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Monte Carlo methods can be used in data analytic situations (e.g., validity studies) to make decisions about sample size and to estimate power. The purpose of using Monte Carlo methods in a validity study is to improve the methodological approach within a study where the primary focus is on construct validity issues and not on advancing statistical theory. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how Monte Carlo methods can be used to determine sample size and to estimate power for a confirmatory factor analytic model under model-data conditions commonly encountered in exercise and sport. Because the purpose is pursued by way of demonstration with the Coaching Efficacy Scale II-High School Teams, related sample size recommendations are provided: N > or = 200 for the theoretical model; N > or = 300 for the population model. Technical terms (e.g., coverage) are defined when necessary. 相似文献
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We describe an alternative method for assessing the stability of individual questionnaire items in sport and exercise psychology. To date, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient has been widely used in psychometrics. We propose an alternative non-parametric method based on proportion of agreement. Ninety-two male university students completed the revised 9-item Social Physique Anxiety Scale on two occasions, separated by a 2-week interval. Point estimates of the proportion of direct within-individual agreement between the two occasions were calculated separately for each item of the Social Physique Anxiety Scale. Estimates of uncertainty of the agreement were calculated using a bootstrapping resampling technique. For each item, 2000 bootstrap samples (each n = 92 pairs) were redrawn from the original sample. The sample statistic was calculated for each bootstrap sample to provide a bootstrap sampling distribution. The 95% confidence intervals (CI) were then calculated using the percentile method. The three most problematic items were items 7, 8 and 10 (as labelled in the original 12-item scale). These items demonstrated an agreement of 0.46 (95% CI= 0.36 0.56), 0.42 (95% CI = 0.33-0.52) and 0.41 (95% CI = 0.32-0.51) respectively. Our proposed method measures absolute agreement between test-retest responses, is free of normal assumptions, does not depend on high between-individuals variance, and can be applied successfully to individual items in the development of psychological tests. 相似文献
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Based on a detailed reading of the six preceding papers, in conjunction with a reflection on the socio-political forces shaping lifestyles in the UK at the turn of the millennium, we come to four interrelated conclusions. First, sport and exercise science needs to move beyond evidence-based practice to evidence-based policy. Second, sport and exercise science needs to make health-enhancing physical activity a political issue at both national and local level. Third, transport, not health policy, may be the key to promoting health-enhancing physical activity. And, fourth, young people deserve our special attention. In reaching these four interrelated conclusions, we attempt both to shape evidence based policy and future research agendas in exercise science. To achieve an international perspective, we also present a short case note from Australia. 相似文献
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In view of the changes in and growing variety of sports-related occupations, it is highly relevant for educational institutions to know how well the educational contents of their sport science courses meet the professional requirements. This study analyses the relationship between the competencies acquired through academic sports science courses and the requirements of the relevant jobs in Switzerland. The data for this empirical analysis were drawn from a sample of n = 1054 graduates of different academic sport science programmes at all eight Swiss universities. The results show that academic sport science courses primarily communicate sports-specific expertise and practical sports skills. On the other hand, most graduates consider that the acquisition of interdisciplinary competencies plays a comparatively minor role in sport science education, even though these competencies are felt to be an important requirement in a variety of work-related environments and challenges. 相似文献
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Based on a detailed reading of the six preceding papers, in conjunction with a reflection on the socio-political forces shaping lifestyles in the UK at the turn of the millennium, we come to four interrelated conclusions. First, sport and exercise science needs to move beyond evidence-based practice to evidence-based policy. Second, sport and exercise science needs to make health-enhancing physical activity a political issue at both national and local level. Third, transport, not health policy, may be the key to promoting health-enhancing physical activity. And, fourth, young people deserve our special attention. In reaching these four interrelated conclusions, we attempt both to shape evidence based policy and future research agendas in exercise science. To achieve an international perspective, we also present a short case note from Australia. 相似文献
