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《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):79-103
The purpose of the Self-determination Theory is to explain motivation and behaviour based on individual differences in motivational orientations, contextual influences, and interpersonal perceptions. The theory has shown utility in explaining the antecedents and processes that underpin exercise behaviour. This review will provide an overview of the theory and its application in explaining health-related exercise motivation, behaviour, and outcomes. Recent innovative research using the theory in exercise contexts will also be reviewed in two key areas: advances in measurement and theoretical integration. Based on this evidence, recommendations for future investigations will be made advocating the development instruments to measure self-determined motivation from first principles, the adoption of experimental and intervention designs to better infer causal links between self-determined motivation and behaviour, further investigation of the role of implicit self-determined motivation in predicting behaviour, and the integration of the Self-determination Theory with other theories of motivation, e.g. the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Achievement Goal Theory, to provide complimentary explanations of self-determined motivation in exercise contexts. Based on the evidence, the Self-determination Theory demonstrates considerable efficacy in explaining exercise motivation and behaviour. Future research should adopt these recommendations to develop the theory further with a view to informing intervention and practice. 相似文献
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of two weeks of self-control strength training on maximum cardiovascular exercise performance. Forty-one participants completed a cognitive self-control depletion task (Stroop task) followed by a maximal graded cycling test and were randomized to training (maximal endurance contractions of spring handgrip trainers, twice daily) or no-treatment control groups. At follow-up (2 weeks), half of each group completed either a time-matched or trial-matched Stroop task followed by another maximal graded cycling test. Results showed a significant 2-way (training X time) interaction (P < 0.001), and a trend for the 3-way (training X time X cognitive task) interaction (P = 0.07). Decomposition of the interactions revealed that across sessions cycling performance increased in both training groups, did not change in the trial-matched cognitive task control group, and declined in the time-matched control group. We conclude that isometric handgrip training leads to self-control strength adaptations that enhance maximal cardiovascular exercise performance or tolerance of exercise at maximal levels of effort. 相似文献
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Ruwen Wang Haili Tian Dandan Guo Qianqian Tian Ting Yao Xingxing Kong 《运动与健康科学(英文)》2020,9(3):211-227
Background:Exercise is considered as an important intervention for treatment and prevention of several diseases,such as osteoarthritis,obesity,hypertension,and Alzheimer's disease.This review summarizes decadal exercise intervention studies with various rat models across 6 major systems to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects that exercise brought.Methods:PubMed was utilized as the data source.To collect research articles,we used the following terms to create the search:(exercise[Title]OR physical activity[Title]OR training[Title])AND(rats[Title/Abstract]OR rat[Title/Abstract]OR rattus[Title/Abstract]).To best cover targeted studies,publication dates were limited to"within 11 years."The exercise intervention methods used for different diseases were sorted according to the mode,frequency,and intensity of exercise.Results:The collected articles were categorized into studies related to 6 systems or disease types:motor system(17 articles),metabolic system(110 articles),cardiocerebral vascular system(171 articles),nervous system(71 articles),urinary system(2 articles),and cancer(21 articles).Our review found that,for different diseases,exercise intervention mostly had a positive effect.However,the most powerful effect was achieved by using a specific mode of exercise that addressed the characteristics of the disease.Conclusion:As a model animal,rats not only provide a convenient resource for studying human diseases but also provide the possibility for exploring the molecular mechanisms of exercise intervention on diseases.This review also aims to provide exercise intervention frameworks and optimal exercise dose recommendations for further human exercise intervention research. 相似文献
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《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):155-183
