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Stephen E. Erfle Corey M. Gelbaugh 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2013,17(2):150-166
Histograms of push-ups and curl-ups from a sample of more than 9,000 students show periodic spikes at five and 10 unit intervals. This article argues that these spikes are related to focal points, a game theoretic concept popularized by Nobel Laureate Thomas Schelling. Being focal on one test makes one more likely to be focal on the other. Focal students (whose push-up score is a multiple of 5 and whose curl-up score is a multiple of 10) behave differently from their non-focal peers. They are more likely athletic, older, and male. Focal students, on average, did 2.2 more push-ups, 1.7 more curl-ups, and ran the mile 15 seconds faster than non-focal students, even controlling for these covariates of performance. By contrast, being focal on a single activity did not produce a statistically significant mile time difference. Students who systematically stop at focal outcomes appear differentially motivated toward physical activity performance. 相似文献
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Abstract To better understand the contextual interference effect, in two experiments we investigated a form of practice schedule that provided novices with systematic increases in contextual interference. This new type of practice schedule was compared with traditional blocked and random scheduling for two types of sports skills. In Experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that practising variations of the same task with systematic increases in contextual interference would lead to superior performance compared with blocked or random scheduling. Participants practised golf putting tasks following a blocked, random or increasing schedule, which involved initial blocked trials, followed by serial practice trials, and ended with random scheduling. Participants who followed the increasing schedule had superior retention test performance. In Experiment 2, we tested if these learning benefits were observed when learning tasks controlled by different generalized motor programs. Participants practised three different basketball passes (chest, overhead, single arm) in a blocked, random or increasing schedule. Participants practising with gradual increases in contextual interference performed better on retention and transfer tests than participants practising with blocked or random scheduling. The results of these two experiments indicate that a practice schedule offering systematic increases in contextual interference facilitates skill learning. 相似文献
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Abstract The Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) was developed as a multidimensional, sport-specific measure of individual differences in sport achievement orientation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a stable, three-factor structure across three separate samples of university and high school students. The three separate but related subscales of competitiveness, win, and goal orientation demonstrate high internal consistency and stability over time. The SOQ competitiveness score differentiates students in competitive activities from those in noncompetitive activities, providing evidence for construct validity. The overall factor stability, reliability and validity evidence suggests that the SOQ can be a valuable measure for the investigation of competitiveness and achievement behavior in sport and exercise settings. 相似文献
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采用文献资料法、访谈法、问卷调查法、比较分析法和数理统计法,随机抽取武汉市城区2所省重点（包括初中部和高中部）和2所市重点中学以及武汉市远城区4所中学,对8所中学400名初高中毕业班学生参加体育课活动情况和运动不足状况了调查。结果表明：升学压力和学习压力影响了中学毕业班学生体育活动的时间,降低了活动兴趣;中学毕业班学生运动不足率达73.8%,高中毕业生比初中更严重,女生比男生严重;运动不足学生的体育价值观和体育喜欢度与运动组学生也存在显著差异。因此,针对存在的现状问题,应尽快研究建立＂三结合体育教育＂即学校体育、家庭体育、社会体育有效结合协调的管理机制;还需要学校体育活动内容的全面落实;大力全宣传体育的身心健康价值,引导学生的体育行为,树立正确的体育态度和体育价值取向,逐渐形成终身体育意识。 相似文献
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《Sport Management Review》2017,20(4):365-378