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Metabolomics incorporates the study of metabolites that are produced and released through physiological processes at both the systemic and cellular levels. Biological compounds at the metabolite level are of paramount interest in the sport and exercise sciences, although research in this field has rarely been referred to with the global ‘omics terminology. Commonly studied metabolites in exercise science are notably within cellular pathways for adenosine triphosphate production such as glycolysis (e.g., pyruvate and lactate), β-oxidation of free fatty acids (e.g., palmitate) and ketone bodies (e.g., β-hydroxybutyrate). Non-targeted metabolomic technologies are able to simultaneously analyse the large numbers of metabolites present in human biological samples such as plasma, urine and saliva. These analytical technologies predominately employ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Performing experiments based on non-targeted methods allows for systemic metabolite changes to be analysed and compared to a particular physiological state (e.g., pre-/post-exercise) and provides an opportunity to prospect for metabolite signatures that offer beneficial information for translation into an exercise science context, for both elite performance and public health monitoring. This narrative review provides an introduction to non-targeted metabolomic technologies and discusses current and potential applications in sport and exercise science. 相似文献
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中国体育文化建设三题 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
易剑东 《上海体育学院学报》2012,(2):6-12
从广义文化学视角审视中国体育文化建设问题。认为:后发外生型的中国体育在本国从未获得体育本体价值的普遍社会认同,不好运动而偏爱心智娱乐的文化传统,社会支持不力,体育圈规则的某些不良习惯是阻碍中国体育文化建设的主要因素。中国竞技体育的价值应转换为增强国家的综合实力、竞争力、软实力、文化力、外交力等;中国社会体育的价值应在满足基本人权、平等权利,提升身体素质、健康素质、生活质量中得以体现;中国学校体育的价值基本内容应包括健身能力、锻炼习惯、身体素质、体育知识、顽强意志、合作意识、竞争精神等。确立体育对于个体生存空间、生命质量、生活方式的独特价值,倡导体育在社会层面上对社群稳定、社区和谐、社会活力的积极意义,意识到体育对于国民利益、国家实力、国际形象的表征价值。 相似文献
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Paul E. Yeatts Mitch Barton Robin K. Henson Scott B. Martin 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2017,21(2):83-91
A common practice in general linear model (GLM) analyses is to interpret regression coefficients (e.g., standardized β weights) as indicators of variable importance. However, focusing solely on standardized beta weights may provide limited or erroneous information. For example, β weights become increasingly unreliable when predictor variables are correlated, which is often the case in the social sciences. To address this issue, structure coefficients, which are simply the bivariate correlation between a predictor and the synthetic ? variable, should also be interpreted. By examining β weights and structure coefficients in conjunction, the predictive worth of each independent variable can be more accurately judged. Despite this benefit, researchers in the field of sport and exercise science have rarely reported structure coefficients when conducting multiple regression analysis. Thus, the purpose of the present article is to discuss problems associated with the sole interpretation of β weights and to demonstrate how structure coefficients can be incorporated to improve accuracy of interpretation. Additionally, a content analysis was conducted to examine current trends in reporting multiple regression results within sport and exercise science research. 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):256-271
Abstract Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a resurgence of vibration technology to enhance sport science especially for power and force development. However, vibration exercise has been trialled in other areas that are central to athlete performance such as warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. Therefore, the aim of this review was to attempt to gain a better understanding of how acute and short-term vibration exercise may impact on warm-up, flexibility and sprint speed. The importance of warming up for sporting performance has been well documented and vibration exercise has the capability to be included or used as a standalone warm-up modality to increase intramuscular temperature at a faster rate compared to other conventional warm-up modalities. However, vibration exercise does not provide any additional neurogenic benefits compared to conventional dynamic and passive warm-up interventions. Vibration exercise appears to be a safe modality that does not produce any adverse affects causing injury or harm and could be used during interval and substitution breaks, as it would incur a low metabolic cost and be time-efficient compared to conventional warm-up modalities. Acute or short-term vibration exercise can enhance flexibility and range of motion without having a detrimental effect on muscle power, however it is less clear which mechanisms may be responsible for this enhancement. It appears that vibration exercise is not capable of improving sprint speed performance; this could be due to the complex and dynamic nature of sprinting where the purported increase in muscle power from vibration exercise is probably lost on repeated actions of high force generation. Vibration exercise is a safe modality that produces no adverse side effects for injury or harm. It has the time-efficient capability of providing coaches, trainers, and exercise specialists with an alternative modality that can be implemented for warm-up and flexibility either in isolation or in conjunction with other conventional training methods. 相似文献