Cognitive enhancement refers to any type of improvement in cognitive performance following targeted interventions. Cognitive training is a rapidly growing market with potential to further expand in the future. Several computerized software programs promoting cognitive enhancement have been developed in recent years, with controversial results and implications. Within the research field, advances have been made regarding our understanding of the benefits inherent to cognitive programs, mainly involving working memory mechanisms and videogame training paradigms. In a distinct literature, physical exercise has been shown to broadly enhance cognitive functions, in humans and animals. In this article, we bring together these two trends of research in a comparative review, leading the discussion to an emerging third approach: designed sports training. Specifically designed sports, which tax working memory and spatial ability by incorporating motion in three-dimensional space, are an optimal way to combine the benefits of traditional cognitive training and physical exercise into a single activity. We discuss these findings in the context of embodied cognition, and argue that sensorimotor learning in designed sports is a key mechanism linking training and cognitive enhancement. 相似文献
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《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2013,6(1):295-324
ABSTRACTResearch in aerobic exercise has linked the affective responses (pleasure–displeasure) experienced during exercise to future exercise participation. While this is yet to be confirmed in anaerobic activities, it can be inferred that making resistance exercise (RE) more psychologically rewarding is an important consideration. The purpose of this article is to review the acute effects of RE on affect, anxiety, and mood and to draw conclusions on how to maximize feelings of pleasure in an effort to increase rates of participation. This review provides evidence to support lower training volumes performed at low to moderate intensities (50–70% 1RM) with long inter-set rest intervals (90–150 s). Additional recommendations are provided based on physiological and theoretical support, but there is a strong need for more research on the affective experience of RE. 相似文献
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运动员训练和比赛的过程,实质上是不断进行自我控制并不断自我发展的过程。西方运动心理学帮助运动员进行自我控制的主要方法是心理技能训练,而中国运动心理学帮助运动员进行自我控制的方法除了心理技能训练之外,还包括帮助运动员进行认知层面上的提升。讨论如何应用辩证思想帮助运动员处理训练、比赛中与自我控制问题相关联的8对关系,即紧张与冷静的关系,简单与复杂的关系,拼搏与淡定的关系,充满自信与放低位置的关系,有形与无形的关系,内因与外因的关系,付出与得到的关系,比赛目标与人生目标的关系。最后指出:辩证思想是人类最高的智慧,也是帮助运动员应对各种难题、困境,进行有效的自我控制,达到平衡发展、稳定发展和长期发展的基本思路。 相似文献
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对锻炼心理学研究进行了简要回顾,分析了目前锻炼心理学研究中比较常见的问题,指出锻炼心理学研究必须是理论导向的,其研究过程包括:(1)形成可以接受检验的、可以接受经验反驳或证实的理论;(2)建立假说或包括生物、心理和社会等因素在内的模型;(3)锻炼心理学研究设计,包括选择变量、实施研究、分析结果、得出结论等一系列内容。 相似文献
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体重污名对超重和肥胖人群的心理和行为具有显著负面影响,损害了个体的心理健康和生活质量,诱发了个体饮食障碍、回避体育锻炼等异常行为。体重污名通过行为改变、心理应激效应、社会关系改变、歧视的结构效应和消极归因模式等作用机制对超重和肥胖人群产生影响。心理干预和媒体宣传对消除体重污名的效果不一,体育锻炼干预对消除体重污名具有稳定的显著作用。今后的研究需要从研究群体和方法上进一步改进,提高研究的科学性和实践指导价值。 相似文献
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体重污名对超重和肥胖人群的心理和行为具有显著负面影响,损害了个体的心理健康和生活质量,诱发了个体饮食障碍、回避体育锻炼等异常行为。体重污名通过行为改变、心理应激效应、社会关系改变、歧视的结构效应和消极归因模式等作用机制对超重和肥胖人群产生影响。心理干预和媒体宣传对消除体重污名的效果不一,体育锻炼干预对消除体重污名具有稳定的显著作用。今后的研究需要从研究群体和方法上进一步改进,提高研究的科学性和实践指导价值。 相似文献
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Guided by social cognitive theory (SCT), we investigated whether exercise self-regulatory efficacy beliefs can be activated nonconsciously in individuals experienced and inexperienced in exercise self-regulation, and whether these beliefs are automatically associated with exercise self-regulation processes. The study used a 2 (Exercise Self-Regulation Experience Group) × 3 (Prime Condition) between-subjects design in which individuals experienced and inexperienced in exercise self-regulation were randomly assigned to receive subliminal, supraliminal, or no priming of exercise self-regulatory efficacy beliefs. Participants completed hypothetical diary entries, which were assessed for exercise self-regulatory efficacy and self-regulation expressions using content analyses with a SCT coding system and the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) text analysis program. For both exercise self-regulation experience groups, self-efficacy priming led to more expressions of low exercise self-regulatory efficacy and dysfunctional exercise self-regulation strategies compared with the control prime. For participants experienced in exercise self-regulation, supraliminal priming (vs. control priming) led to more expressions of high exercise self-regulatory efficacy and functional exercise self-regulation strategies. For the experienced groups, priming led to automaticity of exercise expressions compared with the control condition. For inexperienced participants in the subliminal prime condition, priming led to automaticity of self-regulatory efficacy beliefs and work-related goals compared with the control condition. Automatic activation of exercise self-regulatory efficacy and exercise self-regulation processes suggests that self-regulation of exercise behavior can occur nonconsciously. 相似文献