The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect that participating in extracurricular sporting activities has on academic performance among students in higher education. Prior research on this topic has yielded contradictory results: while some authors find a positive effect of sports participation on academic outcomes, others report a negative impact. Accordingly, the authors seek to provide a more rounded understanding of these mixed findings. The empirical evidence is provided by a panel dataset of undergraduate students who studied at a Spanish University over the period 2008–2014. The academic performance of sports participants are compared with those of non-participants in terms of their outcomes in the form of grades. Results reveal that participation in formal sporting activities is associated with higher grades among students at this university. The analysis reinforces the idea that apart from their health benefits for practitioners, sporting activities lead to the attainment of the performance goals to which higher education institutions aspire. 相似文献
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Mullen SP 《运动与训练心理学杂志》2011,33(5):710-733
The purpose of these studies was to examine the relationship between perceptions of exercise-related changes (i.e., perceived mastery and physical change) and certainty with regard to the self-as-exerciser. It was hypothesized that seeing "change" would be associated with more favorable levels of exercise self-certainty and behavior relative to "no change." Online surveys were repeatedly administered across 4 months (Study 1) and 4 weeks (Study 2) to 196 university students (M(age) = 20.17), and 250 community dwellers (M(age) = 38.44), respectively. Data were analyzed via latent variable modeling procedures. Consistent with hypotheses, latent classes (i.e., subgroups) reflecting interindividual differences in levels and trajectories of perceived change were associated with distinct patterns of self-certainty and exercise behavior. The findings suggest that adults who experience mastery of skills and physiological changes also have greater self-certainty and exercise more regularly than those who do not see progress or feel as certain of their exercise identity. 相似文献
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颜意娜 《西安体育学院学报》2007,24(6):127-130,F0003
基于目前国内体育活动与心理素质教育结合的思想,采用多元方差和回归设计,对300名在校大学生进行了包括心理适应能力、人际关系综合能力、自信心3份问卷和体育活动参与情况的调查。结果表明:经常参加艺术体育类活动的大学生在自信心方面表现出了相对较高的水平;经常参加体育活动的大学生比不经常参加体育活动的大学生在心理素质方面表现出了较高的水平;每周参加2次及以上体育活动的大学生比只参加1次的大学生在人际关系方面表现出了较高的水平。每周参加3次或以上体育活动的大学生在心理适应方面表现出了较高的水平;每次参加体育活动的时间与大学生的自信心存在高相关,预测模式显示每次参加体育活动时间越长的大学生,自信心表现越强。 相似文献
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通过对湖北体育院校大学生体育消费现状调查,分析发现：体育院校大学生的体育消费水平不高,体育实物消费占主导地位;大学生对国外体育品牌的认知度较国内体育品牌高,强身健体、兴趣爱好、丰富课余生活是大学生体育消费的最主要目的;大学生体育消费性别差异明显,消费渠道倾向于实体专卖店;而质量、价格、品牌成为大学生体育消费考虑的前三位因素。进一步模型实证结果表明,月平均生活费、体育锻炼频率、年级、性别对大学生体育消费水平影响显著,体育运动场所、体育消费渠道则影响不显著。据此,提出完善体育院校大学生体育消费行为的对策建议。 相似文献
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对北京和香港两地小学生奥林匹克教育计划作用效果的比较研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
就奥林匹克教育计划对香港、北京两地学生作用的效果进行比较研究。结果显示:经12周的实验后,无论香港还是北京的活动实验组,在奥林匹克知识方面都获得了极大的提高。同时,教师也在体育课上越来越多地讲授相关的奥林匹克知识(P<0.01)。在培养学生公平竞争和行为的道德观念方面,香港地区的理论实验组和活动实验组在道德理性和行为方面的得分远远高于对照组(P<0.01)。北京的活动实验组在道德取向方面的得分远远高于对照组和理论实验组(P<0.01),而活动实验组和理论实验组在道德行为方面的得分远远高于对照组(P<0.01)。实验后两地区间的所有变量并不存在显著性差异。 相似文献
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine: (a) if preperformance behaviors display a consistent rhythm across disparate activities; and (b) the relationship of periodicity for such preperformance routines to successful performance. Seven male volunteers were subjects for this study. Each subject had an established ritual for golf putt, basketball free throw, and tennis serve. Data were collected with a motion-analysis system and video camera while the subjects performed each activity. Dependent measures were types of preperformance behaviors, absolute timing of behaviors, relative timing of behaviors, differences in relative times across activities, and successful performance, and mechanical variables related to performance. Analysis of variance (Subject x Activity) indicated significant main effects and interactions for absolute and relative timing of behaviors. Significant correlations were determined to exist between relative time and success, and differences were found between relative times across activity and successful performance. It was concluded that rituals result from endogenous rhythms and that stable periodicity of behaviors across activities promotes successful performance. 相似文献
