw in relation to clicker reaction time, and the effect of upper body strength interventions (specifically targeting the musculature around the shoulder girdle) on performance in recurve archers.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

This study examined the influence of holding a bag with one hand on the center of foot pressure (COP) and the electromyographic responses in lower leg muscles. Thirteen healthy male adults participated in this study to keep an upright posture while holding a load with the dominant hand with four bag weight conditions (0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the jerk strength). Integrated Electromyography (iEMG) and mean power frequency (MPF) of EMG were calculated to estimate the degree of muscle activity and fatigue in the tibialis anterior and soleus that are involved in ankle joint control. Body sway was evaluated by the mean position of left-right (X) and front-back (Y) axis sway and the following 4 body sway factors; unit time sway factor (F1), front-back sway factor (F2), left-right sway factor (F3), high frequency band power spectrum factor (F4). When holding a bag at 45% MVC or more of the jerk strength with a single hand for one minute, muscle activity in the lower leg on the side of the bag increased markedly, and muscle fatigue was induced in the antigravity muscles of both legs. As a result, anteroposterior sway increased to a short, quick sway.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

This study aimed to determine whether arm crank ergometry (ACE) disturbed postural sway to the same extent as cycle ergometry (CE). Nine healthy, none specifically trained adults undertook posturographic tests before and after five separate exercise trials consisting of: two incremental exercise tests to exhaustion for ACE and CE to examine postural sway responses to maximal exercise and to determine peak power output (Wmax); two subsequent tests of 30 min duration for ACE and CE at a relative workload corresponding to 50% of the ergometer-specific Wmax (ACErel; 53 ± 8 W and CErel; 109 ± 16 W). A final CE trial was performed at the same absolute power output (CEabs) as the submaximal ACE trial to match absolute exercise intensity (i.e., 53 ± 8 W). The centre of pressure (COP) displacement was recorded using a force platform before, immediately after exercise and during a 30-min recovery period. ACE had no effects on postural sway (P > 0.05). An increase in mediolateral COP displacement was observed following maximal CE only (P = 0.001), while anteroposterior COP displacement and COP path length increased following maximal and submaximal CE (P < 0.05). These differences in postural sway according to exercise mode likely stem from the activity of postural muscles when considering that CE recruits lower limb muscles involved in balance. This study provides evidence of an exercise mode which does not elicit post-exercise balance impairments, therefore possesses applications to those at an increased risk of falling.  相似文献   

19.
目的:检测太极拳蹬腿动作支撑腿和动作腿的协调活动,揭示中枢双重命令下的下肢运动控制的特征.方法:太极拳运动员和初学者各10人,分两组.记录太极蹬腿动作时下肢肌肌电图、双下肢关节的角运动、足底中心压力的移位.每次试验8 s完成,重复5次.统计处理后,做肌电、运动和平衡分析.鲒果:两组间支撑腿的EMG、关节活动和COP位移出现了在形态上和幅度上的差别,但是在动作腿多表现在幅度上的差别.运动员支撑腿的平均EMG都高于初学者,只有股直肌有显著差异;运动员膝和髋关节的平均最大运动角度小于初学者,踝关节的平均最大运动角度稍稍比初学者大,只有髋关节的平均最大运动角度较为显著.运动员动作腿的平均EMG只有股直肌和胫骨前肌显著地高于初学者,而臀中肌显著地低于初学者;所有关节的平均最大运动角度都是运动员的显著大于初学者.平均足底中心压力的侧方和前后方位移都是运动员的显著大于初学者.运动员动作腿的起始运动约250～350ms,滞后于支撑腿起始运动的延迟时间.结论:运动员和初学者都可以用踝-髋策略来调节单腿直立的姿势平衡,但是运动员能够启动一个根据任务需要的前馈控制技术,通过下肢肌的积极活动,预先形成一个对抗蹬腿反作用力干扰的姿势稳定.因此,训练太极拳可以获得这个前馈控制技术.持续降低重心时,初学者的蹬腿和支撑两任务间出现了相互冲突.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Objective: the main objective was to analyze the effects that an exercise programme based on the Pilates method would have on balance confidence, fear of falling, and postural control among women ≥60 years old. Methods: a total of 110 women (69.15?±?8.94 years) participated in this randomized, controlled trial that took place in Jaén (Spain). The participants were randomly assigned to either a control group (n?=?55), which received no intervention, or to a Pilates group (n?=?55), which carried out an exercise programme based on the Pilates method in 60-minute sessions for 12 weeks. The Falls Efficacy Scale-International and the activity-specific balance confidence scale were respectively used to assess fear of falling and balance confidence in performing activities of daily living. Postural control was evaluated using a stabilometric platform. Results: Regarding balance confidence, the Pilates group showed higher values compared to the control group (77.52?±?18.27 vs 72.35?±?16.39, Cohen’s d?=?0.030). Women in the Pilates group showed lower fear of falling, compared to those of the control group (22.07?±?5.73 vs 27.9?±?6.95, Cohen’s d?=?0.041). Finally, concerning static balance, participants of the Pilates group experienced statistically significant improvements on the velocity and anteroposterior movements of the centre of pressure with eyes open and closed respectively (Cohen’s d?=?0.44 and 0.35 respectively). Conclusion: A 12-week Pilates training programme has beneficial effects on balance confidence, fear of falling and postural stability, in elderly women.  相似文献   

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