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This article introduces a new theory, the Affective–Reflective Theory (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise. ART aims to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either remain in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action (exercise). It is a dual-process model and assumes that exercise-related stimuli trigger automatic associations and a resulting automatic affective valuation of exercise (type-1 process). The automatic affective valuation forms the basis for the reflective evaluation (type-2 process), which can follow if self-control resources are available. The automatic affective valuation is connected with an action impulse, whereas the reflective evaluation can result in action plans. The two processes, in constant interaction, direct the individual towards or away from changing behavior. The ART of physical inactivity and exercise predicts that, when there is an affective–reflective discrepancy and self-control resources are low, behavior is more likely to be governed by the affective type-1 process. This introductory article explains the underlying concepts and main theoretical roots from which the ART of physical inactivity and exercise was developed (field theory, affective responses to exercise, automatic evaluation, evaluation-behavior link, dual-process theorizing). We also summarize the empirical tests that have been conducted to refine the theory in its present form. 相似文献
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Houtkooper L Abbot JM Nimmo M;International Association of Athletics Federations 《Journal of sports sciences》2007,25(Z1):S39-S47
Throwers, jumpers, and combined events athletes require speed, strength, power, and a wide variety of technical skills to be successful in their events. Only a handful of studies have assessed the nutritional needs of such athletes. Because of this, recommendations for nutritional requirements to support and enhance training and competition performances for these athletes are made using research findings from sports and exercise protocols similar to their training and competitive events. The goals of the preparation cycle of nutrition periodization for these athletes include attaining desirable body weight, a high ratio of lean body mass to body height, and improving muscular power. Nutritional recommendations for training and competition periods include: (1) meeting energy needs; (2) timing consumption of adequate fluid and electrolyte intakes before, during, and after exercise to promote adequate hydration; (3) timing consumption of carbohydrate intake to provide adequate fuel for energy demands and to spare protein for muscle repair, growth, and maintenance; (4) timing consumption of adequate protein intake to meet protein synthesis and turnover needs; and (5) consuming effective nutritional and dietary supplements. Translating these nutrient and dietary recommendations into guidelines these athletes can apply during training and competition is important for enhancing performance. 相似文献
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Lori A. Schmied Hannah Steinberg Tim Moss Elizabeth A. Sykes 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(5):433-445
The Type A behaviour pattern is a well‐documented, if controversial, risk factor for coronary heart disease. Surprisingly, relatively little work has been reported on ways of modifying this behaviour pattern. Aerobic exercise, with its demonstrated benefits for both cardiovascular reactivity and psychological ‘well‐being’, is a promising treatment. The literature is reviewed and recommendations are made for practical applications and future research. 相似文献
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Eleni A. Kortianou Ioannis G. Nasis Stavroula T. Spetsioti Andreas M. Daskalakis Ioannis Vogiatzis 《Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal》2010,21(3):12-19
Physical training is beneficial and should be included in the comprehensive management of all patients with COPD independently of disease severity. Different rehabilitative strategies and training modalities have been proposed to optimize exercise tolerance. Interval exercise training has been used as an effective alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with moderate and severe COPD.Although in healthy elderly individuals and patients with chronic heart failure there is evidence that this training modality is superior to continuous exercise in terms of physiological training effects, in patients with COPD, there is not such evidence. Nevertheless, in patients with COPD application of interval training has been shown to be equally effective to continuous exercise as it induces equivalent physiological training effects but with less symptoms of dyspnea and leg discomfort during training.The main purpose of this review is to summarize previous studies of the effectiveness of interval training in COPD and also to provide arguments in support of the application of interval training to overcome the respiratory and peripheral muscle limiting factors of exercise capacity. To this end we make recommendations on how best to implement interval training in the COPD population in the rehabilitation setting so as to maximize training effects.Key Words: interval exercise training, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exercise tolerance, pulmonary rehabilitation 相似文献