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目的：探讨运动对大学生创伤后焦虑症状的影响,为学校开展健康干预提供指导。方法：将40名震后有焦虑症状的大学生按其兴趣爱好分为体育运动组和非体育运动组进行心理治疗。在治疗和干预前后均采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）对患者进行评定。结果：2组大学生通过心理治疗焦虑症状均有显著改善（P〈0．01）。其中体育运动组焦虑症状改善程度明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。运动对大学生创伤后焦虑症状的影响与运动项目、运动时间有一定关系。运动组男生假期焦虑症状改善情况优于同组女生,可能跟其运动频率较高有关。结论：运动能有效提高大学生创伤后焦虑症状的心理治疗效果,有助于缩短不良情绪的体验时间。 相似文献
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《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):71-94
Bibliometric methods were used to examine: (1) research themes in sport and exercise psychology articles published between 2008 and 2011; and (2) the intellectual base of the field of sport and exercise psychology, defined as influential literature being cited in these articles. The dataset consisted of 795 articles from five sport and exercise psychology journals and 345 articles obtained through citation-based extension (n = 1140 articles). A cluster analysis yielded 73 clusters showing themes in sport and exercise psychology research. Principal component analysis was used to identify and analyze relationships between 14 highly cited research areas constituting the intellectual base of sport and exercise psychology. Some main findings were: (1) the identification of many re-emerging themes, (2) research related to motivation seems to be extensive, (3) sport psychology and exercise psychology research share theoretical frameworks to some extent, however (4) differences compared to previous reviews indicate that sport psychology and exercise psychology may be regarded as two distinct research fields, rather than one united field, and (5) isolated research areas were identified indicating potential for research integration. Suggestions for future research are provided. The bibliometric approach presented a broad overview of trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Background: School-based physical education has been associated with a multitude of potential learning outcomes. Representatives of a public health perspective suggest that promoting physical activity in and outside the context of school is an important endeavour. While the importance of behavioural skill training to improve (motor) learning is well documented in both general and physical education, the promotion of behavioural skills to foster physically active lifestyles constitutes a rather neglected area in physical education research. Purpose: To examine whether a standardized physical education-based behavioural skill training program has the potential to positively impact on adolescents’ self-reported exercise and sport participation, as well as cognitive antecedents involved in the regulation of exercise and sport behaviour. Research design: Cluster-randomized controlled trial. Methods: A sample of 143 secondary school students (50% girls, aged 14–18 years) attending academic high schools in German-speaking Switzerland were assigned class-wise to the intervention (behavioural skill training) and control condition (conventional physical education lessons). Data were assessed prior and after completion of the 7-week intervention program, which was composed of four 20-min lessons and two reflection phases. Exercise and sport behaviour and cognitive antecedents (exercise/sport intention, motivation, implementation intentions, coping planning, self-efficacy) were assessed via self-reports. A multilevel mixed effects linear regression procedure was used to test the main hypotheses. The regression analyses were adjusted for clustering of school classes, and controlled for baseline levels of the outcome measure and potential confounders. Results: Compared to a control condition, the intervention program resulted in significant improvements with regard to introjected motivation (p?<?.05), coping planning (p?<?.001) and self-efficacy (p?<?.01). The intervention also had a positive impact on adolescents’ self-reported sport/exercise behaviour (p?<?.001). Improvements in exercise/sport intention (p?<?.05), coping planning (p?<?.01), and self-efficacy (p?<?.01) were associated with increased levels of self-reported exercise/sport participation. Conclusion: Behavioural skill training as part of compulsory physical education has the potential to improve cognitive antecedents of exercise and sport behaviour and to foster adolescents’ exercise and sport participation. Enhancing behavioural skills might be one way in which school physical education can contribute to the creation of more physically active lifestyles among adolescents. 相似文献