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高压氧对急性力竭性运动后血乳酸清除和肝酶谱恢复的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为了探讨HBO对力竭性运动后机体乳酸代谢和血清肝细胞酶的影响,让20名体育系男大学生在自行车功率计上运动至力竭,然后随机分成HBO组和对照组,他们分别在HBO和自然状态下恢复约120Min。在运动前、运动后和运动后2小时(恢复期)测定血清乳酸含量和LDB,ALAT、ALP、r-GT活力以及CG的含量。实验结果:力竭性运动后,HBO组和对照组血清LA的含量、LDH、ALAT、ALP、r-GT活力均显著升高,而血清CG含量却显著下降。恢复期,HBO组的LA含量显著低于运动后即刻(P<0.001)和运动前水平(F<0.01),并显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。恢复期与运动后比较,HBO组的血清LDH和r-GT活力均显著下降,而对照组虽有下降,但无显著性差异,虽然HBO组和对照组的ALAT活力均显著下降,但无显著性差异,虽然HBO组和对照组的ALAT活力均显著下降,但HBO组下降幅度比对照组大。实验结果提示:力竭性运动可引起机体肝细胞通透性的增加或损伤,HBO可以促进机体LA的清除和血清肝细胞酶的恢复,有利于运动疲劳的恢复。 相似文献
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目的:了解湘西州吉首市中学生健康相关行为的现状及特点,为开展中学生健康教育提供参考。方法:采用分层随机抽样,抽取吉首市3所中学900名学生,以问卷调查方式获得学生健康相关行为的资料。结果中学生的一些促进健康行为情况较好,每天吃早餐、常喝牛奶报告率较高;各类危害健康行为普遍存在,睡前加餐和偏食的发生率为54.07%和34.45%,77.51%的学生睡眠时间不足8h,尝试吸烟的学生占30.62%,尝试饮酒的学生达64.59%,33.01%的学生去过非安全场所游泳,严重受伤的学生占38.28%,有50%以上的学生缺乏运动锻炼。结论:应积极开展民族地区中学生健康教育,加强体育锻炼,以促进学生健康成长。 相似文献
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通过对上海市闸北区中小学学生对校外体育活动的认知、行为以及影响行为的因素的调查和分析,认为闸北区中小学学生、学生家庭对校外体育活动的作用和价值有较高的认识,但实际体育行为与认知有一定的差距,学生校外体育活动的频率不高,分析造成这一现状的因素主要是家庭的影响和社会环境(场地、器材、时间、活动项目、同伴等)的限制,并在此基础上提出了一些对策和措施。 相似文献
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文章通过对湖南理工学院体育学院2009级和2010级的九十名学生（随机抽样,其中男生54人,女生36人）中不同行为类型学生学习效果的调查研究发现,在学习的总体效果上几乎没有差异,但在理论学习上,A型不及M型,M型不及B型,A型与B型呈现出非常显著的差异;在术科学习方面,A型、M型优于B型,A型与B型也呈现出非常显著的差异。这种学习效果的差异受各类行为特征的影响,而这些行为特征受到人体某些生理方面的因素的制约,为体育系对学生学习的科学管理和提高学生的学习效果提供了一些科学依据。 相似文献
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本文通对大学生在体育课中产生的消极行为表现以及产生的原因进行了分析,从大学生对体育课的认识,学校对体育的关注与投入,体育教师的综合素质,体育成绩评估方式,课外体育活动开展等方面对如何避免体育课消极行为的产生提出建议,旨在促进大学生在体育课中的积极性,养成自觉锻炼学习体育的习惯。 相似文献
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AbstractIn taekwondo, the stance position can potentially affect kick performance. The aim of this study was to analyse mechanical variables in the roundhouse kick in taekwondo according to three stance positions (0°, 45°, 90°). Nine experienced taekwondo athletes performed consecutive kicking trials in a random order according to these three relative positions of the feet on the ground. Measurements for the mechanical analysis were performed using two 3D force plates and an eight-camera motion capture system. The taekwondo athletes’ reaction and execution times were shorter when starting from the 0° and 45° stance positions than from the 90° position (P < 0.05). Moreover, the ground reaction force was negatively correlated with execution time and positively with velocity of thigh and shank. Our results suggest that the stance position affects the execution technique of taekwondo athletes’ kicks. It is suggested that athletes should not adopt the 90° stance position because it will not enable them to achieve the best performance in the roundhouse kick. 相似文献
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The purpose of three related studies was to develop a social dance instrument that had logical validity and generalizable performance ratings. Three social dance experts critiqued the instrument and concluded the items described the characteristics of good social dance performance. Twelve couples from a social dance class were videotaped for 5 min while performing the fox trot. Their performances were evaluated by a different set of coders in each of the three generalizability (G-) studies conducted (Subjects x Coders x Days ANOVA design). Dance performances were held constant across coding occasions so the day facet represents degree of consistency in coding, not stability of subjects' performances. Decision (D-) studies were also conducted for various measurement conditions. Results of the G-studies indicated that coders with several years of experience teaching and evaluating dance had less systematic coder bias and less systematic coder bias for a subset of dancers than coders who had little or no experience evaluating movement of any form. The performance ratings given by novice coders could be generalized for any randomly selected coder evaluating on any given day (G = .79). It was concluded the social dance test was valid and coders could be trained to obtain generalizable performance ratings. 相似文献
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以毛荣建（2003）所提出假设（在TPB理论基础上做出改进,将行为习惯、目标态度、情感体验3个变量融入了计划行为理论模型中,用来测量青少年体育锻炼态度。）为研究理论依托,进一步验证体育锻炼态度及其影响因素与体育锻炼行为之间的关系,通过《锻炼态度》与《体育锻炼行为》问卷对在校大学生分层随机调查,运用方差分析、相关分析、回归分析与路径分析等方法分析数据,结果表明：锻炼者与非锻炼者在体育锻炼态度各维度上呈现显著性差异;性别因素不能影响锻炼人群在体育锻炼态度的各项维度得分的差异性的结果,非锻炼人群也是如此;体育锻炼活动中,决定行为意向的关键变量因素是态度;具有高情感体验、或高认知的大学生,并不一定是锻炼者。路径分析说明,行为习惯、情感体验、行为认知、目标态度、主观标准一方面通过行为态度间接作用体育行为,另一方面,行为习惯、目标态度、主观标准对体育行为还具有直接的预测作用。 相似文献