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Michael J Shoemaker Heather Hurt Leah Arndt 《Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Journal》2008,19(3):75-83
Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of the evidence regarding the efficacy of exercise training in the management of cystic fibrosis (CF).Methods: Articles were found by searching PEDRO, MEDLINE, and CINAHL databases. Included articles involved exercise-related interventions for long-term adaptations (ie, not acute effects of exercise). Articles were excluded if the language was other than English or if other non-exercise interventions were used. Date of publication was not a factor for exclusion. Two independent reviewers evaluated the included articles using Sackett''s levels of evidence and select scoring criteria.Results: Twelve articles were eligible for inclusion. Interventions studied included various aspects of exercise training: anaerobic, aerobic, or resistance training. Study end-points included pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, strength, and health-related quality of life (HRQL).Conclusions: Exercise training in individuals with CF is beneficial, with aerobic and resistance training having the greatest support in the literature for improved aerobic capacity and strength, respectively. Exercise training does not appear to have an effect of improving pulmonary function, but may have a preservation effect. Strong conclusions about improvement in HQRL from exercise training cannot be made. However, greater consistency in measuring this outcome is needed in future trials. There is a paucity of evidence regarding the role of exercise training in reducing hospitalization and health care utilization, and questions raised by this review should be considered in the design of future trials.Key Words: cystic fibrosis, aerobic exercise, review 相似文献
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Joaquin Perez-Schindler D. Lee Hamilton Daniel R. Moore Keith Baar 《European Journal of Sport Science》2015,15(1):41-52
AbstractConcurrent training (the combination of endurance exercise to resistance training) is a common practice for athletes looking to maximise strength and endurance. Over 20 years ago, it was first observed that performing endurance exercise after resistance exercise could have detrimental effects on strength gains. At the cellular level, specific protein candidates have been suggested to mediate this training interference; however, at present, the physiological reason(s) behind the concurrent training effect remain largely unknown. Even less is known regarding the optimal nutritional strategies to support concurrent training and whether unique nutritional approaches are needed to support endurance and resistance exercise during concurrent training approaches. In this review, we will discuss the importance of protein supplementation for both endurance and resistance training adaptation and highlight additional nutritional strategies that may support concurrent training. Finally, we will attempt to synergise current understanding of the interaction between physiological responses and nutritional approaches into practical recommendations for concurrent training. 相似文献
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毛丽娟 《武汉体育学院学报》2005,39(10):46-49
设计三种实验模型,即力竭游泳运动模型、递增负荷游泳训练模型、BSO排空GSH模型,研究三种模型对大鼠心肌中原癌基因c-jun和c-fos mRNA表达的影响。结果发现力竭运动后训练力竭组、注射BSO力竭组、对照力竭组的大鼠心肌中c-jun mRNA表达量与相对应的训练安静组、注射BSO、对照安静组均增加,大鼠心肌中c-fos安静组mRNA表达量增加。BSO力竭组的c-fos mRNA表达量高于对照力竭组。训练力竭组与对照力竭组相比c-fos mRNA表达量没有明显变化。由上述实验结果推出,长时间力竭运动机体活性氧产生增加,c-jun mRNA和c-fos mRNA的表达量增加,进而激活转录因子AP-1。 相似文献
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《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):286-295
AbstractSexual dimorphism exists in numerous aspects of exercise physiology. One area that has long been debated is the potential of sex differences in cardiac structure and function. Anthropometric differences exist between males and females, and the relationship between absolute body size and cardiac structure dictate that men typically have larger hearts than women. However, increasing evidence suggests that males and females may also demonstrate different cardiac structure and function independent of body size, and it is likely that female sex hormones play a role in these differences. The purpose of this review is to draw together and examine the literature that has compared cardiac structure and function in men and women at rest and during exercise. We make specific reference to the influence of female sex hormones, and discuss the confounding effects of age and training status. Wherever possible, we provide conclusive remarks. Due to the paucity of data in this field, and general lack of consensus, the review concludes by making recommendations for future work. 相似文献