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The power output achieved at peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the time this power can be maintained (i.e., Tmax) have been used in prescribing high-intensity interval training. In this context, the present study examined temporal aspects of the VO2 response to exercise at the cycling power that output well trained cyclists achieve their VO2peak (i.e., Pmax). Following a progressive exercise test to determine VO2peak, 43 well trained male cyclists (M age = 25 years, SD = 6; M mass = 75 kg, SD = 7; M VO2peak = 64.8 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), SD = 5.2) performed two Tmax tests 1 week apart. Values expressed for each participant are means and standard deviations of these two tests. Participants achieved a mean VO2peak during the Tmax test after 176 s (SD = 40; M = 74% of Tmax, SD = 12) and maintained it for 66 s (SD = 39; M = 26% of Tmax, SD = 12). Additionally, they obtained mean 95% of VO2peak after 147 s (SD = 31; M = 62% of Tmax, SD = 8) and maintained it for 95 s (SD = 38; M = 38% of Tmax, SD = 8). These results suggest that 60-70% of Tmax is an appropriate exercise duration for a population of well trained cyclists to attain VO2peak during exercise at Pmax. However, due to intraparticipant variability in the temporal aspects of the VO2 response to exercise at Pmax, future research is needed to examine whether individual high-intensity interval training programs for well trained endurance athletes might best be prescribed according to an athlete's individual VO2 response to exercise at Pmax. 相似文献
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Kass Gibson 《Sport in Society》2019,22(9):1604-1622
AbstractCritical scholars of sport and physical culture have devoted significant attention to developing critiques of epistemological hierarchies and the discursive power of biomedical knowledge in sport, exercise and physical activity. However, such work has largely failed to engage in an empirically grounded fashion with the processes of knowledge production. Furthermore, relative to its importance in the creation of knowledge, the laboratory is conspicuous in its absence from both critical discussions and as a site for empirical research. By way of response, this study draws on data collected from over 1000 h of participant observation and 53 semi-structured interviews to explore how underlying political and social values are articulated through relationships between knowledge creation, transfer and claims-making, and specific social frames in exercise physiology, a cornerstone of sports science. Rather than rehearse methodological challenges and critiques, the analysis presented demonstrates, contrary to critical analyses of scientific research that charge biomedical sciences with producing de-contextualised knowledge, laboratory-based sports science is thoroughly contextualised, albeit in specific and nuanced ways. Specifically, exercise physiology knowledge production is characterised by dehumanization and rehumanization processes. The relationship between these processes is not unilinear or sequential, but reciprocal and recursive. Nonetheless, dehumanization is the basis upon which exercise physiology knowledge is made applicable. Rehumanization is how it becomes desirable. 相似文献
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介绍了体育人体科学研究中要求实验精度条件下确定样本量应注意的问题,利用实例说明了一些常用的样本含量的估计方法及多指标抽样中样本含量的确定原则,并讨论了实际应用中关于样本量问题的两种倾向。 相似文献
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为了方便国内读者阅读和理解美国国家体能协会（NSCA）于2022年出版的NSCA′s Essentials of Sport Science,从出版背景、翻译中的若干问题、对我国训练科学与训练实践未来发展的启示3个方面撰写此书评。本书的推出是NSCA填补美国训练科学衰败留下的空白的一次主动作为,来自全球13个国家的51名专家基于最新研究成果和实践经验向读者呈现了近十年世界训练科学与训练实践的前沿动态。我国运动训练学亟待向训练科学迈进,加强学科的科学性、实践性、多学科性和应用性,更大程度实现体育多学科的融合、理论与实践的融合、科学与经验的融合、知识生产与转换的融合、行业建设与学科发展的融合,在竞技体育强国建设中勇挑重任、主动作为。 相似文献
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采用文献资料、专家访谈、心理测验等方法,对我国皮划艇选手运动自信心特征状况及不同的性别、年龄、训练年限、等级、团队凝聚力、教导方式对我国皮划艇选手运动自信心特征的影响进行了调查分析。结果:我国皮划艇选手运动自信心特征的总体状况良好;我国皮划艇选手运动自信心特征之间存在着显著性差异;其运动自信心某些特征能够说明其运动表现的好与否。根据结果得出结论和建议,以期为我国皮划艇选手的心理训练与选材提供有益的参考。 相似文献
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林文贤 《体育成人教育学刊》2012,28(1):29-30
分析梳理了科技兴体和科教兴体的这两种理念的历史性特征,论述了从"科技兴体"向"科教兴体"嬗变的必然性,认为"科技兴体"理念随着人文精神的复位而必将退出历史舞台,提出了"科教兴体"理念在新时期建设体育强国进程中所具有的现实性价值,即体育真正回归教育的怀抱。 相似文献
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Kym Joanne Price Brett Ashley Gordon Stephen Richard Bird Amanda Clare Benson 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(9):970-984
ABSTRACTInterval exercise training is increasingly recommended to improve health and fitness; however, it is not known if cardiovascular risk is different from continuous exercise protocols. This systematic review with meta-analyses assessed the effect of a single bout of interval exercise on cardiovascular responses that indicate risk of cardiac fibrillation and infarction compared to continuous exercise. Electronic databases Medline, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane were searched. Key inclusion criteria were: (1) intervals of the same intensity and duration followed by a recovery period and (2) reporting at least one of blood pressure, heart rate variability, arterial stiffness or function. Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and GRADE approach were used. Meta-analyses found that systolic blood pressure responses to interval exercise did not differ from responses to continuous exercise immediately (MD 8 mmHg [95% CI ?32, 47], p = 0.71) or at 60 min following exercise (MD 0 mmHg [95% CI ?2, 1], p = 0.79). However, reductions in diastolic blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation with interval exercise were observed 10–15 min post-exercise. The available evidence indicates that interval exercise does not convey higher cardiovascular risk than continuous exercise. Further investigation is required to establish the safety of interval exercise for clinical populations. 相似文献